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Lozano-Meca JA, Gacto-Sánchez M, Montilla-Herrador J. Movement-evoked pain is not associated with pain at rest or physical function in knee osteoarthritis. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:987-996. [PMID: 38186263 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is mainly characterized by pain. The assessment of KOA-related pain frequently focuses on different constructs subject to sources of bias or drawbacks, as the classical Pain at Rest (PAR). Movement-evoked pain (MEP), recently defined as 'pain during walking', emerges as a differential concept, since PAR and MEP are driven by different underlying mechanisms. Given the novelty of the MEP approach, its association with PAR or with different performance-based tests has not been studied in KOA yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted. PAR was measured, alongside the performance of four mobility tests and their corresponding MEP: Timed Up and Go Test, 10-metre Walk Test, 2-Minute Walk Test, and 6-Minute Walk Test. Association and agreement were explored for MEP versus PAR, while the correlation of the tests versus each corresponding MEP-measure was assessed. RESULTS Neither association nor agreement were found in the duality MEP versus PAR. Also, the lack of association between the performance of a mobility test and the perceived level of pain during the development of the test was stated. CONCLUSION Movement-evoked pain is neither related to pain at rest nor to functional performance in subjects affected by knee osteoarthritis. The results from our study suggest that MEP and pain at rest measure and refer to different constructs in knee osteoarthritis. The implementation of MEP as an outcome in exercise-therapy could enhance the tracking of results, as well as the development of tailored interventions under different conditions. SIGNIFICANCE This research elucidates the relevance of MEP, recently defined as 'pain during walking', through the analysis of its association with PAR and with functional performance (measured through four mobility tests) in knee osteoarthritis. The results from our study highlight the absence of either association or agreement between MEP and PAR, fact that supports and endorses the idea that both concepts measure and refer to different constructs in knee osteoarthritis.
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Charlton JM, Chang E, Hou SW, Lo E, McClure E, Plater C, Wong S, Hunt MA. Moving in pain - A preliminary study evaluating the immediate effects of experimental knee pain on locomotor biomechanics. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302752. [PMID: 38941337 PMCID: PMC11213337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain changes how we move, but it is often confounded by other factors due to disease or injury. Experimental pain offers an opportunity to isolate the independent effect of pain on movement. We used cutaneous electrical stimulation to induce experimental knee pain during locomotion to study the short-term motor adaptions to pain. While other models of experimental pain have been used in locomotion, they lack the ability to modulate pain in real-time. Twelve healthy adults completed the single data collection session where they experienced six pain intensity conditions (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 out of 10) and two pain delivery modes (tonic and phasic). Electrodes were placed over the lateral infrapatellar fat pad and medial tibial condyle to deliver the 10 Hz pure sinusoid via a constant current electrical stimulator. Pain intensity was calibrated prior to each walking bout based on the target intensity and was recorded using an 11-point numerical rating scale. Knee joint angles and moments were recorded over the walking bouts and summarized in waveform and discrete outcomes to be compared with baseline walking. Knee joint angles changed during the swing phase of gait, with higher pain intensities resulting in greater knee flexion angles. Minimal changes in joint moments were observed but there was a consistent pattern of decreasing joint stiffness with increasing pain intensity. Habituation was limited across the 30-90 second walking bouts and the electrical current needed to deliver the target pain intensities showed a positive linear relationship. Experimental knee pain shows subtle biomechanical changes and favourable habituation patterns over short walking bouts. Further exploration of this model is needed in real-world walking conditions and over longer timeframes to quantify motor adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Charlton
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Motion Analysis and Biofeedback Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elyott Chang
- Motion Analysis and Biofeedback Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabrina W. Hou
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ernest Lo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emily McClure
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cole Plater
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha Wong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael A. Hunt
- Motion Analysis and Biofeedback Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ogalo E, Linde LD, Ro H, Ortiz O, Kramer JLK, Berger MJ. Evaluating peripheral neuromuscular function with brief movement-evoked pain. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:789-796. [PMID: 38353653 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00472.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Movement-evoked pain is an understudied manifestation of musculoskeletal conditions that contributes to disability, yet little is known about how the neuromuscular system responds to movement-evoked pain. The present study examined whether movement-evoked pain impacts force production, electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity, and the rate of force development (RFD) during submaximal muscle contractions. Fifteen healthy adults (9 males; age = 30.3 ± 10.2 yr, range = 22-59 yr) performed submaximal isometric first finger abduction contractions without pain (baseline) and with movement-evoked pain induced by laser stimulation to the dorsum of the hand. Normalized force (% maximal voluntary contraction) and RFD decreased by 11% (P < 0.001) and 15% (P = 0.003), respectively, with movement-evoked pain, without any change in normalized peak EMG (P = 0.77). Early contractile RFD, force impulse, and corresponding EMG amplitude computed within time segments of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms relative to the onset of movement were also unaffected by movement-evoked pain (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that movement-evoked pain impairs peak characteristics and not early measures of submaximal force production and RFD, without affecting EMG activity (peak and early). Possible explanations for the stability in EMG with reduced force include antagonist coactivation and a reorganization of motoneuronal activation strategy, which is discussed here.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide neurophysiological evidence to indicate that peak force and rate of force development are reduced by movement-evoked pain despite a lack of change in EMG and early rapid force development in the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Additional evidence suggests that these findings may coexist with a reorganization in motoneuronal activation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ogalo
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lukas D Linde
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hannah Ro
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oscar Ortiz
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John L K Kramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael J Berger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cabral HV, Devecchi V, Oxendale C, Jenkinson N, Falla D, Gallina A. Effect of movement-evoked and tonic experimental pain on muscle force production. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14509. [PMID: 37803936 PMCID: PMC10952217 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When performing an exercise or a functional test, pain that is evoked by movement or muscle contraction could be a stronger stimulus for changing how individuals move compared to tonic pain. We investigated whether the decrease in muscle force production is larger when experimentally-induced knee pain is directly associated to the torque produced (movement-evoked) compared to a constant painful stimulation (tonic). METHODS Twenty-one participants performed three isometric knee extension maximal voluntary contractions without pain (baseline), during pain, and after pain. Knee pain was induced using sinusoidal electrical stimuli at 10 Hz over the infrapatellar fat pad, applied continuously or modulated proportionally to the knee extension torque. Peak torque and contraction duration were averaged across repetitions and normalized to baseline. RESULTS During tonic pain, participants reported lower pain intensity during the contraction than at rest (p < 0.001), whereas pain intensity increased with contraction during movement-evoked pain (p < 0.001). Knee extension torque decreased during both pain conditions (p < 0.001), but a larger reduction was observed during movement-evoked compared to tonic pain (p < 0.001). Participants produced torque for longer during tonic compared to movement-evoked pain (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that movement-evoked pain was a more potent stimulus to reduce knee extension torque than tonic pain. The longer contraction time observed during tonic pain may be a result of a lower perceived pain intensity during muscle contraction. Overall, our results suggest different motor adaptation to tonic and movement-evoked pain and support the notion that motor adaptation to pain is a purposeful strategy to limit pain. This mechanistic evidence suggests that individuals experiencing prevalently tonic or movement-evoked pain may exhibit different motor adaptations, which may be important for exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio V. Cabral
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal PainCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Valter Devecchi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal PainCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Chelsea Oxendale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal PainCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of ChesterChesterUK
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Deborah Falla
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal PainCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alessio Gallina
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal PainCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Riczo DB. What You Need to Know About Sacroiliac Dysfunction. Orthop Nurs 2023; 42:33-45. [PMID: 36702094 DOI: 10.1097/nor.0000000000000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and sacroiliac dysfunction is estimated to occur in 15%-30% of those with nonspecific low back pain. Nurses are in the unique position to support and provide education to patients who may be experiencing sacroiliac dysfunction or possibly apply this knowledge to themselves, as low back pain is a significant problem experienced by nurses. A patient's clinical presentation, including pain patterns and characteristics, functional limitations, common etiologies and musculoskeletal system involvement, current diagnostic tools, and realm of treatments, are discussed along with their respective efficacy. Distinction is made between specific diagnosis and treatment of joint involvement and that of sacroiliac regional pain, as well as other factors that play a role in diagnosis and treatment for the reader's consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah B Riczo
- Deborah B. Riczo, DPT, MEd, PT, Guest Faculty, Cleveland State University Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, and Founder, Riczo Health Education, Seven Hills, OH
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Cleary J, Coombes BK, Hodges P, Tucker K. Motor Unit Recruitment is Altered When Acute Experimental Pain is Induced at a Site Distant to the Contracting Muscle. Neuroscience 2022; 496:141-151. [PMID: 35710065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute pain alters motor unit discharge properties in muscles that are painful or influence loading of painful structures. Less is known about the changes in discharge when pain is induced in distant tissues that are unable or have limited capacity to modify the load of the contracting muscle. We aimed to determine whether acute experimental pain alters quadriceps motor unit discharge when pain is induced in; (i) a muscle that is unlikely to be mechanically influenced by modified quadriceps activity (tibialis anterior: TA), or (ii) the antagonist muscle (biceps femoris: BF). Using a within-subject design, 16 adults performed force-matched isometric knee extension during pain-free control conditions, and trials after painful hypertonic saline injections into TA or BF. Surface and intramuscular electromyography recordings were made. Despite maintained force, discharge rate of quadriceps motor units was lower during Pain than Control conditions for TA and BF trials (both P < 0.001). Redistribution of motor unit activity was observed; some units were recruited in control or pain but not both. As modified quadriceps motor unit discharge has limited/no potential to modify load in the painful tissue to protect the painful part, the findings might support an alternative hypothesis that activity is redistributed to larger motor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cleary
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brooke K Coombes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith University, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Hodges
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Tucker
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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