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Xanthomonas
Infection Transforms the Apoplast into an Accessible and Habitable Niche for Salmonella enterica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0133022. [PMID: 36314834 PMCID: PMC9680631 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot disease caused by
Xanthomonas
species devastates tomato production worldwide. Salmonellosis outbreaks from consumption of raw produce have been linked to the arrival of
Salmonella enterica
on crop plants in the field via contaminated irrigation water.
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Meng L, Yang F, Pang Y, Cao Z, Wu F, Yan D, Liu J. Nanocapping-enabled charge reversal generates cell-enterable endosomal-escapable bacteriophages for intracellular pathogen inhibition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2005. [PMID: 35857522 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are widely explored as antimicrobials for treating infectious diseases due to their specificity and potency to infect and inhibit host bacteria. However, the application of phages to inhibit intracellular pathogens has been greatly restricted by inadequacy in cell entry and endosomal escape. Here, we describe the use of cationic polymers to selectively cap negatively charged phage head rather than positively charged tail by electrostatic interaction, resulting in charge-reversed phages with uninfluenced vitality. Given the positive surface charge and proton sponge effect of the nanocapping, capped phages are able to enter intestinal epithelial cells and subsequently escape from endosomes to lyse harbored pathogens. In a murine model of intestinal infection, oral ingestion of capped phages significantly reduces the translocation of pathogens to major organs, showing a remarkable inhibition efficacy. Our work proposes that simple synthetic nanocapping can manipulate phage bioactivity, offering a facile platform for preparing next-generation antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fengmin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yan Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhenping Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Deyue Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Salmonella enterica changes Macrosteles quadrilineatus feeding behaviors resulting in altered S. enterica distribution on leaves and increased populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8544. [PMID: 35595751 PMCID: PMC9122940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemipteran insects are ubiquitous inhabitants of the phyllosphere. Changes in microbial phyllosphere communities have recently been demonstrated following infestation by Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Aster Leafhopper). Although epiphytic Salmonella enterica populations naturally decline in the phyllosphere of plants, M. quadrilineatus infestation facilitated the growth of the bacterial pathogen populations. Here, we demonstrate that cellular damage by insect stylet penetration results in a localized beneficial niche on the leaf surface, leading to enhanced S. enterica populations. We measured S. enterica populations and colonization patterns on plants infested with Hemipterans with distinct feeding behaviors. M. quadrilineatus infestation resulted in higher solute leakage and significantly greater bacterial populations than plants absent of insects. Following immigration via contaminated irrigation water, the highest populations of S. enterica are naturally found on the tips of tomato leaflets. We discovered M. quadrilineatus feeding preference altered the natural distribution of S. enterica populations, and that the presence of S. enterica altered the distribution of probing attempts. These findings elucidate how cellular damage resulting from insect feeding drives changes in bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere.
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Cowles KN, Block AK, Barak JD. Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri TAL effector AvrHah1 is necessary and sufficient for increased persistence of Salmonella enterica on tomato leaves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7313. [PMID: 35508535 PMCID: PMC9068798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is ubiquitous in the plant environment, persisting in the face of UV stress, plant defense responses, desiccation, and nutrient limitation. These fluctuating conditions of the leaf surface result in S. enterica population decline. Biomultipliers, such as the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri (Xhg), alter the phyllosphere to the benefit of S. enterica. Specific Xhg-dependent changes to this niche that promote S. enterica persistence remain unclear, and this work focuses on identifying factors that lead to increased S. enterica survival on leaves. Here, we show that the Xhg transcription activator-like effector AvrHah1 is both necessary and sufficient for increased survival of S. enterica on tomato leaves. An Xhg avrHah1 mutant fails to influence S. enterica survival while addition of avrHah1 to X. vesicatoria provides a gain of function. Our results indicate that although Xhg stimulates a robust immune response from the plant, AvrHah1 is not required for these effects. In addition, we demonstrate that cellular leakage that occurs during disease is independent of AvrHah1. Investigation of the interaction between S. enterica, Xhg, and the plant host provides information regarding how an inhospitable environment changes during infection and can be transformed into a habitable niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N Cowles
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeri D Barak
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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