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Mwalugelo YA, Mponzi WP, Muyaga LL, Mahenge HH, Katusi GC, Muhonja F, Omondi D, Ochieng AO, Kaindoa EW, Amimo FA. Livestock keeping, mosquitoes and community viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between livestock management, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania. Malar J 2024; 23:213. [PMID: 39020392 PMCID: PMC11253484 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock keeping is one of the potential factors related to malaria transmission. To date, the impact of livestock keeping on malaria transmission remains inconclusive, as some studies suggest a zooprophylactic effect while others indicate a zoopotentiation effect. This study assessed the impact of livestock management on malaria transmission risks in rural Tanzania. Additionally, the study explored the knowledge and perceptions of residents about the relationships between livestock keeping and malaria transmission risks in a selected village. METHODS In a longitudinal entomological study in Minepa village, South Eastern Tanzania, 40 households were randomly selected (20 with livestock, 20 without). Weekly mosquito collection was performed from January to April 2023. Indoor and outdoor collections used CDC-Light traps, Prokopack aspirators, human-baited double-net traps, and resting buckets. A subsample of mosquitoes was analysed using PCR and ELISA for mosquito species identification and blood meal detection. Livestock's impact on mosquito density was assessed using negative binomial GLMMs. Additionally, in-depth interviews explored community knowledge and perceptions of the relationship between livestock keeping and malaria transmission risks. RESULTS A total of 48,677 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected. Out of these, 89% were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) while other species were Anopheles funestus s.l., Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles coustani, and Anopheles squamosus. The findings revealed a statistically significant increase in the overall number of An. gambiae s.l. outdoors (RR = 1.181, 95%CI 1.050-1.862, p = 0.043). Also, there was an increase of the mean number of An. funestus s.l. mosquitoes collected in households with livestock indoors (RR = 2.866, 95%CI: 1.471-5.582, p = 0.002) and outdoors (RR = 1.579,95%CI 1.080-2.865, p = 0.023). The human blood index of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes from houses with livestock was less than those without livestock (OR = 0.149, 95%CI 0.110-0.178, p < 0.001). The majority of participants in the in-depth interviews reported a perceived high density of mosquitoes in houses with livestock compared to houses without livestock. CONCLUSION Despite the potential for zooprophylaxis, this study indicates a higher malaria transmission risk in livestock-keeping communities. It is crucial to prioritize and implement targeted interventions to control vector populations within these communities. Furthermore, it is important to enhance community education and awareness regarding covariates such as livestock that influence malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohana A Mwalugelo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210, Bondo, 40601, Kenya.
| | - Winifrida P Mponzi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Letus L Muyaga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Herieth H Mahenge
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and BioEngineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Godfrey C Katusi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Faith Muhonja
- School of Public Health, Amref International University, P.O. Box 27691-00506, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickens Omondi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210, Bondo, 40601, Kenya
| | - Alfred O Ochieng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210, Bondo, 40601, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel W Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and BioEngineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fred A Amimo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210, Bondo, 40601, Kenya
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Mafruchati M, Musta'ina S, Wardhana AK. Research trends of Moringa oleifera Lam as Remedy toward Cattle's embryo according to the frequently used words in content of papers and citations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31522. [PMID: 38947489 PMCID: PMC11214386 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera is an herb that has the potential to reduce the mortality rate of an embryo. Research about Moringa oleifera treatment toward an embryo of livestock was quite a number. However, there were still very few previous studies that explain the trend of research related to that topic in this decade, 2010-2023. This study tried to observe the research trend related to Moringa oleifera treatment to embryos of livestock in terms of frequently used words inside papers along with their citations. This study gathered 132 data samples from Scopus and 41 data from PubMed and processed them using the bibliometric method. The bibliometric software used was Vosviewer to produce the image of the author's keyword connection and trend and biblioshiny for depicting frequently words used as a title and inside content and mean of total citation/year. This study also used R Studio to complement Vosviewer in conducting the bibliometric method. The result showed that there was no author's keyword that depicted ruminant-type animals instead of cow, and no name of the animal as livestock that was being used as a title of the sample papers. There were also no papers that observed Moringa oleifera to treat sick embryos of livestock and the previous studies used as samples also had a low mean of total citation/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maslichah Mafruchati
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, C Campus, Surabaya, Indonesia, 60115
| | - Sri Musta'ina
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
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Duval P, Aschan-Leygonie C, Valiente Moro C. A review of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases in nonendemic regions. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1239874. [PMID: 38145086 PMCID: PMC10739303 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1239874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne infectious diseases (MBIDs) present significant public health risks within tropical and subtropical regions. However, the rapid spread of MBIDs from these areas to temperate regions increase the risk of their emergence in nonendemic regions, i.e., regions where diseases are still sporadic and not sustained in the population. Raising awareness about preventive measures and protective behaviors is of primary importance to face the risks of vector-borne diseases. In this context, the number of studies on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about mosquitoes and MBIDs has grown rapidly in response to the need to identify knowledge and practices in nonendemic countries to fight mosquito proliferation. Building upon the recent developments in this field, we conducted the first-ever literature review to examine KAP studies conducted in nonendemic regions. Our aim was to identify the community's knowledge and attitudes that shape practices concerning the prevention of MBIDs. We used specific keywords regarding the scope of this review and then selected studies that were performed in nonendemic regions for MBIDs, including regions located in European countries, the USA or Asia. We identified 32 KAP studies, the oldest from 2003. The findings in the reviewed studies show that survey participants generally possessed a rather good understanding of mosquito breeding sites. However, there were notable variations in knowledge and perception of MBIDs, primarily linked to the geographic location of the survey and the prevalence of infectious outbreaks related to mosquito transmission. These findings highlight the significant influence of knowledge and awareness in fostering effective mosquito control practices. Moreover, socioeconomic status, particularly educational attainment, and respondents' gender emerged as key determinants in explaining the variability of appropriate practices. The survey results thus show the crucial role of knowledge, emphasizing the need for widespread awareness and information campaigns, encompassing both appropriate practices and efficient mosquito control methods. Understanding the interaction between these factors could provide good guidelines for implementing awareness plans and ultimately motivate the population to actively fight against mosquito proliferation and MBIDs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Duval
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
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Tarimo FS, Dillip A, Kosia EM, Lwetoijera DW. Community perception of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen for controlling malaria vectors in south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2023; 22:333. [PMID: 37924148 PMCID: PMC10625276 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen to control malaria vectors has been demonstrated under semi field environment in Tanzania. However, the information on how best communities should be engaged for its routine and large-scale adoption are lacking. This study assessed the community's level of knowledge, perceptions, acceptability of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen, and the perceived risks on the safety of pyriproxyfen on the environment. METHODS This was a concurrent mixed methods study, comprised of a community-based survey of 400 household representatives and eight focus group discussions (FGDs). The study was conducted in two villages in Mlimba district in south-eastern Tanzania between June and August 2022. For the quantitative data analysis, descriptive statistics were applied using R software, while inductive approach was used for qualitative data analysis, using NVivo software. RESULTS Knowledge on autodissemination of pyriproxyfen approach was found to be relatively low among both the FGD respondents and surveyed community members (36%, n = 144). Nevertheless, when it was explained to them, the envisioned community support for the autodissemination approach was relatively high (97%, n = 388). One of the major perceived benefits of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen was the reduction of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and associated malaria transmission. Environmental impact of pyriproxyfen on non-target organisms and health risk to children were among the major concerns. When provided with information on the safety and its utilization particularly through autodissemination approach, 93.5% (n = 374) of the survey respondents said that they would allow the PPF-contaminated pots to be placed around their homes. Similarly, FGD respondents were receptive towards the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen, but emphasized on the need for raising awareness among community members before related field trials. CONCLUSION This study indicates a low knowledge but high support for scaling up of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen as a complementary tool for malaria control in rural Tanzania. The Findings of this study suggest that community sensitization activities are required to improve the community's acceptability and trust of the approach before respective field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felista S Tarimo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Angel Dillip
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Apotheker Health Access Initiative, P. O. Box 70022, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Efraim M Kosia
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Dickson W Lwetoijera
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
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Kumar M, Saadaoui M, Al Khodor S. Infections and Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal and Child Health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873253. [PMID: 35755838 PMCID: PMC9217740 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy causes physiological and immunological adaptations that allow the mother and fetus to communicate with precision in order to promote a healthy pregnancy. At the same time, these adaptations may make pregnant women more susceptible to infections, resulting in a variety of pregnancy complications; those pathogens may also be vertically transmitted to the fetus, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Even though the placenta has developed a robust microbial defense to restrict vertical microbial transmission, certain microbial pathogens have evolved mechanisms to avoid the placental barrier and cause congenital diseases. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to uncover the striking role of the maternal microbiota in pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we discuss how microbial pathogens overcome the placental barrier to cause congenital diseases. A better understanding of the placental control of fetal infection should provide new insights into future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Pham-Thanh L, Nguyen-Tien T, Magnusson U, Bui VN, Bui AN, Lundkvist Å, Vu DT, Tran SH, Can MX, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl JF. Zoonotic Flavivirus Exposure in Peri-Urban and Suburban Pig-Keeping in Hanoi, Vietnam, and the Knowledge and Preventive Practices of Pig Farmers. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7050079. [PMID: 35622706 PMCID: PMC9143339 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs), including those caused by flaviviruses, remain human health problems for developing and urbanizing economies. This cross-sectional study examined risks of flavivirus exposure through a survey regarding knowledge and practices of pig farmers, and serological analysis of pigs in peri-urban and suburban Hanoi city. A total of 636 pig sera from 179 pig farms in 4 districts, namely, Chuong My, Dan Phuong, Ha Dong, and Bac Tu Liem, were analyzed by a competitive ELISA designed for flavivirus antibody detection. The results indicated a low level of awareness about MBDs among pig farmers, and a high seroprevalence in pigs at 88.5% (95%CI = 85.8–90.9%). Moreover, common practices of pig owners to prevent mosquitoes at home and farm did not show a significant reduction in flavivirus exposure in pigs. At animal level, significant associations between seropositive pigs and the farms with more than 60 pigs, and the district location were found. Farm-level multivariable analysis did not identify significant risk factors for flavivirus exposure. The study suggests that improving awareness of pig owners about MBDs in Hanoi city may be warranted to reduce the risk for MBD flavivirus infections in both humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pham-Thanh
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-934-109-999
| | - Thang Nguyen-Tien
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.N.B.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.N.B.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Duoc Trong Vu
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (D.T.V.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Son Hai Tran
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (D.T.V.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Minh Xuan Can
- Hanoi Sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Minarti M, Anwar C, Irfannuddin I, Irsan C. Community Knowledge and Attitudes about the Transmission of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Its Relationship to Prevention Behaviour in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: PSN 3 M Plus is a long-running program in Indonesia for the prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).
AIM: This study aimed to determine the knowledge, behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of the community toward PSN 3 M Plus in preventing and controlling the spread of DHF.
METHODS: A cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 200 respondents in endemic areas and 100 respondents in sporadic locations of Indonesia from August 2020 to February 2021. The respondents were interviewed directly by interviewers and the relationships between demographics and characteristics with the practice of PSN 3M Plus prevention behavior on the incidence of DHF were analyzed.
RESULTS: Most respondents had good knowledge regarding the cause of DHF. Although respondents recognized and understood the dangers of and how to control DHF, most did not follow PSN 3 M Plus and believed that fogging was the most effective control measure. There was a significant relationship between the characteristics of the respondents in terms of education, occupation, and attitude on vector control practice.
CONCLUSION: Although community environmental modifications can be a cost-effective approach to reduce the incidence of DHF, there is a need to raise public awareness regarding preventive vector control measures as good knowledge does not guarantee good compliance with PSN 3M Plus recommendations.
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Nguyen-Tien T, Bui AN, Ling J, Tran-Hai S, Pham-Thanh L, Bui VN, Dao TD, Hoang TT, Vu LT, Tran PV, Vu DT, Lundkvist Å, Nguyen-Viet H, Magnusson U, Lindahl JF. The Distribution and Composition of Vector Abundance in Hanoi City, Vietnam: Association with Livestock Keeping and Flavivirus Detection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112291. [PMID: 34835097 PMCID: PMC8621768 DOI: 10.3390/v13112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus are two common flaviviruses that are spread widely by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Livestock keeping is vital for cities; however, it can pose the risk of increasing the mosquito population. Our study explored how livestock keeping in and around a large city is associated with the presence of mosquitoes and the risk of them spreading flaviviruses. METHODS An entomological study was conducted in 6 districts with 233 households with livestock, and 280 households without livestock, in Hanoi city. BG-Sentinel traps and CDC light traps were used to collect mosquitoes close to animal farms and human habitats. Adult mosquitoes were counted, identified to species level, and grouped into 385 pools, which were screened for flaviviruses using a pan-flavivirus qPCR protocol and sequencing. RESULTS A total of 12,861 adult mosquitoes were collected at the 513 households, with 5 different genera collected, of which the Culex genus was the most abundant. Our study found that there was a positive association between livestock keeping and the size of the mosquito population-most predominantly between pig rearing and Culex species (p < 0.001). One pool of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, collected in a peri-urban district, was found to be positive for Japanese encephalitis virus. CONCLUSIONS The risk of flavivirus transmission in urban areas of Hanoi city due to the spread of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes could be facilitated by livestock keeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Nguyen-Tien
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (L.P.-T.); (Å.L.); (J.F.L.)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (A.N.B.); (V.N.B.); (T.D.D.); (T.T.H.)
| | - Jiaxin Ling
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (L.P.-T.); (Å.L.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Son Tran-Hai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (S.T.-H.); (L.T.V.); (P.V.T.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Long Pham-Thanh
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (L.P.-T.); (Å.L.); (J.F.L.)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (A.N.B.); (V.N.B.); (T.D.D.); (T.T.H.)
| | - Tung Duy Dao
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (A.N.B.); (V.N.B.); (T.D.D.); (T.T.H.)
| | - Thuy Thi Hoang
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (A.N.B.); (V.N.B.); (T.D.D.); (T.T.H.)
| | - Lieu Thi Vu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (S.T.-H.); (L.T.V.); (P.V.T.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Phong Vu Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (S.T.-H.); (L.T.V.); (P.V.T.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Duoc Trong Vu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (S.T.-H.); (L.T.V.); (P.V.T.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (L.P.-T.); (Å.L.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Johanna Frida Lindahl
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (L.P.-T.); (Å.L.); (J.F.L.)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
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