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Abebaw B. Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from 2007 to 2023. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:9991106. [PMID: 38868352 PMCID: PMC11168804 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9991106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important, transboundary viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis are concerned with summarizing the status of lumpy skin disease in Africa. Methods Literature searches between 2007 and 2023 were conducted using different database searches: Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct, and then the required information were extracted. A random effect model was used to pool estimates of prevalence at 95% CI. Publication bias was assessed by applying funnel plots. Results The pooled estimated prevalence of LSD was 54% (95% CI: -0.09-1.18), with individual study prevalence ranging from 6 to 89%. Subgroup analysis showed that the random pooled prevalence of LSD was 28% (95% CI: -1.48-2.03) in Ethiopia, 37% (95% CI: -3.79-4.52) in Uganda, 88% (95% CI: -0.11-1.28) in Zimbabwe, and 58% (95% CI: -6.96-8.72) in Egypt. No single study was documented from western and northern Africa. Conclusion The estimated pooled LSD prevalence was investigated as high and indicated nonsignificant variation among study countries. Thus, vaccination of cattle, quarantine, and biting insect control should be applied to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balemual Abebaw
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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2
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Makalo MJR, Settypalli TBK, Meki IK, Bakhoum MT, Ahmed HO, Phalatsi MS, Ramatla T, Onyiche TE, Nionzima-Bohloa L, Metlin A, Dhingra M, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Thekisoe OMM. Genetic Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses Circulating in Lesotho Cattle. Viruses 2024; 16:762. [PMID: 38793643 PMCID: PMC11125814 DOI: 10.3390/v16050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is one of the fast-spreading viral diseases of cattle and buffalo that can potentially cause severe economic impact. Lesotho experienced LSD for the first time in 1947 and episodes of outbreaks occurred throughout the decades. In this study, eighteen specimens were collected from LSD-clinically diseased cattle between 2020 and 2022 from Mafeteng, Leribe, Maseru, Berea, and Mohales' Hoek districts of Lesotho. A total of 11 DNA samples were analyzed by PCR and sequencing of the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein, G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR), 30 kDa RNA polymerase subunit (RPO30), and B22R genes. All nucleotide sequences of the above-mentioned genes confirmed that the PCR amplicons of clinical samples are truly LSDV, as they were identical to respective LSDV isolates on the NCBI GenBank. Two of the elevem samples were further characterized by whole-genome sequencing. The analysis, based on both CaPV marker genes and complete genome sequences, revealed that the LSDV isolates from Lesotho cluster with the NW-like LSDVs, which includes the commonly circulating LSDV field isolates from Africa, the Middle East, the Balkans, Turkey, and Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabusetsa Joseph Raporoto Makalo
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, and Nutrition, Private A82, Maseru, Lesotho;
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires ISRA/LNERV(LNERV), BP 2057, Dakar, Senegal;
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | | | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
| | - ThankGod Emmanuel Onyiche
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
| | - Lineo Nionzima-Bohloa
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, and Nutrition, Private A82, Maseru, Lesotho;
| | - Artem Metlin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Madhur Dhingra
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Oriel Matlhahane Molifi Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
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3
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Modethed W, Singhla T, Boonsri K, Pringproa K, Sthitmatee N, Vinitchaikul P, Sansamur C, Kreausukon K, Punyapornwithaya V. Identifying the patterns and sizes of the first lumpy skin disease outbreak clusters in Northern Thailand with a high degree of dairy farm aggregation using spatio-temporal models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291692. [PMID: 37967138 PMCID: PMC10651038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most important notifiable transboundary diseases affecting cattle in many parts of the world. In Thailand, LSD outbreaks in cattle farming areas have been reported in 69 out of 77 provinces, indicating a serious nationwide situation. Understanding the dynamics of spatial and temporal LSD epidemic patterns can provide important information on disease transmission and control. This study aims to identify spatial and temporal clusters in the first LSD outbreaks in dairy farming areas with a high degree of aggregation in Northern Thailand using spatio-temporal models. The data were obtained from an official LSD outbreak investigation conducted between June and August 2021 on dairy farms (n = 202). The outbreak of LSD was confirmed by employing clinical observations and laboratory analysis. The spatio-temporal models including space-time permutation (STP), Poisson, and Bernoulli were applied to the outbreak data with the settings of 10%, 25%, and 50%, respectively, for the maximum reported cluster size (MRCS). Overall, the number of most likely and secondary clusters varied depending on the model and MRCS settings. All MRCS settings in the STP model detected the most likely clusters in the same area and the Poisson models in different areas, with the largest being defined by a 50% MRCS. Although the sizes of the most likely clusters identified by the Bernoulli models were different, they all had the same cluster period. Based on the sizes of the detected clusters, strict LSD insect-vector control should be undertaken within one kilometer of the outbreak farm in areas where no LSD vaccination has been administered. This study determines the sizes and patterns of LSD outbreak clusters in the dairy farming area with a high degree of farm aggregation. The spatio-temporal study models used in this study, along with multiple adjusted MRCS, provide critical epidemiological information. These models also expand the options for assisting livestock authorities in facilitating effective LSD prevention and control programs. By prioritizing areas for resource allocation, these models can help improve the efficiency of such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittawat Modethed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Singhla
- Ruminant Clinic, Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Boonsri
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paramintra Vinitchaikul
- Ruminant Clinic, Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Khwanchai Kreausukon
- Ruminant Clinic, Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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4
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Ahmad W, Sattar A, Ahmad M, Aziz MW, Iqbal A, Tipu MY, Mushtaq RMZ, Rasool N, Ahmed HS, Ahmad M. Unveiling Oxidative Stress-Induced Genotoxicity and Its Alleviation through Selenium and Vitamin E Therapy in Naturally Infected Cattle with Lumpy Skin Disease. Vet Sci 2023; 10:643. [PMID: 37999466 PMCID: PMC10675407 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious infection of cattle caused by a virus of the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus. In Pakistan, recent outbreaks have resulted in significant nationwide mortality and economic losses. A 20-day prospective cohort study was performed on sixty infected cattle with the aim to evaluate LSD-induced oxidative stress's genotoxic role and to determine the ameliorative effect of antioxidant therapy using principal component analysis (PCA) and a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model. LSDV was identified from scab samples and nodular lesions using RPO30-specific gene primers. The infected cattle were divided into control and treated groups. The animals were observed initially and finally on day 20 to evaluate the homeostatic, oxidative, and genotoxic changes. The animals in the treated group were administered a combination of selenium (Se) and vitamin E at the standard dose rate for five consecutive days. A substantial (p < 0.05) improvement in the hematological indices was observed in the treated group. The treated group also showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in levels of serum nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) post-therapy. The PCA at the final sampling data of the treated group showed that Principal Component (PC1 eigenvalue 1.429) was influenced by superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.3632), catalase (CAT; 0.2906), and glutathione (GSH; 0.0816) and PC2 (eigenvalue 1.200) was influenced by CAT (0.4362), MDA (0.2056), and NO (0.0693). A significant correlation between serum NO (76%) and MDA levels (80%) was observed with genetic damage index (GDI) scores. The ordinal logistic regression model regarding the use of antioxidant therapy revealed 73.95-times (95%CI; 17.36-314.96) improvement in the GDI in treated animals. The multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that each unit increase in NO and MDA resulted in a 13% increase in genotoxicity in infected individuals. In conclusion, our study revealed that LSD-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation product causes genotoxicity in affected animals. Furthermore, the combined Se and vitamin E therapy significantly alleviated oxidative stress and genotoxicity in LSD-affected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Tipu
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Naeem Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Saleet Ahmed
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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5
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Akther M, Akter SH, Sarker S, Aleri JW, Annandale H, Abraham S, Uddin JM. Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges. Viruses 2023; 15:1861. [PMID: 37766268 PMCID: PMC10535115 DOI: 10.3390/v15091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity and lower mortality rates. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. It was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and is considered endemic in Africa south of the Sahara desert. It has gradually spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, with periodic occurrences in Asian and East European countries. Recently, it has been spreading in most Asian countries including far East Asia and threatens incursion to LSD-free countries. Rapid and accurate diagnostic capabilities, virus identification, vaccine development, vector control, regional and international collaborations and effective biosecurity policies are important for the control, prevention, and eradication of LSD infections. This review critically evaluates the global burden of LSD, the chronological historical outbreaks of LSD, and future directions for collaborative global actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuza Akther
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh;
| | - Syeda Hasina Akter
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia;
| | - Joshua W. Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Henry Annandale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Sam Abraham
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Jasim M. Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
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6
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Hakobyan V, Sargsyan K, Kharatyan S, Elbakyan H, Sargsyan V, Markosyan T, Vardanyan T, Badalyan M, Achenbach JE. The Serological Response in Cattle following Administration of a Heterologous Sheep Pox Virus Strain Vaccine for Protection from Lumpy Skin Disease; Current Situation in Armenia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020102. [PMID: 36851406 PMCID: PMC9965929 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), which was first reported in Armenia in late 2015. It was identified in pasture-raised cattle near the border with Iran. Currently, vaccination plays a key role in preventing further incursion of disease in high-risk areas. The purpose of this work was to assess the quality of vaccination currently used in Armenia by determining the immune response of the heterologous dry culture sheep pox virus-based vaccine against LSD in cattle. Seroprevalence and seroconversion testing was carried out using an ELISA to detect specific antibodies against LSD before and 30 days after vaccination in three adjacent regions of Armenia (Ararat, Armavir, Gegharkunik). Ixodes ticks were also examined for the presence of LSDV via real-time PCR. We found that the heterologous vaccine used in Armenia creates a high level of population immunity of 86.09% (83.83-87.97%) and no adverse side effects were observed in cattle. Of the 6 types of Ixodes ticks identified and tested, we found no evidence of LSDV circulating in these vectors. These results suggest that regular serological monitoring via ELISA and heterologous vaccination should continue in areas of Armenia at high risk for incursion of LSD to reduce the spread of this highly infectious transboundary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varduhi Hakobyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +374-91453912
| | - Khachik Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Satenik Kharatyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Hasmik Elbakyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Vazgen Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Tigran Markosyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Tigranuhi Vardanyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Manvel Badalyan
- General Biology Department, Armenian National Agrarian University, 74 Teryan Street, Yerevan 0009, Armenia
| | - Jenna E. Achenbach
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 1001 Research Park Boulevard, Town Center Two, Suite 400, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
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Ahmad W, Shabbir MAB, Ahmad M, Omer MO, Mushtaq RMZ, Aroosa S, Iqbal A, Majeed A. Insights into the Prognostic Role of Serum Interleukin-6 and Hematobiochemical Alterations in Cattle during Recent Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease in Lodhran District, Pakistan. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010113. [PMID: 36679958 PMCID: PMC9866640 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by a virus of the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus. The present study was designed to determine the prognostic ability of serum IL-6 in LSD using a binary logistic regression model at baseline sampling. A 17-day cohort study was conducted on a recent outbreak of LSD among cattle in the Lodhran District of Punjab, Pakistan. Infected cattle were divided into two categories based on their clinical status on day 17 as recovered (n = 33) or unrecovered (n = 17). Nodular lesions and scab specimens (n = 50) were used for the isolation of the lumpy skin disease virus and were confirmed by PCR. In recovered animals, hematological results showed marked leukocytosis, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, and monocytopenia. However, marked erythrocytosis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in the unrecovered animals at the final sampling point of the study. Serum levels of total protein, albumin, and glucose were significantly higher in the recovered animals. Meanwhile, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were found considerably higher in the unrecovered group. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis for serum IL-6 at baseline predicts the extended clinical conditions at the cut-off value of 85.16 pg/mL (55% specificity, 94% sensitivity, area under the curve 0.8039, respectively). In conclusion, the disease-induced hematological and biochemical alterations were significantly ameliorated in the recovered animals. In addition, the study revealed that serum IL-6 can be used as a valid marker for predicting the clinical worsening of LSD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah International University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Ovais Omer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Sadaf Aroosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Arfa Majeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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8
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Bazid AH, Wasfy M, Fawzy M, Nayel M, Abdelmegeid M, Thabet RY, Yong HS, El-Sayed MM, Magouz A, Badr Y. Emergency vaccination of cattle against lumpy skin disease: Evaluation of safety, efficacy, and potency of MEVAC ® LSD vaccine containing Neethling strain. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:767-777. [PMID: 36460903 PMCID: PMC9734455 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging disease of cattle causing significantly high economic losses. Control of LSD depends on the use of homologous attenuated LSD virus strains isolated originally from South Africa (the Neethling strain). The virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus, which includes sheep pox virus and goat pox virus. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new live attenuated LSD vaccine produced by Middle East for Vaccines (MEVAC®) based on the Neethling strain. Tests were performed both in Egypt and Vietnam. Safety was evaluated by inoculation of five cattle with 10 times the recommended dose and observation of the animals for 14 days. Immunogenicity was tested at different periods post-vaccination (PV) in animals receiving the recommended doses of the vaccine using ELISA and virus neutralization test. Five cows were used to determine the protection index (PI) and non-vaccinated control cattle were included. Three calves were challenged by intradermal inoculation of the wild virus (5 × 105 TCID50) 28 days PV. Field or mass vaccination experiments were conducted in Vietnam during national campaigns in the summer of 2021 with 4301 vaccinated animals closely monitored after vaccination. In the field, around 2% (80/4301) of the animals showed hyper-reactivity, and 0.6% (24/4301) showed small skin swellings that disappeared within few hours PV. Abortion was recorded in three animals (0.3% 3/867). Challenged animals were resistant to clinical disease and PI value was 3.5 log10. Meanwhile, antibody levels determined by the ELISA were inconsistent among animals and laboratories during the study period. Overall, the findings point to a new safe and effective LSD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Hamid Bazid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32958 Menoufiya, Egypt
| | - Momtaz Wasfy
- Middle East for Vaccines (MEVAC®), 44813 Sharquia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelmegeid
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh, University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Hui Sian Yong
- Senior Regional Business Manager, Asia Kemin Biologics®, 12 Senoko Drive, 758200 Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Asmaa Magouz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Yassien Badr
- Department of Animal Medicine (Branch of Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22511 El‑Beheira, Egypt
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9
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Abdelbaset AE, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Tick-borne diseases in Egypt: A one health perspective. One Health 2022; 15:100443. [PMID: 36561707 PMCID: PMC9767813 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are important arthropod vectors that transmit pathogens to humans and animals. Owing to favourable climatic and environmental conditions, along with animal importation from neighbouring countries, ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are widespread in Egyptian localities. Here, we review the current knowledge on the epidemiology of TBDs in Egypt in light of the One Health paradigm. Methods and results Five scientific databases, including "Web of Science", "Scopus", "PubMed", "Science Direct", and "Google Scholar", were searched for articles describing TBDs in Egypt. A total of 18 TBDs have been reported in humans and animals, including three protozoal diseases (babesiosis, theileriosis, and hepatozoonosis), 12 bacterial diseases (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme borreliosis, bovine borreliosis, tick-borne relapsing fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, African tick-borne fever, lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis, bartonellosis, tularaemia, Q fever, and aegyptianellosis), and three viral diseases (Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever, and Lumpy skin disease). Conclusions Despite the circulation of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens among livestock and tick vectors, human infections have been overlooked and are potentially limited to infer the actual communicable disease burden. Therefore, facility-based surveillance of TBDs, combined with capacity building for laboratory diagnostics in healthcare facilities, is urgently required to improve diagnosis and inform policy-making in disease prevention. Additionally, collaboration between expert researchers from various disciplines (physicians, biologists, acarologists, and veterinarians) is required to develop advanced research projects to control ticks and TBDs. Considering that domestic livestock is integral to many Egyptian households, comprehensive epidemiological studies on TBDs should assess all disease contributors, including vertebrate hosts (animals, humans, and rodents) and ticks in the same ecological region, for better assessment of disease burden. Additionally, upscaling of border inspections of imported animals is required to stop crossover movements of ticks and TBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Badr Y, Noreldin AE, Elewa YHA, Ahmed MS, Inoshima Y, Baker NM, Aamer WN, Abas OM, Nayel M, Rahman MM, Elgendy E, Saleh AG, El-Neweshy MS. Cellular infiltration, cytokines, and histopathology of skin lesions associated with different clinical forms and stages of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease in cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101894. [PMID: 36270050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by the Capripoxvirus LSD virus which infects cattle, leading to a serious disease characterized by fever and the eruption of skin nodules all over the surface of the body. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is still incomplete, particularly the immunopathological alterations occurring in the skin nodules of infected animals. Therefore, we collected skin nodules from naturally infected cattle with different forms of the disease, both in the early stage of clinical infection and after disease progression. The skin samples were examined both histopathologically and immunohistochemically using a variety of antibodies targeting immune cellular markers and cytokines. As a result, the dermatohistopathology revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, vasculitis, epidermal microvesicles, and cellules claveleuses of Borrel in the early stage of infection, with the severity of the lesions correlating with the severity of the clinical disease. Meanwhile, late-stage samples had epidermal hyperkeratosis as well as dermal lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltrations. The predominant cellular infiltrates in the cutaneous lesions of early-stage LSD samples were interferon (IFN)-γ+ cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes with few macrophage lineage cells. However, in the late-stage samples, numerous Iba-1+ macrophages, with few IFN-γ+ cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, were detected. Our findings indicate that IFN-γ+ cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and macrophages play a key role in the immunity against natural LSD virus infection and imply that cutaneous vasculopathy associated with LSD virus infection is an immune-mediated lesion. The current study contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassien Badr
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt; Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nabil M Baker
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Waleed Nabih Aamer
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health research Institute, Damanhour, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Osama M Abas
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Md Matiur Rahman
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Emad Elgendy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa G Saleh
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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11
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Fawzi EM, Morsi AM, Abd-Elfatah EB. Molecular diagnosis of three outbreaks during three successive years (2018, 2019, and 2020) of Lumpy skin disease virus in cattle in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Open Vet J 2022; 12:451-462. [PMID: 36118715 PMCID: PMC9473367 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is endemic in Egypt despite the Egyptian authorities' annual mass vaccination of cattle with sheeppox vaccine (Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Egypt), and the LSD virus (LSDV) continues to thrive practically every summer. The disease has a huge economic impact on the trade of the animal and its by-product. Aim This paper study the molecular characterization of LSDV strains that have been circulating in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, for three successive years (2018, 2019, and 2020). Methods A total of 61 specimens (26 skin nodules and 35 oculonasal swabs) were collected from a clinic in the hospital of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, during the summer months (July, August, and September) of three outbreaks in 2018, 2019, and 2020. These were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the open reading frame 103 (ORF103) gene to confirm the suspected cases and determine the degree of homology between the three different outbreaks during three successive years between each other and between the derived sequences of GenBank. Results Cattle is thought to be infected with LSDV due to the presence of scattered local or diffuse circumscribed skin nodules along with fever and lymph node enlargement and sometimes leg edema. The PCR approach proved rapid, sensitive, and specific for the detection of LSDV and confirmative diagnosis of the disease. Forty-six were detected to be positive by PCR (75.4%). The seven sequenced samples were translated to amino acid and registered in GenBank under accession number MW357655-MW357661. A single nucleotide mutation and amino acid variation were observed at positions 161 C (2020)/T (2018&2019) and consequently, a change in the amino acid at position 54 P (2020)/L (2018&2019) between the outbreak in 2020 and those in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The field LSDV isolates from Egypt cattle were more closely related to other LSDV sequences from Africa (Kenya), Asia, Europe, and the United States.These findings highlight the necessity of ongoing surveillance and characterization of circulating strains and the need to improve procedures for distinguishing vaccine strains from field viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshaima Mohamed Fawzi
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - AbdelKarem Mansour Morsi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Beshry Abd-Elfatah
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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12
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Tsai KJ, Tu YC, Wu CH, Huang CW, Ting LJ, Huang YL, Pan CH, Chang CY, Deng MC, Lee F. First detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from Kinmen Island, Taiwan in 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1093-1100. [PMID: 35691931 PMCID: PMC9412069 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an arthropod-borne bovine disease caused by lumpy skin disease
virus. A suspect lumpy skin disease case in a breeding cattle farm on Kinmen Island,
Taiwan was reported on July 8, 2020 and later confirmed the first occurrence of lumpy skin
disease in the country by molecular biological detections, electron microscopy, and
sequence comparison. Implementation of control measures including blanket vaccination on
the island effectively ceased the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus
discovered in the outbreaks was most similar to those identified in China in 2019.
Identifying this virus in the coastal areas in East Asia indicated the rapid eastward
spread of lumpy skin disease in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute
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13
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Shoulah SA, Elshafae SM, Gaballa MMS, Moussa MA, Selim A, Attia K, AlKahtani MDF, Albohairy FM. Adverse effect of vaccination in xenogeneic animals. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105541. [PMID: 35469999 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating, emerging viral disease of cattle. It causes significant economic losses due to trade restrictions that are placed on infected animals and the biological effects of the disease: infertility, dramatic loss in milk production, induction of abortion and mortality. It is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family. Vaccination has been determined to be the most effective way to control LSD infection among livestock. However, some adverse effects have been reported in animals vaccinated with live vaccines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the systemic lesions that are associated with LSD vaccination in xenogeneic animals. The aim of our study was to compare the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of a live attenuated vaccine of Romanian strain of sheeppox virus (SPPV) through study of two different routes of administration in xenogeneic animals (mice). Swiss male mice were inoculated with two doses of SPPV vaccine by two different routes intranasal (IN, through nebulisation), and intraperitoneal (IP) injection) and the levels of immunoglobulins and histopathological findings were reported. Our results showed marked increases in levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) dependent on the administration route: IgG in IP-inoculated mice and IgA in IN-vaccinated mice. IgM levels became markedly high after vaccination via both routes. Histologically, nebulisation of mice with SPPV vaccine caused more pulmonary lesions than did IP injection and promoted the proliferation of megakaryocytes in splenic tissues. In contrast, IP injection had less effect on pulmonary tissues and induced activation of extramedullary haematopoiesis (EH) in the hepatic tissues. LSD vaccination in xenogeneic animals caused serious systemic complications and the severity of the lesions caused to tissue depended on the route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Shoulah
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Tukh, Qalyobiya, 13736, Egypt
| | - Said M Elshafae
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Tukh, Qalyobiya, 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M S Gaballa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Tukh, Qalyobiya, 13736, Egypt
| | - Maha A Moussa
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce, Benha University, Benha, Qalyobiya, 13511, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Tukh, Qalyobiya, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Kotb Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera D F AlKahtani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 102275, Riyadh 11675, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima M Albohairy
- Electron Microscope Research Unit, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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