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Kinoshita R, Nakao M, Kiyotoshi H, Sugihara M, Kuriyama M, Takeda N, Muramatsu H. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index as Prognostic Marker for Elderly Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2024; 4:482-488. [PMID: 38962547 PMCID: PMC11215438 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Background/Aim The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) indicates nutritional status based on serum albumin concentration and ideal body weight. Pretreatment GNRI has been suggested as a prognostic factor for various malignancies. However, little is known about the clinical value of GNRI for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), especially in elderly patients. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 53 elderly (≥71) patients with extensive-disease (ED) SCLC treated with first-line platinum-doublet chemotherapy in relation to the pretreatment GNRI level in a real-world setting. Results Thirty-six patients with a low GNRI (<92) had statistically poorer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than 17 patients with a high GNRI (≥92) (median PFS=80 days vs. 133 days, respectively; p=0.002; median OS=123 days vs. 274 days, respectively; p=0.004). In a multivariate analysis, a low GNRI was also an independent poor prognostic factor for PFS [hazard ratio (HR)=0.396; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.199-0.789; p=0.008] and OS (HR=0.295; 95%CI=0.143-0.608; p<0.001). Conclusion The GNRI might be a predictive and prognostic marker in elderly patients with ED-SCLC treated with platinum-doublet chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kiyotoshi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Mamiko Kuriyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, Japan
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Xing H, Wu C, Zhang D, Zhang X. Distant organ metastasis patterns and prognosis of lung adenosquamous carcinoma: a SEER database analysis. INTERDISCIPLINARY CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC SURGERY 2024; 38:ivae007. [PMID: 38216548 PMCID: PMC10838212 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our purpose is to evaluate the patterns of organ metastasis and the prognosis in lung adenosquamous carcinoma patients with organ metastasis. METHODS We collected the data from the surveillance epidemiology and end results database, covering the period of 2000-2018. Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses were performed. RESULTS Totally, 2698 patients were enrolled, comprising 851 (31.54%) patients diagnosed with organ metastasis and 2017 (68.46%) patients without organ metastasis. Patients with distant organ metastasis show a significant decrease in median overall survival. In addition to the aforementioned factors, age over 70 years, male, main bronchus, advanced T stage, larger tumour size, absence of primary tumour surgery and lack of radiotherapy have all been identified as prognostic indicators associated with a poorer outcome. In terms of treatment options, patients with organ metastasis can benefit from chemotherapy and primary tumour surgery. Moreover, in patients with organ metastasis, those who received a combination treatment of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy displayed the most favourable prognosis, with a median overall survival of 17 months. CONCLUSIONS We identified the prognostic indicators for organ metastasis in patients with lung adenosquamous carcinoma. Highly selected patients who undergo a combination treatment of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy may experience the greatest survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Xing
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
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Kobayashi T, Nishino Y, Takiguchi T, Kanda S, Otsuki K, Tanaka Y, Nakazawa Y, Ito KI, Hayashi R, Yasumoto K, Uramoto H, Hirono Y, Makino T, Nakada M, Yano S, Koizumi T. Epidemiological and therapeutic profiles of lung cancer patients in the Hokushin Region Japan: a retrospective hospital administrative database study. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:322. [PMID: 37658334 PMCID: PMC10472700 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to validate the epidemiology, initial treatment, and clinical practice of lung cancer patients in the Hokushin region, Japan. METHODS We retrospectively surveyed data of 5503 newly diagnosed and registered lung cancer patients in 22 principal hospital-based cancer registries in Hokushin region linked with health insurance claims data for registered patients between 2016 and 2017. RESULTS The patients consisted of 3677 (66.8%) men and 1826 (33.2%) women with a mean (range) age of 72.2 (27-103) years). Diagnoses were small cell lung cancer (n = 512, 9.4%), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1083, 19.7%), and non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n = 3906, 70.9%). The population with stage I disease in Toyama prefecture (41.1%) was smaller than in the other three prefectures associated with reduced selection of initial surgical therapy and increased frequencies of stage IV disease (33.2%) and best supportive care (18.6%). Initial chemotherapy for stage IV non-squamous NSCLC consisted of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in 39.3% of cases for EGFR and 4% of cases for ALK-positive non-squamous NSCLC, followed by platinum compounds (25.9%) non-platinum compounds (12.9%), and immune checkpoint inhibitors (10.2%). Carboplatin was the commonly prescribed first-line cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent (65.4% of patients under 75 years and in 96.7% of patients over 75 years). CONCLUSION This study revealed real-world data on epidemiological and treatment status in lung cancer in four prefectures in Hokushin region, Japan. Simultaneous analysis of nationwide registry and insurance data could provide valuable insights for the development of lung cancer screening and medical treatment strategies. In addition, the comparative data analysis with other lesions or countries will be useful for evaluating the differences in clinical practice of cancer managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishino
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takiguchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kanda
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kengo Otsuki
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tanaka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ito
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hayashi
- Clinical Oncology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yasumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Uramoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- Cancer Care Promotion Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoe Makino
- Division of Adult Nursing Practice, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Koizumi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
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Koizumi T, Nishino Y, Takiguchi T, Kanda S, Otsuki K, Tanaka Y, Tomita R, Araki T, Hayashi R, Yasumoto K, Uramoto H, Hirono Y, Makino T, Nakada M, Yano S. Epidemiological and Therapeutic Analyses in Lung Cancer Patients Over 80 Years Old in the Hokushin Region: A Retrospective Hospital Administrative Database Study. Clin Lung Cancer 2023; 24:145-152. [PMID: 36639281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to validate the epidemiology, initial treatment, and clinical practice in lung cancer patients < 80 and ≥ 80 years in Hokushin region, Japan. METHODS We retrospectively surveyed data of 5481 newly diagnosed and registered lung cancer patients (4311 [78.7%] < 80 years; 1170 [21.3%] ≥ 80 years ) in 22 principal hospitals in Hokushin region linked with health insurance claims data between 2016 and 2017. Stage, initial treatment, and clinical practice were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS The distributions of clinical stage I/II/III/IV/unknown were 2535/387/654/1371/111 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 37/32/114/237/3 in SCLC. Initial surgery for stage I NSCLC was performed in 90.0% and 60.2% of cases in the < 80 and ≥ 80 years groups, respectively. Rates of treatment with best supportive care (BSC) for stage IV disease were significantly higher in the ≥ 80 than the < 80 years group (NSCLC:58.9% vs. 18.7%; SCLC: 42.3% vs. 6.8%, respectively), regardless of the presence/absence of comorbidities. Propensity score matching showed that age ≥ 80 years itself was significantly related to choice of BSC in patients with lung cancer. The ratio of initial cytotoxic chemotherapy for NSCLC was low (49.9%) but that of biomarker-based therapy including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (50.0%) was significantly higher in the ≥ 80 than < 80 years group (70.2% vs. 29.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION There are several differences in treatment pattern between patients < 80 and ≥ 80 years. Age ≥ 80 years may be related to BSC choice in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Koizumi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Nishino
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takiguchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kanda
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kengo Otsuki
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tanaka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Reiji Tomita
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Taisuke Araki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hayashi
- Clinical Oncology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yasumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Uramoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- Cancer Care Promotion Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshidagun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoe Makino
- Division of Adult Nursing Practice, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Selection Criteria and Treatment Outcome for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients Unfit for Platinum-Based First-Line Therapy: Results of the MOON-OSS Observational Trial. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246074. [PMID: 36551561 PMCID: PMC9776592 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited evidence is available concerning the selection criteria and the outcomes of platinum unfit newly diagnosed advanced NSCLC patients receiving single-agent chemotherapy. We retrospectively collected data on consecutive, stage IIIB-IV, EGFR/ALK negative and PD-L1 < 50% NSCLC patients treated with first-line single agent chemotherapy. Baseline characteristics, outcome measures and toxicities were recorded, as well as criteria according to which treatment selection was made and what percentage of patients did not receive a first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Two-hundred and twenty-one patients were included. Median age was 79 (range 56−92) years, M/F 165(74.6%)/56(25.4%), ECOG performance status (PS) 0/1/ ≥ 2 23(10.9%)/94(42.5%)/103(46.6%), with a median of two serious comorbidities. A median of 25% (range 10%-30%) of newly diagnosed NSCLC did not receive a first-line platinum combination. Clinical criteria according to which decision was made were older age (76.5%), comorbidities (72%), poor PS (55.2%) and familiar or social issues (10%). Single-agent treatment consisted of oral metronomic vinorelbine (MetV 78.6%), gemcitabine (Gem 10%), oral standard vinorelbine (Vin 8.2%) and other (O 3.2%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of single agent treatments ranged from 4.5 to 5 months and from 9 to 10.5 months, respectively. All grade toxicities did not differ among single agents, while grade 3−4 toxicities were less frequent with MetV. Up to 30% of newly diagnosed advanced EGFR/ALK negative and PD-L1 < 50% NSCLC patients do not receive a first-line platinum doublet. Main clinical selection criteria were older age (>70 years), comorbidities and poor PS. An oral treatment was frequently proposed with MetV being the most frequent choice according to its safety profile.
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Goto Y, Tamura A, Matsumoto H, Isobe K, Ozaki T, Santorelli ML, Taniguchi K, Kamitani T, Irisawa M, Kanda K, Abe M, Burke T, Nokihara H. First-Line Pembrolizumab Monotherapy for Advanced NSCLC With Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression Greater Than or Equal to 50%: Real-World Study Including Older Patients in Japan. JTO Clin Res Rep 2022; 3:100397. [PMID: 36065450 PMCID: PMC9440307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2022.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pembrolizumab became available in Japan in February 2017 for first-line monotherapy of unresectable advanced and metastatic NSCLC with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) greater than or equal to 50%. This retrospective chart review study aimed to describe real-world clinical outcomes of first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy, including for patients 75 years or older, who are under-represented in clinical trials. Methods We identified patients (≥20 y old) at 23 sites initiating first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy from July 1, 2017, to December 20, 2018, for stages IIIB, IIIC, and IV NSCLC with PD-L1 TPS greater than or equal to 50% and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2 or unknown. Patients with actionable genomic alterations (EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF) and clinical trial participants were excluded. Time-to-event outcomes were estimated using Kaplan-Meier, with data cutoff on September 30, 2019. Results Of 441 eligible patients (78% men), 303 (69%) were younger than 75 years and 138 (31%) were 75 years or older; median age was 70 years. With median follow-up of 13.5 months, median overall survival (OS) was not reached (NR); 12- and 24-month OS rates were 72% and 58%, respectively. For ages younger than 75 and 75 years or older, median OS was NR and 23.5 months (95% confidence interval: 16.2–NR), respectively; 12-month OS rates were 74% and 67% and 24-month OS rates were 62% and 48%, respectively. Median real-world progression-free survival was similar in the two age groups (10.1 and 9.5 mo, respectively), as was median real-world time on treatment with pembrolizumab (5.7 and 5.6 mo). Conclusions These findings complement clinical trial results, adding real-world evidence supporting benefits of first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy for advanced NSCLC with PD-L1 TPS greater than or equal to 50%, including for patients 75 years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Yasushi Goto, MD, PhD, Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Atsuhisa Tamura
- Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Isobe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Melissa L. Santorelli
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Burke
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Hiroshi Nokihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Present Address: Respiratory Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Nokihara H, Kijima T, Yokoyama T, Kagamu H, Suzuki T, Mori M, Santorelli ML, Taniguchi K, Kamitani T, Irisawa M, Kanda K, Abe M, Burke T, Goto Y. Real-World Treatments and Clinical Outcomes in Advanced NSCLC without Actionable Mutations after Introduction of Immunotherapy in Japan. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122846. [PMID: 35740512 PMCID: PMC9220782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to describe systemic treatment patterns and clinical outcomes for unresectable advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by first-line regimen type in real-world clinical settings in Japan after the introduction of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy in 2017. Using retrospective chart review at 23 study sites, we identified patients ≥20 years old initiating first-line systemic therapy from 1 July 2017 to 20 December 2018, for unresectable stage IIIB/C or IV NSCLC; the data cutoff was 30 September 2019. Eligible patients had recorded programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) and no known actionable EGFR/ALK/ROS1/BRAF genomic alteration. Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine time-to-event endpoints. Of 1208 patients, 647 patients (54%) received platinum doublet, 463 (38%) received ICI monotherapy, and 98 (8%) received nonplatinum cytotoxic regimen as first-line therapy. PD-L1 TPS was ≥50%, 1−49% and <1% for 44%, 30%, and 25% of patients, respectively. Most patients with PD-L1 TPS ≥50% received ICI monotherapy (453/529; 86%). Excluding 26 patients with ECOG performance status of 3−4 from outcome analyses, the median patient follow-up was 11.3 months. With first-line platinum doublet, ICI monotherapy, and nonplatinum cytotoxic regimens, median overall survival (OS) was 16.3 months (95% CI, 14.0−20.1 months), not reached, and 14.4 months (95% CI, 10.3−21.2 months), respectively; 24-month OS was 40%, 58%, and 31%, respectively. Differences in OS relative to historical cohort data reported in Japan are consistent with improvement over time in real-world clinical outcomes for advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nokihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3202-7181
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Hematology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
| | - Toshihide Yokoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Miwa, Kurashiki 710-8602, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kagamu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka 350-1298, Japan;
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Masahide Mori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan;
| | - Melissa L. Santorelli
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (M.L.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Kazuko Taniguchi
- MSD K.K., Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8667, Japan; (K.T.); (T.K.); (M.I.); (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Tetsu Kamitani
- MSD K.K., Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8667, Japan; (K.T.); (T.K.); (M.I.); (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Masato Irisawa
- MSD K.K., Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8667, Japan; (K.T.); (T.K.); (M.I.); (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Kingo Kanda
- MSD K.K., Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8667, Japan; (K.T.); (T.K.); (M.I.); (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Machiko Abe
- MSD K.K., Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8667, Japan; (K.T.); (T.K.); (M.I.); (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Thomas Burke
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (M.L.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Yasushi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
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