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Song Y, Li S, Gong H, Yip RCS, Chen H. Biopharmaceutical applications of microbial polysaccharides as materials: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124259. [PMID: 37003381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological characteristics of natural polymers make microbial polysaccharides an excellent choice for biopharmaceuticals. Due to its easy purifying procedure and high production efficiency, it is capable of resolving the existing application issues associated with some plant and animal polysaccharides. Furthermore, microbial polysaccharides are recognized as prospective substitutes for these polysaccharides based on the search for eco-friendly chemicals. In this review, the microstructure and properties of microbial polysaccharides are utilized to highlight their characteristics and potential medical applications. From the standpoint of pathogenic processes, in-depth explanations are provided on the effects of microbial polysaccharides as active ingredients in the treatment of human diseases, anti-aging, and drug delivery. In addition, the scholarly developments and commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides as medical raw materials are also discussed. The conclusion is that understanding the use of microbial polysaccharides in biopharmaceuticals is essential for the future development of pharmacology and therapeutic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Shuxin Li
- SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Hao Gong
- SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Ryan Chak Sang Yip
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, PR China.
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Ghandour B, Bhullar FA, Szvarca D, Bejjani M, Brenner T, McKee K, Kamal A, Steinway SN, Kamal M, Ricourt E, Singh VK, Khashab MA, Akshintala VS. Effective, safe and efficient porcine model of Forrest Ib bleeding gastric and colonic ulcers. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:118-127. [PMID: 36701035 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-022-01299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing effective gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding animal models is necessary to advance endoscopic hemostasis methods and train endoscopists on their use. Our aim, therefore, was to develop an effective and safe porcine GI bleeding model in the stomach and colon of large and small-sized oozing-type ulcers. METHODS Gastric and colonic bleeding ulcers were created using either a hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique or a cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR-C) technique in 14 pigs. Prior to ulcer creation, animals were treated with either oral apixaban or intravenous (IV) unfractionated heparin anticoagulation in combination with clopidogrel and aspirin. The primary outcome was the technical success of inducing oozing-type Forrest Ib bleeding ulcers. Secondary outcomes included ulcer diameter, number, creation time and the number of complications associated with each technique. RESULTS Using hybrid ESD and IV heparin anticoagulation, bleeding was observed in 21/23 (91.3%) gastric ulcers and 6/7 (85.7%) colonic ulcers created. The mean diameter and ulcer creation time were 2.3 ± 0.3 cm and 5.3 ± 0.5 min, respectively, for gastric ulcers and 2.2 ± 0.4 cm and 4.06 ± 0.6 min, respectively, for colonic ulcers. Using EMR-C and IV heparin anticoagulation, bleeding was observed in 14/15 (93.3%) gastric ulcers and 6/6 (100%) colonic ulcers created. The mean diameter and ulcer creation time were 0.8 ± 0.2 cm and 2.1 ± 0.5 min, respectively, for gastric ulcers and 0.7 ± 0.2 cm and 1.7 ± 0.3 min, respectively, for colonic ulcers. None of the ulcers created in animals anticoagulated with apixaban developed bleeding. None of the 14 pigs developed any complications. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of a porcine GI bleeding model utilizing IV heparin anticoagulation and either hybrid ESD or EMR-C techniques to create oozing-type bleeding ulcers in the stomach and colon with customizable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Ghandour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Furqan A Bhullar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Szvarca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael Bejjani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Todd Brenner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Katherine McKee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ayesha Kamal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Steven N Steinway
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mustafa Kamal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ernesto Ricourt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vikesh K Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mouen A Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Venkata S Akshintala
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 466, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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