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Gebru H, Deyessa N, Medhin G, Kloos H. Childhood Intestinal Parasitic Reinfection, Sanitation and Hygiene Practice in Eastern Ethiopia: Case Control Study. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1791-1802. [PMID: 38752169 PMCID: PMC11094539 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s455037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The recurrence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can lead to different problems that can be transferred from generation to generation. Sanitation and hygienic practices have vital role in the parasitic reinfection. In poor hygienic and sanitation condition children may live in a continuous cycle of infection and reinfection. Objective To assess childhood IP reinfection and its association with sanitation and hygienic practice in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A population-based case-control design was used in this study. Data were collected from 75 reinfected cases and 147 unmatched controls. Fecal specimens were observed for parasites using direct smear and formol ether techniques. Epi-Info and SPSS (the statistical package for social science) were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify significant associations (P<0.05) between variables. Results The overall IP reinfection rate within 24 weeks after treatment was 33.8% (75/222), with a 95% CI=27.7%-40.5%. The frequency of intestinal protozoa was 18%, and for helminths was 15.8%. Children who swam in a polluted water had 3.7 times greater odds of IP reinfection than children who did not swim (P =0.01, 95% CI: 1.4-10.0). Children who regularly bathed in streams and children who bathed both at home and in streams were found to have 12.6 times and 5.8 times higher odds of IP reinfection than children who bathed regularly at home (P=0.002, 95% CI:2.5-64.8) and (P = 0.042, 95% CI:1.1-31.3), respectively. Children in households that owned domestic animals had 4.5 times higher odds of IP reinfection than the reference group (P = 0.013, 95% CI: 1.3-12.5). Conclusion IP reinfection rates were significantly associated with habits of swimming in a polluted water, places of bathing, and ownership of domestic animals. Therefore, efforts should be made considering such factors to minimize IP reinfection in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heroda Gebru
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Deyessa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Alkholy UM, El Gebaly SM, Morsi WEMA, Elawamy WE, Etewa SE, Yousef AM. The Impact of Parasitic Infestation on Nutritional Status and Micronutrients among Children. J Parasitol Res 2024; 2024:6996968. [PMID: 38576864 PMCID: PMC10994709 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6996968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Micronutrient deficiency is a great problem that is augmented by infection and poor nutrition. Iron, zinc, and selenium are trace elements needed for human growth. Objective To investigate the impact of parasitic infection on nutritional status and serum iron, zinc, and selenium in children attending Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic of Zagazig University Hospitals. Subjects and Methods. A case-control study included 140 parasitic infected children and one hundred age- and sex-matched controls. Anthropometric measures were evaluated using specific Egyptian growth charts. Parasites were detected in stool specimens using standard microscopic methods. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the detection of serum iron, zinc, and selenium. To examine the statistical relationship between intestinal parasitic infection and the relevant variables (gender, residence, socioeconomic status, and age group), the nonparametric chi-square (χ2) test was used. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 25. Results Parasitic infected children showed a statistically significant low weight for age, height for age, and BMI. Serum iron, zinc, and selenium were significantly lower in parasitic infected children than controls. Serum iron, zinc, and selenium have significant positive correlations with weight, height, and BMI, respectively. Conclusion Studied serum micronutrients especially zinc and iron and anthropometric indices were significantly lower in parasitically infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama M. Alkholy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharqyia, Egypt
| | - Sherief M. El Gebaly
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharqyia, Egypt
| | - Walaa E. M. A. Morsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed E. Elawamy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13512, Qalioubyia, Egypt
| | - Samia E. Etewa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Yousef
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Alelign A, Mulualem N, Tekeste Z. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among patients attending Debarq Primary Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298767. [PMID: 38451932 PMCID: PMC10919636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are major public health problems in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs at Debarq Primary Hospital in northwest Ethiopia. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to June 2022. The study participants were recruited from patients who visited Debarq Primary Hospital during the study period. Stool samples were collected from each participant and examined for intestinal parasites using direct wet-mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Out of 422 individuals examined, 33.64% were infected with at least one intestinal parasite species. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm were found in 12.79%, 8.53%, 7.10%, and 1.65% of the participants, respectively. Double and triple parasite infections were found in 2.37% and 0.23% of the participants, respectively. A habit of eating unwashed vegetables (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 9.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.68-37.14) and low income (AOR = 6.66, 95% CI = 1.87-23.70) were associated with increased odds of IPIs. Participants with a habit of hand washing after using the toilet had 0.05 (95% CI = 0.13-0.22) lower odds of IPIs than those who did not. In conclusion, IPIs are common among Debarq Primary Hospital patients and are associated with factors such as low income, not washing hands after using the toilet, and eating unwashed vegetation, necessitating control and prevention efforts in the study area that include health education and the provision and use of sanitary facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Alelign
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nigus Mulualem
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zinaye Tekeste
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Alemu Y, Abdissa A, Mekonnen Z, Sharew B, Johansen ØH, Bjørang O, Langeland N, Hanevik K, Moyo SJ. Prevalence and assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in a case-control study of children under 5 years from Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:38. [PMID: 38091122 PMCID: PMC10719145 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common pathogenic intestinal protozoan parasite with high prevalence in developing countries, especially among children. The distribution of giardia assemblages among humans and their clinical relevance remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and assemblage of Giardia among children under 5 years of age in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Employing a case-control design, 606 children presenting with diarrhea at Jimma university medical center and Serbo Health Center were enrolled from December 2016 to July 2018 along with 617 matched controls without diarrhea. Giardia was detected and typed using real-time PCR. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed. The total prevalence of Giardia was 41% (501/1223) and did not differ significantly between cases and controls (40% vs 42%). Prevalence increased by age, with the highest prevalence seen in children aged ≥ 25 months. Children without diarrhea with a history of diarrhea during the last month were more likely to be Giardia positive compared to children with no history diarrhea (OR 1.8 and 95%CI; 1.1-2.9). Regardless of current diarrhea symptoms, assemblage B predominated with 89%, followed by assemblage A (8%) and mixed infection assemblage A and B (3%). We report a high prevalence of Giardia by PCR detection in Jimma, Ethiopia, with assemblage B being predominant. There was a similar distribution of Giardia assemblages between children with and without diarrhea. Increasing age was a risk factor for Giardia infection. Community-based prevention and control strategies need to be employed to decrease the risk of giardia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Alemu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuwarek Sharew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Øystein H Johansen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Ola Bjørang
- Department of Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- National Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- National Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sabrina J Moyo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Konadu E, Essuman MA, Amponsah A, Agroh WXK, Badu-Boateng E, Gbedema SY, Boakye YD. Enteric Protozoan Parasitosis and Associated Factors among Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:5569262. [PMID: 38105772 PMCID: PMC10725318 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5569262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric protozoa infections (EPIs) could worsen clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus and therefore requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and attention. This study aimed to determine the burden of EPIs and their associated factors among patients with and without diabetics at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Ghana. Again, the diagnostic performance of parasitological techniques routinely used for diagnosis was assessed. Methods A total of 240 participants (made up of 140 patients with diabetes and 100 patients without diabetes) were recruited into the study by simple random sampling from November 2020 to May 2021. Stool samples of participants were collected, along with their demographic information, and examined using the saline direct wet mount (DWM), formol-ether concentration (FEC), and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZNS) techniques for the presence of enteric protozoans. Results Enteric protozoa were found among 62/140 (44.3%) diabetic patients and 13/100 (13.0%) nondiabetic patients. The predominant protozoa identified were Cryptosporidium spp. (17.86%) among patients with diabetes and Blastocystis hominis (7.0%) among patients without diabetes. EPI was associated with diabetes mellitus status (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI, 1.55-7.79), having diabetes for more than five years (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI, 1.65-8.86) and having comorbidity (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI, 1.33-6.45). The FEC technique had the highest sensitivity (100.0%), specificity 94.3% (95% CI, 91.35-97.22), and accuracy 95.0% (95% CI, 88.54-98.13) when compared to other techniques for diagnosis. Conclusion EPIs are a significant health problem among patients with diabetes at KATH, and therefore antiparasitic drugs should be included in their treatment protocols for better health outcomes. Again, the FEC technique has demonstrated better performance in detecting EPIs and is therefore recommended to achieve early and accurate diagnosis of EPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Konadu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology Laboratory Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mainprice Akuoko Essuman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela Amponsah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Xoese Kwadzo Agroh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest Badu-Boateng
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology Laboratory Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Yao Gbedema
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Duah Boakye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Bordignon JCP, Ribeiro ADC, Paulino ÉT, Alencar MDFL, Boia MN, de Moraes AHA. Intestinal parasitic infections: telephone health literacy with men in areas of poverty in the syndemic. Rev Bras Enferm 2023; 76:e20220300. [PMID: 37820134 PMCID: PMC10561933 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to assess Popular Health Education practices on intestinal parasites, carried out by telephone contact with men living in urban communities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the COVID-19 syndemic. METHOD a quasi-experimental, quantitative and descriptive study, carried out with men aged 20 to 59 years. Pre-test was applied, and participants were divided into two groups: control and experimental. Popular Education in Health practices were carried out with an experimental group, and post-test was applied for both. RESULTS health education practices were significant in the experimental group, with a reduction in incorrect answers. There was an increase in incorrect answers in the control group's post-test. CONCLUSIONS the Brazilian National Policy for Popular Education in Health contributed to qualify men's health literacy on intestinal parasites. Practice by telephone contact proved to be a powerful strategy for nursing and public policies to access this group and promote health in Primary Health Care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Neves Boia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Jassim ZN, Shakir MJ, Al-Zuheiry MS. MOLECULAR STUDY OF BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF DIYALA GOVERNORATE. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 75:2901-2906. [PMID: 36723301 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202212102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To detect the infection rate of Blastocystis hominis in children less than 10 years old with diarrhea in Diyalaby polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, to determine the subtype of Blastocystis hominis by sequencing the product of the positive result, and to determine the association between Blastocystis hominis infection and different factors such as gender, age, the level of mother education and the presence or absence animals in their houses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on children with diarrhea at Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Diyala governorate, during the period from November 2020 to April 2021, a total of 100 children 55 males and 45 females, then, stool samples were collected and examined by conventional polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Results: The rate of infection with the parasite Blastocystis hominis was 8%, 8 out of 100. The infection was higher among females 62.5% than to males 37.5%, while the positive result was higher in the age group less than two years 75%, the highest percentage occur with patient whose mothers were incomplete primary and primary education was reached 37.5% and 25%; respectively and the study showed the highest percentage was with those who kept animals at homes was 75%. CONCLUSION Conclusions: According to the genetic analysis of the sequence of eight samples that were positive for Blastocystis hominis parasite using the conventional polymerase chain reaction and they were back to the subtypes 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Naseef Jassim
- DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF DIYALA, BAQUBAH, IRAQ
| | - Mohammed J Shakir
- DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF DIYALA, BAQUBAH, IRAQ
| | - Mehdi Sh Al-Zuheiry
- DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF DIYALA, BAQUBAH, IRAQ
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Aliyo A, Geleto A. Trends of intestinal parasites among the patients attended at Yabelo General Hospital, Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221143644. [PMID: 36568344 PMCID: PMC9772975 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221143644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) still cause a major public health problem in developing countries. The most affected populations are those with low socioeconomic status, lack of latrines, inadequate water supply, and poor hygiene like in pastoralist community areas in Ethiopia. Therefore, the study assessed the trends of intestinal parasites among the patients attended at Yabelo General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, from 2019 to 2021. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on 6108 patients and recorded data from Yabelo General Hospital, which were extracted using a checklist. The complete data of sex, age, and laboratory stool examination result in the record book were included in the study. The data were double-entered using EpiData version 3 and exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 for analysis. The associated factors were analyzed using chi-square and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were presented in tables, pie charts, and graphs. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among the patients who attended Yabelo General Hospital was 48%. Of these, 37.8% (2310) were intestinal protozoa, and 10.2% (624) were intestinal helminths. The study indicates that 59% of patients aged above 45 years were seen infected with intestinal parasites. Of the total suspected patients, 2% (123) were found to have mixed parasite infections. The most reported parasites were Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba Dispar 22.6%, Giardia lamblia 15.3%, and Ascaris lumbricoides 1.8%. The trend analysis of intestinal parasites revealed that the overall prevalence declined from 55% in 2019 to 42.3% in 2021. Conclusion The prevalence of IPI was high among patients seen at Yabelo General Hospital. The analysis showed that the prevalence declined from 2019 to 2021. To sustain the decrease in prevalence, all intestinal parasite prevention measures should be continuously exercised in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alqeer Aliyo
- Alqeer Aliyo, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, P.O. Box 144, Bule Hora, Ethiopia.
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Fauziah N, Aviani JK, Agrianfanny YN, Fatimah SN. Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status in Children under Five Years Old: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:371. [PMID: 36422922 PMCID: PMC9697828 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections are common infectious diseases causing many health problems and impaired growth and physical development.. Children under five years old are the most vulnerable to infections, due to their immature immunity and feeding and exploratory behaviours. This systematic review aimed to assess the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections and undernutrition among children under 5 years old. Fifteen studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were classified as high-quality studies. Twelve parasites were reported, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Cryptosporodium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, hookworm, Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides sterocalis, Taenia spp. and Trichuris trichuria. Ascariasis is the most reported infection, with a prevalence ranging from 10.77% in Ethiopia to 57.14% in Malaysia, and is correlated with stunting (OR 2.17 (95% CI 1.14, 4.13), p = 0.02). Giardiasis is the second most reported infection, with a prevalence ranging from 4.43% in Ethiopia to 66.33% in the Central African Republic, and is related to an increased risk of stunting (OR 2.34 (95% CI 1.07, 5.10), p = 0.03)), wasting (OR 2.90 (95% CI 1.12, 7.49, p = 0.03)), and being underweight (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.02, 2.29, p = 0.04)). The third and fourth most prevalent infections are T. trichiura and hookworm infections. Intestinal parasitic infections can occur very early in life and cause significant growth retardation. It is important to understand the prevalence and effects of infection based on the parasite species in order to implement therapeutic interventions and prevention controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Fauziah
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Jenifer Kiem Aviani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Yukan Niko Agrianfanny
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Siti Nur Fatimah
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
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Rega S, Melese Y, Geteneh A, Kasew D, Eshetu T, Biset S. Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Patients Who Visited Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital's Emergency Department Over a Six-Year Period, Woldia, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:3239-3248. [PMID: 35761976 PMCID: PMC9233484 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s369827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite ongoing intensive public health intervention efforts, intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a major public health problem in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Having updated epidemiological data focusing on the top common IPIs that cause emergency visits is crucial for implementing area-specific and evidence-based intervention strategies. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs in Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital's (WCSH) emergency laboratory over a six-year period. Methods An institutional-based retrospective study was conducted to assess the prevalence of IPIs over a six-year period (2014-2019) using a recorded saline wet-mount stool sample examination result in the laboratory logbook at WCSH's emergency department. Results In this study, of the total of 11,281 clinically suspected individuals who were requested for stool sample examination, 3908 (34.6%) individuals were diagnosed with IPs. The majority of confirmed cases were caused by protozoan parasites (32.9%), followed by helminth infections (1.7%). A slight fluctuating trend in the prevalence of IPs was observed in the six-year study period, with the highest prevalence documented in the year of 2014 (41.3%) and the lowest in 2017 (28.0%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia accounts for 95% of the IPs. The prevalence of protozoan infection was significantly higher in females (p-value = 0.0101), while H. nana (p-value =0.0138) and E. vermicularis (p-value = 0.0201) infections were higher in males. The highest and the lowest IP prevalence were reported in the age groups of 45-54 years (40%) and under five years (25.6%), respectively. Conclusion and Recommendations In the study area, nearly one-third of patients with emergency visits due to gastrointestinal symptoms were infected with IPs. This underlines the severity of the problem in the study area, which requires a collaborative effort of concerned bodies to minimize the burden of IP to the level where it is no longer a public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Rega
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Yimer Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dessie Health Science College, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Alene Geteneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Kasew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tegegne Eshetu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Biset
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Seid M, Yohanes T, Goshu Y, Jemal K, Siraj M. The effect of compliance to Hand hygiene during COVID-19 on intestinal parasitic infection and intensity of soil transmitted helminthes, among patients attending general hospital, southern Ethiopia: Observational study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270378. [PMID: 35767582 PMCID: PMC9242515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infection (IPIs) is one of the major health problems in Sub -Saharan Africa where water, sanitation and hygiene practices are inadequate. Taking into account the national level implementation of intensive hand hygiene against COVID-19 pandemic and general protective effect this study assessed its effect on intestinal parasite. Objective This study aim to investigate the effect of compliance to hand hygiene practice on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection (IPIs) and intensity of Soil transmitted helminthes (STH) among patients attending tertiary care hospital in southern Ethiopia. Methods Observational study was conducted from June to September 2021. Data on socio demographic, hand hygiene practice and intestinal parasite (prevalence and intensity of helminthic infection) was collected from randomly selected and consented patients. Compliance to hand hygiene practice was assessed using pre-tested questionnaire. Fresh stool sample from each participant was examined by direct wet mount, concentration and Ziehl-Neelson (ZN) staining technique to detect intestinal parasite. Intensity of STH measurements was done through direct egg-count per gram using Kato Katz methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to measure association and p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The study population (N = 264) consisted of 139(52.65%) male and 125 (47.34%) female with the mean ages of 36 ±16.12(±SD). The proportion of good compliance to hand hygiene during COVID-19 to was 43.93% (95%CI: 37% to 47) and prevalence of intestinal parasite was 26.14% (95%CI:21.2% to 31.75) comprising 23.48% intestinal protozoa and 6.43% of soil transmitted helminthic infection. Gardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Ascaris lumbricoides were the common parasite in the study area with prevalence of 15.53%, 6.44%, and 1.52% respectively. Prevalence of intestinal parasite among participants with good compliance to hand hygiene group and poor compliance to hand hygiene were (14.65% vs. 35.13%)(AOR: 0.48,95%CI:0.13 to 0.68) (p = 0.002) implying that good compliance to hand hygiene can reduce the risk of IPIs by 52%. Moreover significantly lower odds of intestinal protozoa among good compliance to hand hygiene group than the control (OR:0.38; (95%CI: 0.20 to 0.71);P = 0.001. However, no significant difference in the odds of intensity of STH infection in good compliance hand hygiene and poor compliance group. The result of this study also confirmed the association between intestinal parasitic infections and younger /adolescent age, education status, habit of eating raw vegetable and figure nail status. Conclusion Good hand hygiene compliance during COVID-19 significantly associated with reduction of intestinal parasitic infection. This finding highlights the secondary protective effect of improved hand hygiene against IPIs and suggest it can used in augmenting the existing parasitic control strategies in the study setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Seid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tsegaye Yohanes
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Yitagesu Goshu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Kiyar Jemal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Munira Siraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
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Bordignon JCP, Paulino ÉT, Silva MECD, Alencar MDFL, Gomes KNF, Sotero-Martins A, Santos JAAD, Boia MN, Moraes Neto AHAD. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections versus knowledge, attitudes and practices of male residents in Brazilian urban slums: a cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e41. [PMID: 35703610 PMCID: PMC9190514 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are neglected diseases caused by helminths and protozoa, with the relationships between parasite, host and environment having the potential to produce high morbidity and incapacity to work and mortality in vulnerable areas. This study assessed the prevalence of IPIs concerning socio-environmental conditions and analyzed the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to these diseases among men living in the slums of Rio de Janeiro city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an agglomeration of urban slums between 2018 and 2019, with men aged between 20 and 59 years. A socioeconomic status questionnaire and an IPIs knowledge, attitudes and practices questionnaire (KAPQ) were applied. Coproparasitological diagnoses (n=454) were performed using four methods and samples of water for household consumption (n=392) were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analysis. A total of 624 participants were enrolled. About 40% of the households had "water unsuitable for consumption". Only one Major Area, MA 3 was not statistically significant for IPIs (AOR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.30-1.88; p=0.55). The overall prevalence of IPIs was 23.8%. Endolimax nana (n=65, 14.3%) and hookworm (n=8, 1.7%) were the most frequently identified parasites. The analysis of the frequency of responses to the KAPQ has shown that men reported to seeking medical care if they were suspicious of IPIs, and around 35% would self-medicate. The results have shown the need to adopt integrated health education practices targeting male residents in urban slums to qualify the care with water for human consumption and promote self-care about IPIs. The household can be considered strategic for Primary Health Care activities for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Pegado Bordignon
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Érica Tex Paulino
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Enderson Chagas da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Leal Alencar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Keyla Nunes Farias Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sotero-Martins
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Albuquerque Dos Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio Neves Boia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Teimouri A, Alimi R, Farsi S, Mikaeili F. Intestinal parasitic infections among patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, southern Iran: a retrospective study in pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36911-36919. [PMID: 35066821 PMCID: PMC8783790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are still a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's lifestyles and quality of life. Besides, the prevalence of IPIs is directly associated with environmental sanitation, overcrowding, and personal hygiene. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs among patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences by reviewing the available data of hospital information system database in the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. The total data of 13,686 patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, southern Iran were collected from March 2019 to March 2021. The overall prevalence of IPIs was found to be 4.4%, and Blastocystis spp. was the most common parasite. The prevalence of protozoan parasites (4.4%) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites (0.04%, P < 0.001). A significant association was observed between IPIs with age, gender, and year (P < 0.05). The prevalence of IPIs among those referred to hospitals before the COVID-19 pandemic was higher than those referred to hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic (5.8% vs 2.8%), and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The odds of infection among people investigated during the COVID-19 pandemic was about 40% lower than those investigated before the COVID-19 pandemic (AOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.49-0.73, P < 0.001). Our results showed that the prevalence of IPIs has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Improved sanitation, personal hygiene, and health education can be effective in reducing parasitic infections in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Teimouri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rasoul Alimi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Samaneh Farsi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hajare ST, Betcha A, Sharma RJ, Bhosale SB, Upadhye VJ, Kuddus M, Eriso F. Giardia lamblia infection and associated risk factors among patients attending Kochore Health Center, Ethiopia. Infect Dis Now 2022; 52:311-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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