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Davidson AJ, Heron R, Das J, Overholtzer M, Wood W. Ferroptosis-like cell death promotes and prolongs inflammation in Drosophila. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:1535-1544. [PMID: 38918597 PMCID: PMC11392819 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a distinct form of necrotic cell death caused by overwhelming lipid peroxidation, and emerging evidence indicates a major contribution to organ damage in multiple pathologies. However, ferroptosis has not yet been visualized in vivo due to a lack of specific probes, which has severely limited the study of how the immune system interacts with ferroptotic cells and how this process contributes to inflammation. Consequently, whether ferroptosis has a physiological role has remained a key outstanding question. Here we identify a distinct, ferroptotic-like, necrotic cell death occurring in vivo during wounding of the Drosophila embryo using live imaging. We further demonstrate that macrophages rapidly engage these necrotic cells within the embryo but struggle to engulf them, leading to prolonged, frustrated phagocytosis and frequent corpse disintegration. Conversely, suppression of the ferroptotic programme during wounding delays macrophage recruitment to the injury site, pointing to conflicting roles for ferroptosis during inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Davidson
- Wolfson Wohl Centre for Cancer Research, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosalind Heron
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jyotirekha Das
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Will Wood
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Han IS, Hua J, White JS, O’Connor JT, Nassar LS, Tro KJ, Page-McCaw A, Hutson MS. After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor promotes the restoration of tension in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar66. [PMID: 38536445 PMCID: PMC11151093 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of epithelial barrier function involves cellular tension, with cells pulling on their neighbors to maintain epithelial integrity. Wounding interrupts cellular tension, which may serve as an early signal to initiate epithelial repair. To characterize how wounds alter cellular tension we used a laser-recoil assay to map cortical tension around wounds in the epithelial monolayer of the Drosophila pupal notum. Within a minute of wounding, there was widespread loss of cortical tension along both radial and tangential directions. This tension loss was similar to levels observed with Rok inactivation. Tension was subsequently restored around the wound, first in distal cells and then in proximal cells, reaching the wound margin ∼10 min after wounding. Restoring tension required the GPCR Mthl10 and the IP3 receptor, indicating the importance of this calcium signaling pathway known to be activated by cellular damage. Tension restoration correlated with an inward-moving contractile wave that has been previously reported; however, the contractile wave itself was not affected by Mthl10 knockdown. These results indicate that cells may transiently increase tension and contract in the absence of Mthl10 signaling, but that pathway is critical for fully resetting baseline epithelial tension after it is disrupted by wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy S. Han
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Junmin Hua
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - James S. White
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - James T. O’Connor
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Lila S. Nassar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Kaden J. Tro
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
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White J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wounding increases nuclear ploidy in wound-proximal epidermal cells of the Drosophila pupal notum. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001067. [PMID: 38495588 PMCID: PMC10943363 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
After injury, tissues must replace cell mass and genome copy number. The mitotic cycle is one mechanism for replacement, but non-mitotic strategies have been observed in quiescent tissues to restore tissue ploidy after wounding. Here we report that nuclei of the mitotically capable Drosophila pupal notum enlarged following nearby laser ablation. Measuring DNA content, we determined that nuclei within 100 µm of a laser-wound increased their ploidy to ~8C, consistent with one extra S-phase. These data indicate non-mitotic repair strategies are not exclusively utilized by quiescent tissues and may be an underexplored wound repair strategy in mitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Han I, Hua J, White JS, O'Connor JT, Nassar LS, Tro KJ, Page-McCaw A, Hutson MS. After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor promotes the restoration of tension in epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.31.543122. [PMID: 37398151 PMCID: PMC10312550 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of epithelial barrier function involves cellular tension, with cells pulling on their neighbors to maintain epithelial integrity. Wounding interrupts cellular tension, which may serve as an early signal to initiate epithelial repair. To characterize how wounds alter cellular tension, we used a laser-recoil assay to map cortical tension around wounds in the epithelial monolayer of the Drosophila pupal notum. Within a minute of wounding, there was widespread loss of cortical tension along both radial and tangential directions. This tension loss was similar to levels observed with Rok inactivation. Tension was subsequently restored around the wound, first in distal cells and then in proximal cells, reaching the wound margin about 10 minutes after wounding. Restoring tension required the GPCR Mthl10 and the IP3 receptor, indicating the importance of this calcium signaling pathway known to be activated by cellular damage. Tension restoration correlated with an inward-moving contractile wave that has been previously reported; however, the contractile wave itself was not affected by Mthl10 knockdown. These results indicate that cells may transiently increase tension and contract in the absence of Mthl10 signaling, but that pathway is critical for fully resetting baseline epithelial tension after it is disrupted by wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Han
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - Junmin Hua
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - James S White
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - James T O'Connor
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Lila S Nassar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University
| | - Kaden J Tro
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University
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Heron R, Amato C, Wood W, Davidson AJ. Understanding the diversity and dynamics of in vivo efferocytosis: Insights from the fly embryo. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:27-44. [PMID: 37589239 PMCID: PMC10952863 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The clearance of dead and dying cells, termed efferocytosis, is a rapid and efficient process and one that is critical for organismal health. The extraordinary speed and efficiency with which dead cells are detected and engulfed by immune cells within tissues presents a challenge to researchers who wish to unravel this fascinating process, since these fleeting moments of uptake are almost impossible to catch in vivo. In recent years, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) embryo has emerged as a powerful model to circumvent this problem. With its abundance of dying cells, specialist phagocytes and relative ease of live imaging, the humble fly embryo provides a unique opportunity to catch and study the moment of cell engulfment in real-time within a living animal. In this review, we explore the recent advances that have come from studies in the fly, and how live imaging and genetics have revealed a previously unappreciated level of diversity in the efferocytic program. A variety of efferocytic strategies across the phagocytic cell population ensure efficient and rapid clearance of corpses wherever death is encountered within the varied and complex setting of a multicellular living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Heron
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Clelia Amato
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Will Wood
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andrew J. Davidson
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- School of Cancer SciencesWolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Dow LP, Parmar T, Marchetti MC, Pruitt BL. Engineering tools for quantifying and manipulating forces in epithelia. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021303. [PMID: 38510344 PMCID: PMC10903508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of epithelia is maintained within dynamic mechanical environments during tissue development and homeostasis. Understanding how epithelial cells mechanosignal and respond collectively or individually is critical to providing insight into developmental and (patho)physiological processes. Yet, inferring or mimicking mechanical forces and downstream mechanical signaling as they occur in epithelia presents unique challenges. A variety of in vitro approaches have been used to dissect the role of mechanics in regulating epithelia organization. Here, we review approaches and results from research into how epithelial cells communicate through mechanical cues to maintain tissue organization and integrity. We summarize the unique advantages and disadvantages of various reduced-order model systems to guide researchers in choosing appropriate experimental systems. These model systems include 3D, 2D, and 1D micromanipulation methods, single cell studies, and noninvasive force inference and measurement techniques. We also highlight a number of in silico biophysical models that are informed by in vitro and in vivo observations. Together, a combination of theoretical and experimental models will aid future experiment designs and provide predictive insight into mechanically driven behaviors of epithelial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshi Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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O’Connor JT, Shannon EK, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Mounting Drosophila pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the dorsal thorax. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101396. [PMID: 35600923 PMCID: PMC9117934 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the preparation of Drosophilamelanogaster pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the notum (dorsal thorax). Because the pupa is stationary, it can be continuously live imaged for multiple days if desired, making it ideal for studying wound signaling and repair, from before laser ablation through wound closure. In this protocol, we demonstrate the processes of staging, partially dissecting, mounting, wounding, and live imaging the pupal notum, with the wounding occurring during the live imaging process. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to O’Connor et al. (2021b). The Drosophila pupa is an attractive model to study wound repair in vivo The dorsal thorax epithelium is accessible after partial dissection of the pupal case Pupae are mounted on a cover glass and wounded by laser ablation Pupae are imaged live during wounding through wound closure to analyze signaling/repair
Publisher's note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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