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Lang HP, Osum KC, Friedenberg SG. A review of CD4 + T cell differentiation and diversity in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 275:110816. [PMID: 39173398 PMCID: PMC11421293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are an integral component of the adaptive immune response, carrying out many functions to combat a diverse range of pathogenic challenges. These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, differentiating into specialized subsets such as T helper type 1 (TH1), TH2, TH9, TH17, TH22, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and follicular T helper (TFH) cells. Each subset is capable of addressing a distinct immunological need ranging from pathogen eradication to regulation of immune homeostasis. As the immune response subsides, CD4+ T cells rest down into long-lived memory phenotypes-including central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM), resident memory (TRM), and terminally differentiated effector memory cells (TEMRA) that are localized to facilitate a swift and potent response upon antigen re-encounter. This capacity for long-term immunological memory and rapid reactivation upon secondary exposure highlights the role CD4+ T cells play in sustaining both adaptive defense mechanisms and maintenance. Decades of mouse, human, and to a lesser extent, pig T cell research has provided the framework for understanding the role of CD4+ T cells in immune responses, but these model systems do not always mimic each other. Although our understanding of pig immunology is not as extensive as mouse or human research, we have gained valuable insight by studying this model. More akin to pigs, our understanding of CD4+ T cells in dogs is much less complete. This disparity exists in part because canine immunologists depend on paradigms from mouse and human studies to characterize CD4+ T cells in dogs, with a fraction of available lineage-defining antibody markers. Despite this, every major CD4+ T cell subset has been described to some extent in dogs. These subsets have been studied in various contexts, including in vitro stimulation, homeostatic conditions, and across a range of disease states. Canine CD4+ T cells have been categorized according to lineage-defining characteristics, trafficking patterns, and what cytokines they produce upon stimulation. This review addresses our current understanding of canine CD4+ T cells from a comparative perspective by highlighting both the similarities and differences from mouse, human, and pig CD4+ T cell biology. We also discuss knowledge gaps in our current understanding of CD4+ T cells in dogs that could provide direction for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeree P Lang
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Zhang P, He J, Gan Y, Shang Q, Chen H, Zhao W, Cui J, Shen G, Li Y, Jiang X, Zhu G, Ren H. Unravelling diagnostic clusters and immune landscapes of cuproptosis patterns in intervertebral disc degeneration through dry and wet experiments. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:15599-15623. [PMID: 38159257 PMCID: PMC10781477 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a manner of mitochondrial cell death induced by copper. However, cuproptosis modulators' molecular processes in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) are still unclear. To better understand the processes of cuproptosis regulators in IDD, a thorough analysis of cuproptosis regulators in the diagnostic biomarkers and subtype determination of IDD was conducted. Then we collected clinical IDD samples and successfully established IDD model in vivo and in vitro, and carried out real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) validation of significant cuproptosis modulators. Totally we identified 8 crucial cuproptosis regulators in the present research. Using a random forest model, we isolated 8 diagnostic cuproptosis modulators for the prediction of IDD risk. Then, based on our following decision curve analysis, we selected the five diagnostic cuproptosis regulators with importance scores greater than two and built a nomogram model. Using a consensus clustering method, we divided IDD patients into two cuproptosis clusters (clusterA and clusterB) based on the important cuproptosis regulators. Additionally, each sample's cuproptosis value was evaluated using principal component analysis in order to quantify the cuproptosis clusters. Patients in clusterB had higher cuproptosis scores than patients in clusterA. Moreover, we found that clusterB was involved in the immunity of natural killer cell, while clusterA was related to activated CD4 T cell, activated B cell, etc. Notably, cuproptosis modulators detected by RT-qPCR showed generally consistent expression levels with the bioinformatics results. To sum up, cuproptosis modulators play a crucial role in the pathogenic process of IDD, providing biomarkers and immunotherapeutic approaches for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jiahui He
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - Yanchi Gan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qi Shang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jianchao Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Gengyang Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Guangye Zhu
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Hui Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
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Lemke L, Carlson R, Flegel T, Volk A, Volk HA, Tipold A, Nessler JN. Interleukin-31 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with syringomyelia. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:244. [PMID: 37993920 PMCID: PMC10666301 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia is a spinal cord cavity containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-like fluid. If syringomyelia asymmetrically involves the dorsal horn grey matter of the spinal cord, affected dogs show increased signs of dysesthesia and neuropathic pain, like increased itching behaviour. In the dorsal horn, amongst others, receptors for Interleukin-31 (IL-31) can be found. IL-31 is one of the main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus in atopic dermatitis in different species. This study investigates suspected elevated levels of IL-31 in serum and CSF of dogs showing signs of pain or increased itching behaviour related to syringomyelia. The IL-31 were measured in archived samples (52 serum and 35 CSF samples) of dogs with syringomyelia (n = 48), atopic dermatitis (n = 3) and of healthy control dogs (n = 11) using a competitive canine IL-31 ELISA. RESULTS Mean serum IL-31 level in dogs with syringomyelia was 150.1 pg/ml (n = 39), in dogs with atopic dermatitis 228.3 pg/ml (n = 3) and in healthy dogs 80.7 pg/ml (n = 10). Mean CSF IL-31 value was 146.3 pg/ml (n = 27) in dogs with syringomyelia and 186.2 pg/ml (n = 8) in healthy dogs. Individual patients with syringomyelia (especially dogs with otitis media or otitis media and interna or intervertebral disc herniation) showed high IL-31 levels in serum and CSF samples, but the difference was not statistically significant. IL-31 serum and CSF levels did not differ significantly in dogs with syringomyelia with or without itching behaviour and with or without signs of pain. CONCLUSION Based on this study, increased IL-31 levels seem not to be correlated with itching behaviour or signs of pain in dogs with syringomyelia, but might be caused by other underlying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lemke
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Nicole Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Yang X, Huang X, Lu W, Yan F, Ye Y, Wang L, Tang X, Zeng W, Huang J, Xie J. Transcriptome Profiling of miRNA-mRNA Interactions and Associated Mechanisms in Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5672-5690. [PMID: 37332017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is a dose-limiting adverse event affecting 40% of chemotherapy patients. MiRNA-mRNA interaction plays an important role in various processes. However, detailed profiling of miRNA-mRNA interactions in CINP remains unclear. Here, a rat-based CINP model was established using paclitaxel, followed by nociceptive behavioral tests related to mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia. The landscape of miRNA-mRNA interaction in the spinal dorsal horn was investigated through mRNA transcriptomics and small RNA sequencing. Under CINP condition, 86 differentially expressed mRNAs and 56 miRNAs were identified. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses indicated the activity of Odorant binding, postsynaptic specialization and synaptic density, extracellular matrix, mitochondrial matrix, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and GTPase activity. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), networks of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA, lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA, and TF-genes were demonstrated. We next explored the immune infiltration microenvironment and found a higher infiltration abundance of Th17 and a lower abundance of MDSC in CINP. RT-qPCR and dual-luciferase assays were used to verify the sequencing results, and single-cell analysis based on the SekSeeq database was conducted. Combined with bioinformatics analyses and experimental validations, Mpz, a protein-coding gene specifically expressed in Schwann cells, was found critical in maintaining CINP under miRNA regulation. Therefore, these data highlight the expression patterns of miRNA-mRNA, and the underlying mechanism in the spinal dorsal horn under CINP condition, and Mpz may serve as a promising therapeutic target for patients with CINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiqiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, 528400, Guangdong, China
| | - Weicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaole Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Weian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jingdun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
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Lu Z, Zheng Z. Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data identifies the characteristics of ferroptosis in lumbar disc herniation. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:289. [PMID: 37653201 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common condition associated with low back pain, and it adversely impacts individuals' health. Ferroptosis has recently emerged as a novel factor in the pathogenesis of LDH; however, the specific impacts of ferroptosis on LDH have not been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FRDEGs) were identified from the transcriptomic datasets of LDH. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to identify biological mechanism and related pathways. LASSO and SVM-RFE algorithms were applied to detect signature genes. Function of the signature gene was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to compare immune infiltration between LDH and normal samples. Correlation analysis between MYB and immune cells was analyzed using the Pearson method. Additionally, we used scRNA-seq to dissect cell clusters and cellular interactions. AUCell scoring was used to analyze the ferroptosis scores of different cell types. We found that MYB, a highly expressed ferroptosis-related gene, was associated with LDH By leveraging bioinformatics analysis. In immune infiltration analysis, the abundance of monocytes and macrophages varied significantly between the LDH group and disc spondylolisthesis (DS) group. MYB was correlated with most immune cells. GSEA revealed MYB was significantly enriched in immune-related pathways. Furthermore, scRNA-seq analysis revealed the presence of eight distinct cell types. AUCell analysis showed that macrophages had a high ferroptosis score. Cell trajectory analysis revealed that chondrocyte 1 was at the beginning of the trajectory, while calcification inhibiting chondrocytes and fibrochondrocytes accumulated along the middle and tail end of the trajectory, respectively. Cell-cell communication analysis identified chondrocyte 1 had an extensive communication network with other clusters and interacted with nucleus pulposus through collagen signaling pathway. Our analysis demonstrated that MYB may be a potential therapeutic target for LDH. This study provides a resource for the orthopedics community that will facilitate additional discoveries directedly toward understanding the pathogenesis process of LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Lu
- Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital Of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenyu Zheng
- Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital Of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
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Wesolowski M, Can P, Warzecha K, Freise F, Carlson R, Neßler J, Tipold A. Long-term changes of Th17 and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of dogs with spinal cord injury after intervertebral disc herniation. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:90. [PMID: 37481518 PMCID: PMC10362779 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is one of the most common causes of spinal cord injury (SCI) in dogs. As a result of acute SCI, a complex inflammatory response occurs in the spinal cord. Th17 cells (Th17) produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, while regulatory T cells (Treg) have opposite effects producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Th17- and Treg cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SCI or whether cellular changes occur due to coexisting inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that chronic alterations in the Th17/Treg ratio are associated with a worse outcome after SCI. METHODS Twenty-six paretic or plegic dogs with IVDH with and without coexisting inflammatory disease were investigated in the acute stage of the disease and after recovery of SCI. In addition, a healthy control group was included (n = 14). Quantification of Th17 and Treg cells, from peripheral blood samples, was performed by multicolor flow cytometry and IL17 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS After recovery significantly higher levels of Th17 (p = 0.0265) and Treg cells (p = 0.00025) were detected compared to acute IVDH but Th17/Treg ratio did not differ significantly. Recovered dogs and the control group did not differ significantly from each other. No association between an imbalance in the ratio and neurologic severity or underlying inflammatory diseases was found. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that altered Th17 and Treg levels in peripheral blood are altered in the acute stage of IVDH, preexisting inflammatory diseases seem not to influence these cell populations. Th17 and Treg cells could be considered when evaluating new treatment strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wesolowski
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - P Can
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - K Warzecha
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Neßler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Song C, Zhou Y, Cheng K, Liu F, Cai W, Zhou D, Chen R, Shi H, Fu Z, Chen J, Liu Z. Cellular senescence - Molecular mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration from an immune perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114711. [PMID: 37084562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a frequent and intractable chronic condition in orthopedics that causes enormous discomfort in patients' lives and thoughts, as well as a significant economic burden on society and the nation. As a result, understanding the pathophysiology of IVDD is critical. The pathophysiology of IVDD has been linked to numerous variables, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinases, and inflammatory factors. Cellular senescence has recently attracted a lot of attention in the study of age-related diseases. It has been discovered that IVDD is intimately linked to human senescence, in which nucleus pulposus cell senescence may play a significant role. Previously, our group did a comprehensive and systematic clarification of the pathogenesis of IVDD from an immune perspective and discovered that the fundamental pathogenesis of IVDD is inflammatory upregulation and nucleus pulposus cell death caused by an imbalance in the immune microenvironment. In this review, we will treat nucleus pulposus cell senescence as a novelty point to clarify the pathophysiology of IVDD and further explore the probable relationship between senescence and immunity along with the dysregulation of the immunological microenvironment to propose new therapeutic approaches for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Luzhou Longmatan District People's Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiye Cai
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Daqian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhijiang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zongchao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting), The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Luzhou Longmatan District People's Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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Song C, Cai W, Liu F, Cheng K, Guo D, Liu Z. An in-depth analysis of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1233. [PMID: 36601372 PMCID: PMC9799087 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the pathological basis of disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and other related diseases, and the lower back pain it produces lays a heavy financial burden on individuals and society. Thus, it is essential to comprehend IVDD's pathophysiology. Numerous factors, such as inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinases, are linked to IVDD pathogenesis. Despite the fact that many researches has provided explanations for the pathophysiology of IVDD, these studies are typically singular, restricted, and isolated, expound only on one or two components, and do not systematically analyze and summarize the numerous influencing elements. In addition, we discovered that the incidence of many chronic diseases in the field of orthopedics may be thoroughly and systematically defined in terms of immunological systems. In order to provide a theoretical foundation for an in-depth understanding of the pathological process of IVDD and the formulation of more effective prevention and treatment measures, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic account of the pathogenesis of IVDD from the physical to the molecular barriers of the intervertebral disc, from the nucleus pulposus tissue to the cellular to the immune-molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Weiye Cai
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Daru Guo
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Zongchao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Knebel A, Kämpe A, Carlson R, Rohn K, Tipold A. Measurement of canine Th17 cells by flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 243:110366. [PMID: 34896773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells are T helper cells which play an important role during inflammation and autoimmune disease. To investigate the role of these cells in diseases in dogs in a clinical setting, methods for fast identification had to be established. Th17 cells are a rare cell population, for their measurement stimulation is recommended. To examine more samples simultaneously and to receive a relatively high purity of cell population of CD3 + CD4+ cells, different methods on various levels of preselection of cells as well as the possibility of storing blood overnight for measuring Th17 cells by flow cytometry were investigated. Firstly, to receive a high number of mononuclear cells, two different density gradients were compared and analysed. Furthermore, the enrichment of CD3 + CD4+ cells via depletion of CD8alpha+, CD11b + and CD21+ cells by cell sorting (autoMACS Pro Separator) was tested. It was also investigated whether stimulation processes led to better interpretation of results and whether there was a significant difference in measurement of directly processed blood samples and samples that had been stored overnight. In conclusion, the use of the density gradient (Lymph24+ Spin Medium) resulted in a purer cell population through a significant decrease in polymorphonuclear cells (*p = 0.01). After cell sorting, a significant difference in cell population purity was detected. Within the target fraction (containing mainly CD3 + CD4+ cells), CD8alpha+, CD21+, CD11b + cell percentages were significantly lower (***p < 0.001, *p < 0.02, ***p < .0001, respectively), and CD3 + CD4+ cell percentage was significantly higher (***p < .0001). There was a significant difference in Th17 cell percentage between unstimulated and stimulated cell populations (***p < .0001), but no significant difference in the percentage of unstimulated Th17 cells (p = 0.29) or stimulated Th17 cells (p = 0.71) in stored blood in comparison to directly processed EDTA blood samples. Finally, a modified protocol that offers an efficient way to investigate samples that were stored overnight by means of flow cytometry was evolved to research the role of Th17 cells in dogs with different diseases or in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Knebel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Kämpe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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