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Ba HO, Camara Y, Poudiougou M, Sangaré I, Sidibé N, Traoré D, Menta I. Changes in patient profiles in the cardiology department of the University Hospital Gabriel Touré (UH-GT) : results of two cross-sectional studies of 2010 and 2022. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:290. [PMID: 38822250 PMCID: PMC11143634 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about patient profile changes in medical facilities in our country, leading to this study to describe and compare patient profiles in 2010 and 2022. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with new outpatients aged 15 years and more seen in the cardiology department of the UH-GT. Measurements included height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded. Quantitative data are presented as the mean with standard deviation, and categorical one as proportions. Statistical tests were the t test to compare means and chi-test for categorical variables. The level of significance was set to 0.05. RESULTS The sample consisted of 515 new patients (199 in 2010 and 316 in 2022) with 59.1% female in 2010 and 60.1% in 2022 (p = 0.821). We noticed an increase in hypertension (59.1-71.8%, p = 0.003) and a decrease in tobacco smoking (from 13 to 05.4%, p = 0.002) and stroke (from 05.8 to 02.2%, p = 0.033). Height increased significantly from 1.59 m to 1.66 m, p = 0.002. SBP and DBP showed significant decreases in their means from 155.43 to 144.97 mmHg, p = < 0.001 for SBP and from 95.53 to 89.02 mmHg, p = < 0.001 for DBP. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular risk factors showed different trends with decreasing tobacco smoking, similar to systolic and diastolic blood pressure, albeit with an increase in hypertension prevalence. Other CVrf values increased. Awareness campaigns must be reinforced and maintained to obtain their decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y Camara
- University Hospital "Sidy Bocar Sall", Kati, Mali
| | - M Poudiougou
- University Hospital "Gabriel Touré", Bamako, Mali
| | - I Sangaré
- University Hospital "Gabriel Touré", Bamako, Mali
| | - N Sidibé
- University Hospital "Gabriel Touré", Bamako, Mali
| | - D Traoré
- University Hospital "Point G", Bamako, Mali
| | - I Menta
- University Hospital "Gabriel Touré", Bamako, Mali
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Sia CH, Simon O, Loh PH, Poh KK. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease landscape in Singapore. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1342698. [PMID: 38720921 PMCID: PMC11076755 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1342698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for over one-third of all deaths in Singapore. An analysis of age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for CVD in Singapore revealed a deceleration in the initial rapid decline in ASMR. A decrease in smoking prevalence may have contributed to the initial rapid decline in ASMR. Furthermore, other major risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein levels, and obesity, are steadily rising. Singapore's CVD economic burden is estimated to be 8.1 billion USD (11.5 billion SGD). The burden of CVD can only be reduced using individual and population-based approaches. Prevention programs must also be developed based on an understanding of risk trends. Therefore, this article attempts to capture the burden of CVD, trends in risk factor control, preventive care, disparities, and current unmet needs, particularly in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease management in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oliver Simon
- Medical Affairs, Novartis (Singapore) Ltd Pte, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poay-Huan Loh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kian Keong Poh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Iriarte-Campo V, de Burgos-Lunar C, Mostaza J, Lahoz C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Gómez-Campelo P, Taulero-Escalera B, San-Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Salinero-Fort MA. Incidence of T2DM and the role of baseline glycaemic status as a determinant in a metropolitan population in northern Madrid (Spain). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 209:111119. [PMID: 38307139 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM To estimate the incidence of T2DM and assess the effect of pre-T2DM (isolated impaired fasting glucose [iIFG], isolated impaired glucose tolerance [iIGT] or both) on progress to T2DM in the adult population of Madrid. METHODS Population-based cohort comprising 1,219 participants (560 normoglycaemic and 659 preT2DM [418 iIFG, 70 iIGT or 171 IFG-IGT]). T2DM was defined based on fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c or use of glucose-lowering medication. We used a Cox model with normoglycaemia as reference category. RESULTS During 7.26 years of follow-up, the unadjusted incidence of T2DM was 11.21 per 1000 person-years (95 %CI, 9.09-13.68) for the whole population, 5.60 (3.55-8.41) for normoglycaemic participants and 16.28 (12.78-20.43) for pre-T2DM participants. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the baseline glycaemic status was associated with higher primary effect on developing T2DM was iIGT (HR = 3.96 [95 %CI, 1.93-8.10]) and IFG-IGT (3.42 [1.92-6.08]). The HR for iIFG was 1.67 (0.96-2.90). Obesity, as secondary effect, was strongly significantly associated (HR = 2.50 [1.30-4.86]). CONCLUSIONS Our incidence of T2DM is consistent with that reported elsewhere in Spain. While baseline iIGT and IFG-IGT behaved a primary effect for progression to T2DM, iIFG showed a trend in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Iriarte-Campo
- Foundation for Biosanitary Research and Innovation in Primary Care (FIIBAP), Madrid, Spain; Frailty, Multimorbidity Patterns and Mortality in the Elderly Population Residing in the Community - Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - C de Burgos-Lunar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, San Carlos Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Mostaza
- Lipid and Vascular Risk Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Lahoz
- Lipid and Vascular Risk Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cárdenas-Valladolid
- Frailty, Multimorbidity Patterns and Mortality in the Elderly Population Residing in the Community - Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Gómez-Campelo
- Frailty, Multimorbidity Patterns and Mortality in the Elderly Population Residing in the Community - Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Taulero-Escalera
- Foundation for Biosanitary Research and Innovation in Primary Care (FIIBAP), Madrid, Spain; Frailty, Multimorbidity Patterns and Mortality in the Elderly Population Residing in the Community - Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J San-Andrés-Rebollo
- Frailty, Multimorbidity Patterns and Mortality in the Elderly Population Residing in the Community - Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Salud Las Calesas, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Rodriguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Salinero-Fort
- Foundation for Biosanitary Research and Innovation in Primary Care (FIIBAP), Madrid, Spain; Frailty, Multimorbidity Patterns and Mortality in the Elderly Population Residing in the Community - Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain.
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Kwan YH, Yoon S, Tai BC, Tan CS, Phang JK, Tan WB, Tan NC, Tan CYL, Koot D, Quah YL, Teo HH, Low LL. Empowering patients with comorbid diabetes and hypertension through a multi-component intervention of mobile app, health coaching and shared decision-making: Protocol for an effectiveness-implementation of randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296338. [PMID: 38408067 PMCID: PMC10896544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes and hypertension are prevalent and costly to the health system. We have developed a mobile app (EMPOWER app) which enables remote monitoring and education through personalised nudges. We aim to study the effectiveness of a multi-component intervention comprising the EMPOWER mobile app with health coaching and shared decision-making for diabetes and hypertension. METHODS We will conduct a two-arm, open-label, pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT). Participants with comorbid diabetes and hypertension enrolled from public primary care clinics will be randomised to either intervention or control in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group participants will have access to health coaching with shared decision-making interventions in addition to the EMPOWER app and their usual primary care. The control group participants will continue to receive usual primary care and will neither receive the EMPOWER app nor health coaching and shared decision-making interventions. Our primary outcome is change in HbA1c level over 9 months. Secondary outcomes include change in systolic blood pressure, quality of life, patient activation, medication adherence, physical activity level, diet, and healthcare cost (direct and indirect) over 9 months. DISCUSSION Our trial will provide key insights into clinical- and cost-effectiveness of a multi-component intervention comprising EMPOWER mobile app, health coaching and shared decision-making in diabetes and hypertension management. This trial will also offer evidence on cost-effective and sustainable methods for promoting behavioural changes among patients with comorbid diabetes and hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered on clintrials.gov on August 3, 2022, with the trial registration number: NCT05486390.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Heng Kwan
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), SingHealth Regional Health System, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sungwon Yoon
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), SingHealth Regional Health System, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Choo Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Kie Phang
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), SingHealth Regional Health System, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ngiap Chuan Tan
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Family Medicine Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David Koot
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hock Hai Teo
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lian Leng Low
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), SingHealth Regional Health System, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Family Medicine Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Population Health & Integrated Care Office (PHICO), Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Community Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Family Medicine & Continuing Care, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Wang Y, Xu W, Mak IL, Chin WY, Yu EYT, Lam CLK, Wan EYF. Trends of clinical parameters and incidences of diabetes mellitus complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong, 2010-2019: a retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 60:101999. [PMID: 37234549 PMCID: PMC10206435 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus-related characteristics, including available medications, onset ages, and newly-introduced management program, have been changing recently in Hong Kong, especially after the introduction of the Risk Assessment and Management Program-Diabetes Mellitus in all outpatient clinics in 2009. To understand the plural change and improve the management of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) based on the latest data, we examined the trends of clinical parameters, T2DM complications and mortality in patients with T2DM in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2019. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we acquired data from the Clinical Management System of the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong. Among adults with T2DM diagnosed on or before Sept 30, 2010, and with at least one attendance in general outpatient clinics between Aug 1, 2009, to Sept 30, 2010, we investigated the age-standardised trends of clinical parameters including haemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), complications including cardiovascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR), neuropathy, eGFR<45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and all-cause mortality from 2010 to 2019 and tested the statistical significance of the trends using generalised estimating equation by sex, level of clinical parameters and age groups. Findings In total, 82,650 males and 97,734 females with T2DM were identified. LDL-C decreased from 3 to 2 mmol/L in both males and females, while other clinical parameters changed within 5% over the full decade from 2010 to 2019. CVD, PVD, STDR, and neuropathy had declining incidences, while ESRD and all-cause mortality had increasing incidences from 2010 to 2019. The incidence of eGFR<45 mL/min/1.73 m2 increased in males but decreased in females. The odds ratio (OR) of ESRD (1.13, 95% CI [1.12, 1.15]) was highest in both males and females while the ORs of STDR (0.94, 95% CI [0.92, 0.96]) and neuropathy (0.90, 95% CI [0.88, 0.92]) were lowest in males and females, respectively. Complications and all-cause mortality trends varied among baseline HbA1c, eGFR, and age subgroups. In contrast to the findings in other age groups, the incidence of any outcomes did not decrease in younger patients (<45 years) from 2010 to 2019. Interpretation Improvements were observed in LDL-C and incidences of most complications from 2010 to 2019. Worse performance in the younger age group and increasing incidence of renal complications and mortality need more attention in managing patients with T2DM. Funding The Health and Medical Research Fund, the Health Bureau, and Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanchun Xu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivy Lynn Mak
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weng Yee Chin
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Esther Yee Tak Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cindy Lo Kuen Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Eric Yuk Fai Wan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hu S, Lin C, Cai X, Li Z, Lv F, Yang W, Ji L. Trends in baseline HbA1c and body-mass index in randomised placebo-controlled trials of type 2 diabetes from 1987 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 57:101868. [PMID: 36864984 PMCID: PMC9971277 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curbing or reversing high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) are two essential parts in the clinical management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We delineated the changing patterns of the baseline HbA1c and BMI in patients with T2D from placebo-controlled randomised trials to reflect the unmet clinical needs. METHODS PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases were searched from inception to December 19, 2022. Placebo-controlled trials of T2D with reports of baseline HbA1c and BMI were included, of which summary data from published reports were extracted. Pooled effect sizes of baseline HbA1c and BMI of from studies published in the same year were computed in Random-effects model due to the high level of heterogeneity among studies. The main outcome was correlations between the pooled baseline HbA1c, the pooled baseline BMI, and study years. This study was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022350482. FINDINGS We identified 6102 studies, of which 427 placebo-controlled trials with 261, 462 participants were finally included in the study. Baseline HbA1c level declined with time (Rs = -0.665, P < 0.0001, I2 = 99.4%). Baseline BMI increased over the past 35 years (R = 0.464, P = 0.0074, I2 = 99.4%), rising by around 0.70 kg/m2 per decade. Patients with BMI ≤25.0 kg/m2 dropped substantially from the half in 1996 to none in 2022. Patients with BMI ranging from 25 kg/m2 to 30 kg/m2 stabilized at 30-40% since 2000. INTERPRETATION A substantial decline in baseline HbA1c levels and a constant increase in baseline BMI levels was found in placebo-controlled trials through the past 35 years, which indicated the improvement in glycemic control and the urgency for the management of obesity in T2D. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81970698), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.7202216) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81970708).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoling Cai
- Corresponding author. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | | | | | | | - Linong Ji
- Corresponding author. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Tan JK, Salim NNM, Lim GH, Chia SY, Thumboo J, Bee YM. Trends in diabetes-related complications in Singapore, 2013-2020: A registry-based study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275920. [PMID: 36219616 PMCID: PMC9553054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing global health problem. In Singapore, the prevalence of Type 2 DM is rising, but comprehensive information about trends in DM-related complications is lacking. Objectives We utilized the Singapore Health Services (SingHealth) diabetes registry (SDR) to assess trends in DM micro and macro-vascular complications at the population level, explore factors influencing these trends. Methods We studied trends for ten DM-related complications: ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and strokes, diabetic eye complications, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot, major and minor lower extremity amputation (LEA). The complications were determined through clinical coding in hospital (inpatient and outpatient) and primary care settings within the SingHealth cluster. We described event rates for the complications in 4 age-bands. Joinpoint regression was used to identify significant changes in trends. Results Among 222,705 patients studied between 2013 and 2020. 48.6% were female, 70.7% Chinese, 14.7% Malay and 10.6% Indian with a mean (SD) age varying between 64.6 (12.5) years in 2013 and 65.7 (13.2) years in 2020. We observed an increase in event rates in IHD, PAD, stroke, diabetic eye complications nephropathy, and neuropathy. Joinpoints was observed for IHD and PAD between 2016 to 2018, with subsequent plateauing of event rates. Major and minor LEA event rates decreased through the study period. Conclusion We found that DM and its complications represent an important challenge for healthcare in Singapore. Improvements in the trends of DM macrovascular complications were observed. However, trends in DM microvascular complications remain a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kuan Tan
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gek Hsiang Lim
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sing Yi Chia
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Mong Bee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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