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Zinno P, Perozzi G, Devirgiliis C. Foodborne Microbial Communities as Potential Reservoirs of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes for Pathogens: A Critical Review of the Recent Literature. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1696. [PMID: 37512869 PMCID: PMC10383130 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global and increasing threat to human health. Several genetic determinants of AMR are found in environmental reservoirs, including bacteria naturally associated with widely consumed fermented foods. Through the food chain, these bacteria can reach the gut, where horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can occur within the complex and populated microbial environment. Numerous studies on this topic have been published over the past decades, but a conclusive picture of the potential impact of the non-pathogenic foodborne microbial reservoir on the spread of AMR to human pathogens has not yet emerged. This review critically evaluates a comprehensive list of recent experimental studies reporting the isolation of AMR bacteria associated with fermented foods, focusing on those reporting HGT events, which represent the main driver of AMR spread within and between different bacterial communities. Overall, our analysis points to the methodological heterogeneity as a major weakness impairing determination or a causal relation between the presence of AMR determinants within the foodborne microbial reservoir and their transmission to human pathogens. The aim is therefore to highlight the main gaps and needs to better standardize future studies addressing the potential role of non-pathogenic bacteria in the spread of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zinno
- Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM), National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giuditta Perozzi
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Devirgiliis
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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Ahmed S, Baloch MN, Moin SF, Musa H. Isolation of lectin from Musa acuminata for its antibiofilm potential against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its synergistic effect with Enterococcus species. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:181. [PMID: 37031295 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen posing a considerable burden on the healthcare system due to its involvement in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins found ubiquitously in animals, plants and microorganisms. Extraction and isolation of proteins from Musa acuminata were performed by using Affinity chromatography with Sephadex G 75 to determine antibiofilm activity against MRSA. Enterococcus strains obtained from dairy products, beans and vegetables were also screened for its potential to inhibit growth and biofilm formation of MRSA by using 96 well microtiter plates. Synergistic effect of cell free supernatant of Enterococcus with proteins from ripe banana were also tested. BanLec was successfully isolated and appeared as 15 KDa band after SDS-PAGE (15%) while multiple bands of unbound protein fractions were observed. The unbound fractions showed inhibition of planktonic cells and biofilm but BanLec exhibited no significant effect. The CFS of Enterococcus faecium (LCM002), Enterococcus lactis (LCM003) and Enterococcus durans (LCM004 and LCM005) displayed antagonistic effects against pathogen. The synergistic effect of CFS from E. lactis (LCM003) and unbound proteins showed inhibition of biofilm and pathogenic growth. This study demonstrates the use of Enterococcus species and plant proteins against pathogens and results suggested that it can inhibit the growth of resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and their synergistic effect has opened new ways to tackle emerging resistance. Furthermore, after assessment of Enterococcus as probiotics, this could be used in food industries as well as in treatment of severe skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summra Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Faraz Moin
- Dr. Zafar Husnain Zaidi National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hina Musa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Dairy Products: A Potential Source of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244116. [PMID: 36553858 PMCID: PMC9778350 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempts to present the antimicrobial resistance, virulence and resistance genes of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from raw goat's and sheep's milk and cheese. Strains were identified by PCR. The dominant species was E. faecalis (77.8%) and was most often isolated from raw goat's milk. The percentage of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis isolates was higher than that of E. faecium isolates, the former most frequently resistant to lincomycin (98%), tetracycline (63%) and streptomycin (16%). Fourteen (22.3%) E. faecalis and 2 (11.1%) E. faecium isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). All MDR E. faecalis strains also had virulence genes, whereas one of the two E. faecium strains had them. The most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecalis isolates were asa1 (69.8%) and gelE (57.1%). The most prevalent resistance genes found in both bacterial species were tet(M) (43.2%) and vgaA (22.2%). Enterococci from dairy products are confirmed to be a potential source of the spread of antimicrobial resistance, MDR strains, and virulence and resistance genes. This study highlights several aspects of the virulence and pathogenicity of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from dairy products-aspects which are indications for their ongoing monitoring.
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Alduhaidhawi AHM, AlHuchaimi SN, Al- Mayah TA, Al-Ouqaili MTS, Alkafaas SS, Muthupandian S, Saki M. Prevalence of CRISPR-Cas Systems and Their Possible Association with Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Collected from Hospital Wastewater. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1143-1154. [PMID: 35340673 PMCID: PMC8942119 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s358248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the presence of CRISPR-Cas system genes and their possible association with antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium species isolated from hospital wastewater (HWW) samples of several hospitals. Methods HWW samples (200 mL) were collected from wastewater discharged from different hospitals from October 2020 to March 2021. The isolation and identification of enterococci species were performed by standard bacteriology tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance was determined using the disc diffusion. The presence of various CRISPR-Cas systems was investigated by PCR. The association of the occurrence of CRISPR-Cas systems with antibiotic resistance was analyzed with appropriate statistical tests. Results In total, 85 different enterococci species were isolated and identified using phenotypic methods. The results of PCR confirmed the prevalence of 50 (58.8%) E. faecalis and 35 (41.2%) E. faecium, respectively. In total, 54 (63.5%) of 85 isolates showed the presence of CRISPR-Cas loci. The incidence of CRISPR-Cas was more common in E. faecalis. CRISPR1, CRISPR2, and CRISPR3 were present in 35 (41.2%), 47 (55.3%), and 30 (35.3%) enterococci isolates, respectively. The CRISPR-Cas positive isolates showed significant lower resistance rates against vancomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, rifampin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, imipenem, tigecycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in comparison with CRISPR-Cas negative isolates. The results showed that the presence of CRISPR-Cas genes was lower in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (53.1%, n = 26/49) compared to the non-MDR enterococci isolates (77.8%, n = 28/36) (P = 0.023). Conclusion This study revealed the higher prevalence of E. faecalis than E. faecium in HWWs. Also, the lack of CRISPR-Cas genes was associated with more antibiotic resistance rates and multidrug resistance in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates with HWW origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mushtak T S Al-Ouqaili
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq
| | - Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, 1871, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, AMR and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 60007, India
- Correspondence: Saravanan Muthupandian, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, 1871, Ethiopia, Tel +919443077097, Email
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Morteza Saki, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Tel +989364221187, Email
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