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Benoit-Piau J, Gaudreault N, Vallerand R, Fortin S, Guptill C, Morin M. Passion and performance anxiety: How it affects the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in dancers. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 73:102632. [PMID: 38548004 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between the incidence of musculoskeletal disorder episodes (MDEs) and obsessive and harmonious passion as well as performance anxiety throughout a dance season, which lasted 38 weeks. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 118 professional and preprofessional dancers were recruited and assessed at baseline, while 88 completed the follow-up. Their levels of passion and performance anxiety were assessed at the beginning of a dance season using the Passion Scale and the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory, respectively. To monitor the incidence of MDEs throughout a dance season, dancers were asked to complete a weekly electronic diary. RESULTS A higher level of obsessive passion was associated with a higher incidence of MDEs causing an interruption of dance activities (β = 0.264, p = 0.022). Harmonious passion and performance anxiety were not associated with MDEs throughout the season. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study support the role of obsessive passion in the development of MDEs in dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaly Gaudreault
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Robert Vallerand
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
| | - Sylvie Fortin
- Department of Dance, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
| | | | - Mélanie Morin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Yang D, Wang J, He J, Zhao C. A clustering mining method for sports behavior characteristics of athletes based on the ant colony optimization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33297. [PMID: 39021992 PMCID: PMC11252961 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to enhance the precision of analyzing athlete behavior characteristics, thereby optimizing sports training and competitive strategies. This study introduces an innovative Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) clustering model designed to address the high-dimensional clustering issues in athlete behavior data by simulating the path selection mechanism of ants searching for food. The development process of this model includes fine-tuning ACO parameters, optimizing for features specific to sports data, and comparing it with traditional clustering algorithms, and similar research models based on the neural network, support vector machines, and deep learning. The results indicate that the ACO model significantly outperforms the comparison algorithms in terms of silhouette coefficient (0.72) and Davies-Bouldin index (1.05), demonstrating higher clustering effectiveness and model stability. Particularly noteworthy is the recall rate (0.82), a key performance indicator, where the ACO model accurately captures different behavioral characteristics of athletes, validating its effectiveness and reliability in athlete behavior analysis. The innovation lies not only in the application of the ACO algorithm to address practical issues in the field of sports but also in showcasing the advantages of the ACO algorithm in handling complex, high-dimensional sports data. However, its generality and efficiency on a larger scale or different types of sports data still need further validation. In conclusion, through the introduction and optimization of the ACO clustering model, this study provides a novel and effective approach for a deeper understanding and analysis of athlete behavior characteristics. This study holds significant importance in advancing sports science research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Yang
- College of Physical Education, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jingtang He
- College of Physical Education, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, China
| | - Cuiqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Myongji University, Yongin, 17058, South Korea
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Reardon CL, Hitchcock M. Mental health in individual versus team sports. Int Rev Psychiatry 2024; 36:284-295. [PMID: 39255028 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2024.2349079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Across all sports, there has been increasing realization that mental health symptoms and disorders in athletes are common. More specifically, there has been increasing study of differences in mental health between individual and team sport athletes. However, this topic is still under-developed, and no comprehensive review on the topic has been undertaken. This manuscript aims to provide a narrative review of mental health symptoms and disorders, spanning depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance use and other addictive disorders, in individual versus team sports. Findings revealed that individual sports may be associated with relatively more negative mental health than team sports. This includes depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and concepts related to exercise addiction. Substance misuse and use disorders may be an exception to this pattern, with team sport athletes exhibiting higher rates of problematic alcohol use, use of certain forms of nicotine, and possibly use of illicit substances such as marijuana. Reasons for the greater overall mental health risk in individual versus team sports may include relatively more negative self-attribution after failure and less social cohesion/support. Steps can be taken to improve the sporting environment for all athletes-across individual and team sports-in order to optimize mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary Hitchcock
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Reardon CL, Gorczynski P, Hainline B, Hitchcock M, Rice S. Anxiety Disorders in Athletes. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:33-52. [PMID: 37949513 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Athletes and non-athletes experience many anxiety-related symptoms and disorders at comparable rates. Contributory factors may include pressure to perform, public scrutiny, sporting career dissatisfaction, injury, and harassment and abuse in sport. Anxiety may negatively impact sport performance. Specific types of anxiety may have unique presentations in athletes. It is important to rule out general medical and substance-related causes of anxiety symptoms. Psychotherapy and pharmacology treatment options should be considered, bearing in mind athletes' environmental circumstances and physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Psychology and Counselling, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, Greenwich SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association, 700 West Washington Street, PO Box 6222, Indianapolis, IN 46206, USA
| | - Mary Hitchcock
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, 2339 Health Sciences Learning Center, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Simon Rice
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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Li S, Tang C, Guo C, Bu T. Psychometric properties of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 for Chinese adolescent athletes taking the National Sports College Entrance Examination. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1161842. [PMID: 37936888 PMCID: PMC10627183 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1161842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) in Chinese adolescent sports exam candidates. Methods One day before the National Sports College Entrance Examination, 965 Chinese athletes rated the Chinese-language SAS-2. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the three-factor structure. Factorial invariance was tested by comparing the configural invariance model to three more constrained models. Construct validity and reliability were determined. Results Fit indices meet the critical values: CFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.943, RMSEA = 0.048 [90% CI, 0.041-0.054], and SRMR = 0.042. All path factor loadings exceed 0.5. The changes in CFI and RMSEA across the configural, metric, scalar, and uniqueness invariance are within the critical values, demonstrating strict measurement invariance across gender, years of training, and type of sports. The average variance extracted of the worry sub-scale is above the cutoff criteria, and McDonald's omega coefficients are over 0.70. Significant correlations exist between the SAS-2, SCAT, and CSAI-2. Factor correlations are all below 0.8. The measurement also distinguishes the known gender effect, with females showing a probability of 58.6% higher anxiety levels. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranges from 0.706 to 0.801. Conclusion This study validated the Chinese-language SAS-2 in measuring competitive anxiety among Chinese adolescent athletes taking the National Sports College Entrance Examination. The development of the scale's applicability in China is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Li
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Research Base for Public Service of Sports, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Changfa Tang
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Research Base for Public Service of Sports, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Research Base for Public Service of Sports, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Te Bu
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Research Base for Public Service of Sports, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Ibáñez-Caparrós A, Sánchez I, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Rosinska M, Thiel A, Zipfel S, de Pablo J, Camacho-Barcia L, Fernandez-Aranda F. Athletes with Eating Disorders: Analysis of Their Clinical Characteristics, Psychopathology and Response to Treatment. Nutrients 2023; 15:3003. [PMID: 37447333 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (ED) have frequently been described among athletes. However, their specific features and therapy responses are lacking in the literature. The aims of this article were to compare clinical, psychopathological and personality traits between ED patients who were professional athletes (ED-A) with those who were not (ED-NA) and to explore differences in response to treatment. The sample comprised n = 104 patients with ED (n = 52 ED-A and n = 52 matched ED-NA) diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria. Evaluation consisted of a semi-structured face-to-face clinical interview conducted by expert clinicians and a psychometric battery. Treatment outcome was evaluated when the treatment program ended. ED-A patients showed less body dissatisfaction and psychological distress. No differences were found in treatment outcome among the groups. Within the ED-A group, those participants who performed individual sport activities and aesthetic sports presented higher eating psychopathology, more general psychopathology, differential personality traits and poor therapy outcome. Individual and aesthetic sports presented more severity and worse prognosis. Although usual treatment for ED might be similarly effective in ED-A and ED-NA, it might be important to develop preventive and early detection programs involving sports physicians and psychologists, coaches and family throughout the entire athletic career and afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ibáñez-Caparrós
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Institut Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatrics and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Rosinska
- Body Image Assessment and Intervention Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Health, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre of Excellence for Eating Disorders (KOMET), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre of Mental Health (DZPG), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joan de Pablo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Institut Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatrics and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Camacho-Barcia
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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Mihăiță E, Badau D, Stoica M, Mitrache G, Stănescu MI, Hidi IL, Badau A, Damian C, Damian M. Identification of Perception Differences in Personality Factors and Autonomy by Sporting Age Category in Competitive Bodybuilders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:167. [PMID: 36612492 PMCID: PMC9819340 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the personality and autonomy factors of bodybuilders is a necessity in order to improve sports training, which would lead to the development of mental skills specific to competitive bodybuilding. The purpose of the study was to identify perception differences in personality and autonomy factors for three age categories of competitive bodybuilders in order to optimize the sports training process. The secondary purpose of the study was to identify perception differences in the characteristics of personality and autonomy in relation to the increase in the sporting age category of the competitive bodybuilders. The research sample included 30 competitive bodybuilders aged between 18 and 53 years, of which 21 were male and 9 were female, who were divided into three groups according to the sporting age category: G1-junior (18-23 years old), 10 athletes (33.3%); G2-senior (24-35 years old for female and 24-40 years old for male), 12 athletes (40%); G3-masters (over 35 years old for female and 40 years old for male), 8 athletes (26.7%). In the precompetitive stage, three standardized questionnaires were applied to the study participants, namely, two personality questionnaires (CP5F and ZKPQ) and a personal autonomy questionnaire (PAQ), which provided us with useful information for understanding the psychological profile of bodybuilding athletes. The results of the study were statistically significant, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient indicating high internal consistency of the three questionnaires for all three sporting age groups, with higher values than the selected reference threshold of 0.700. According to the results of our study, the following personality and autonomy factors recorded higher and higher scores in direct relation with the increase in sporting age: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, autonomy, impulsive sensation seeking, value autonomy, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. The personality and autonomy factors of which the scores did not increase directly proportionally to the sporting age category were sociability, activity, aggression-hostility, neuroticism-anxiety, and emotional autonomy. Competitive bodybuilders perceive the factors of personality and autonomy differently in relation to particularities of age and sports experience, and knowledge of these changes can contribute to the improvement of the sports training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mihăiță
- Doctoral School, National University of Physical Education and Sport, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Marius Stoica
- Doctoral School, National University of Physical Education and Sport, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgeta Mitrache
- Doctoral School, National University of Physical Education and Sport, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Iulia Stănescu
- Doctoral School, National University of Physical Education and Sport, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioszef Laszlo Hidi
- Doctoral School, National University of Physical Education and Sport, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Cosmin Damian
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ovidius University, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Mirela Damian
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ovidius University, 900527 Constanta, Romania
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Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
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Oropesa Ruiz NF, Mercader Rubio I, Gutiérrez Ángel N, Pérez García MA. Neuroticism and Emotional Intelligence in Adolescence: A Mediation Model Moderate by Negative Affect and Self-Esteem. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:241. [PMID: 35877311 PMCID: PMC9311966 DOI: 10.3390/bs12070241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have revealed that high scores in neuroticism relate to feelings of guilt, flustering, low self-esteem, and insecurity in relationships with others. The main objective of this work is to analyze the relationship between neuroticism and emotional intelligence in the adolescent stage and try to go one step further in the study of that relationship through the formulation of a moderate mediation model in which negative affect participates as a mediating variable and self-esteem as a moderating variable. METHOD The total number of adolescents amounted to 742, with a very similar sample in both sexes, 45.1% boys and 51.5% girls. They were between 13 and 19 years old (M = 15.63, SD = 1.244) and lived in the province of Almería, Spain. RESULTS First, our main results significantly reflected that the neuroticism personality trait increased negative affect as self-esteem decreased. Second, statistical analyzes showed that the effect of neuroticism on attention and emotional repair was mediated by negative affect, the effect being greater when self-esteem was lower. Therefore, negative affect was presented as a mediating variable in the relationship between neuroticism and attention and emotional repair, with self-esteem acting as a moderating variable in the model. CONCLUSIONS These findings have implications for professional practice with adolescents, since they highlight the importance of carrying out interventions that contribute to the development of self-esteem in the prevention of neuroticism since these actions can help moderate the effect exerted by the negative affect on emotional attention and repair, improving the emotional intelligence of the adolescent and, therefore, their psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Mercader Rubio
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (N.F.O.R.); (M.A.P.G.)
| | - Nieves Gutiérrez Ángel
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (N.F.O.R.); (M.A.P.G.)
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