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Eisfeld C, van Breukelen BM, Medema G, van der Wolf JM, Velstra J, Schijven JF. QMRA of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato cultivation: Risks associated with irrigation water recycled through managed aquifer recharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166181. [PMID: 37572894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural aquifer storage recovery and transfer (ASTR) stores excess fresh water for later reuse in irrigation. Moreover, water quality improves because chemical pollutants and pathogens will be removed by degradation and attachment to the aquifer material. The source water may contain the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum which causes plant infections and high yield losses. We used quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to investigate the removal of R. solanacearum during ASTR to predict infection risks of potato plants after irrigation with the recovered water. Laboratory experiments analyzed the ASTR treatment by investigating the bacterial die-off in the water phase and the removal by attachment to the aquifer sediment. Die-off in the water phase depends on the residence time and ranged between 1.3 and 2.7 log10 after 10 or 60 days water storage, respectively. A subpopulation of the bacteria persisted for a prolonged time at low concentrations which may pose a risk if the water is recovered too early. However, the natural aquifer sand filtration proofed to be highly effective in removing R. solanacearum by attachment which depends on the distance between injection and abstraction well. The high removal by attachment alone (18 log10 after 1 m) would reduce bacterial concentrations to negligible numbers. Upscaling to longer soil passages is discussed in the paper. Infection risks of potato plants were calculated using a dose-response model and ASTR treatment resulted in negligible infection risks of a single plant, but also when simulating the irrigation of a 5 ha potato field. This is the first QMRA that analyzed an agricultural ASTR and the fate of a plant pathogen focusing on plant health. QMRA is a useful (water) management tool to evaluate the treatment steps of water reclamation technologies with the aim to provide safe irrigation water and reduce risks disseminating plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Eisfeld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Boris M van Breukelen
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Water Quality & Health, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M van der Wolf
- Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke Velstra
- Acacia Water B.V., Van Hogendorpplein 4, 2805 BM Gouda, the Netherlands
| | - Jack F Schijven
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Eisfeld C, Schijven JF, Kastelein P, van Breukelen BM, Medema G, Velstra J, Teunis PFM, van der Wolf JM. Dose-response relationship of Ralstonia solanacearum and potato in greenhouse and in vitro experiments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1074192. [PMID: 36937141 PMCID: PMC10020725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1074192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causative agent of bacterial wilt of potato and other vegetable crops. Contaminated irrigation water contributes to the dissemination of this pathogen but the exact concentration or biological threshold to cause an infection is unknown. In two greenhouse experiments, potted potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) were exposed to a single irrigation with 50 mL water (non-invasive soil-soak inoculation) containing no or 102 - 108 CFU/mL R. solanacearum. The disease response of two cultivars, Kondor and HB, were compared. Disease development was monitored over a three-month period after which stems, roots and tubers of asymptomatic plants were analyzed for latent infections. First wilting symptoms were observed 15 days post inoculation in a plant inoculated with 5x109 CFU and a mean disease index was used to monitor disease development over time. An inoculum of 5x105 CFU per pot (1.3x102 CFU/g soil) was the minimum dose required to cause wilting symptoms, while one latent infection was detected at the lowest dose of 5x102 CFU per pot (0.13 CFU/g). In a second set of experiments, stem-inoculated potato plants grown in vitro were used to investigate the dose-response relationship under optimal conditions for pathogen growth and disease development. Plants were inoculated with doses between 0.5 and 5x105 CFU/plant which resulted in visible symptoms at all doses. The results led to a dose-response model describing the relationship between R. solanacearum exposure and probability of infection or illness of potato plants. Cultivar Kondor was more susceptible to brown-rot infections than HB in greenhouse experiments while there was no significant difference between the dose-response models of both cultivars in in vitro experiments. The ED50 for infection of cv Kondor was 1.1x107 CFU. Results can be used in management strategies aimed to reduce or eliminate the risk of bacterial wilt infection when using treated water in irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Eisfeld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jack F. Schijven
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter Kastelein
- Department of Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Boris M. van Breukelen
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Water Quality & Health, KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter F. M. Teunis
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Health, Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jan M. van der Wolf
- Department of Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Imig A, Szabó Z, Halytsia O, Vrachioli M, Kleinert V, Rein A. A review on risk assessment in managed aquifer recharge. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1513-1529. [PMID: 35075774 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) refers to a suite of methods that is increasingly being applied worldwide for sustainable groundwater management to tackle drinking or irrigation water shortage or to restore and maintain groundwater ecosystems. The potential for MAR is far from being exhausted, not only due to geological and hydrogeological conditions or technical and economic feasibility but also due to its lack of acceptance by the public and policymakers. One approach to enable the safe and accepted use of MAR could be to provide comprehensive risk management, including the identification, analysis, and evaluation of potential risks related to MAR. This article reviews current MAR risk assessment methodologies and guidelines and summarizes possible hazards and related processes. It may help planners and operators select the appropriate MAR risk assessment approaches and support the risk identification process. In addition to risk assessment (and subsequent risk treatment) related to the MAR implementation phase, this review also addresses risk assessment for MAR operation. We also highlight the limitations and lessons learned from the application and development of risk assessment methodologies. Moreover, developments are recommended in the area of MAR-related risk assessment methodologies and regulation. Depending on data availability, collected methodologies may be applicable for MAR sites worldwide. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1513-1529. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Imig
- School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Zsóka Szabó
- Department of Geology, ELTE Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pest, Hungary
| | - Olha Halytsia
- Chair Group Agricultural Production and Resource Economics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Maria Vrachioli
- Chair Group Agricultural Production and Resource Economics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Verena Kleinert
- School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Arno Rein
- School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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Zheng Y, Vanderzalm J, Hartog N, Escalante EF, Stefan C. The 21st century water quality challenges for managed aquifer recharge: towards a risk-based regulatory approach. HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 31:31-34. [PMID: 36185762 PMCID: PMC9512974 DOI: 10.1007/s10040-022-02543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustained environmental and human health protection is threatened by ~350,000 chemicals available in global markets, plus new biological entities including coronaviruses. These water-quality hazards challenge the proponents of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) who seek to ensure the integrity of groundwater. A risk-based regulatory framework accounting for groundwater quality changes, adoption in subsurface attenuation zones, and use of advanced monitoring methods is required to support confidence in the sustainability of MAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Joanne Vanderzalm
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Road, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Niels Hartog
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Catalin Stefan
- Research Group INOWAS, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Eisfeld C, Schijven JF, van der Wolf JM, Medema G, Kruisdijk E, van Breukelen BM. Removal of bacterial plant pathogens in columns filled with quartz and natural sediments under anoxic and oxygenated conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118724. [PMID: 35696807 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with surface water carrying plant pathogens poses a risk for agriculture. Managed aquifer recharge enhances fresh water availability while simultaneously it may reduce the risk of plant diseases by removal of pathogens during aquifer passage. We compared the transport of three plant pathogenic bacteria with Escherichia coli WR1 as reference strain in saturated laboratory column experiments filled with quartz sand, or sandy aquifer sediments. E. coli showed the highest removal, followed by Pectobacterium carotovorum, Dickeya solani and Ralstonia solanacearum. Bacterial and non-reactive tracer breakthrough curves were fitted with Hydrus-1D and compared with colloid filtration theory (CFT). Bacterial attachment to fine and medium aquifer sand under anoxic conditions was highest with attachment rates of max. katt1 = 765 day-1 and 355 day-1, respectively. Attachment was the least to quartz sand under oxic conditions (katt1 = 61 day-1). In CFT, sticking efficiencies were higher in aquifer than in quartz sand but there was no differentiation between fine and medium aquifer sand. Overall removal ranged between < 6.8 log10 m-1 in quartz and up to 40 log10 m-1 in fine aquifer sand. Oxygenation of the anoxic aquifer sediments for two weeks with oxic influent water decreased the removal. The results highlight the potential of natural sand filtration to sufficiently remove plant pathogenic bacteria during aquifer storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Eisfeld
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft 2628 CN, the Netherlands.
| | - Jack F Schijven
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven 3720 BA, the Netherlands; Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M van der Wolf
- Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft 2628 CN, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Water Quality & Health, Groningenhaven 7, Nieuwegein 3433 PE, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Kruisdijk
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft 2628 CN, the Netherlands; Acacia Water B.V., Van Hogendorpplein 4, Gouda 2805 BM, the Netherlands
| | - Boris M van Breukelen
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft 2628 CN, the Netherlands
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