1
|
Fateh HR, Nakhostin Ansari N, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Sabziparvar M, Naybandi S, Naghdi S, Honarpishe R. The effects of local calf vibration on balance, blood flow, and nerve conductivity in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a pilot study. Physiother Theory Pract 2024; 40:1397-1403. [PMID: 36779770 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2173992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effects of local calf vibration on balance, blood flow, and nerve conductivity in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). METHODS An open-label controlled trial was designed. Patients with confirmed diagnoses of type 2 diabetes and DPN were enrolled in the study and underwent ten sessions of local calf vibration therapy for the dominant leg. The other leg was considered the control. Balance evaluation, nerve conduction studies, and color Doppler ultrasound were performed before and after the treatment course. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Mann-Whitney test were used to evaluate the differences between the test results before and after the intervention and between the intervention and control legs. RESULTS Seventeen patients with a mean age of 60.3 ± 5.6 years (11 males) participated in the study. Mean Brief BESTest total scores were significantly improved (14.06 vs. 17.35; P = .01, Cohen's d = 0.743). There were no significant differences between the treated and control legs regarding the nerve conduction and color Doppler ultrasound parameters before and after the intervention (P ≥ .054). Changes in the parameters were also not significantly different between legs (P ≥ .078), except for common peroneal nerve conduction velocity, for which there was a higher increase in its value in the treated legs compared to the control legs (4.17 vs. 0.9, P = .002). CONCLUSION Local calf vibration may positively affect balance and lower extremities nerve conduction in patients with DPN, and the findings of this study can be a basis for studies evaluating the efficacy of local calf vibration for treating DPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Fateh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Shariati Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Nakhostin-Ansari
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Qods Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sabziparvar
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Naybandi
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soofia Naghdi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Honarpishe
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Wang H, Sun J. Understanding tightened muscle in knee osteoarthritis and the impacts of Fu's subcutaneous needling: A pilot trial with shear-wave elastography and near-infrared spectroscopy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38274. [PMID: 38787967 PMCID: PMC11124628 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the scarce reports on the interplay between Fu's subcutaneous needling (FSN), tightened muscle, and therapeutic effects, we developed a clinical research protocol to synchronously collect data on clinical efficacy and muscle characteristics in patients with knee osteoarthritis, exploring the mechanism of FSN action. The primary aim was to assess the feasibility and safety of this protocol, guiding future trials and their sample size calculations. METHODS In this prospective, single-blind, self-controlled study, 19 patients with early to mid-stage unilateral knee osteoarthritis underwent FSN therapy on both knees over 1 week (4 sessions, every other day). We measured local elastic modulus, muscle thickness, blood flow volume, and oxygen consumption rate of bilateral vastus lateralis muscles using shear-wave elastography and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) before and after the first and fourth treatments. Additionally, real-time NIRS indicators (oxygenated hemoglobin [O2Hb], deoxyhemoglobin [HHb], total hemoglobin [THb], and tissue saturation index [TSI]) were recorded during these treatments. Pain intensity (visual analogue scale [VAS]), functional status (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]), and active range of motion were evaluated before these treatments. RESULTS All 19 participants completed the trial without serious adverse events. After 3 FSN treatments, significant changes were observed in VAS and WOMAC scores (VAS: P < .001; WOMAC: P < .001), and knee flexion (P < .001) and external rotation (P = .02), except for internal rotation. No meaningful significant differences were observed in muscle characteristics at baseline or between pre- and post-treatment periods. NIRS results during treatments indicated significant increases in local O2Hb and THb post-FSN therapy (First treatment: O2Hb: P = .005; THb: P = .006. Fourth treatment: O2Hb: P = .002; THb: P = .004); however, no significant increases were observed for HHb (First treatment: P = .06; Fourth treatment: P = .28). No linear correlation was found between therapeutic effects and changes in tightened muscle indices. CONCLUSION FSN reduces pain and improves joint function in knee osteoarthritis, while also enhancing blood flow and oxygenation in the vastus lateralis muscle of the affected side. Further revisions of this protocol are warranted based on our insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Acupuncture Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Flodin J, Reitzner SM, Emanuelsson EB, Sundberg CJ, Ackermann P. The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the human skeletal muscle transcriptome. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14129. [PMID: 38459757 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
AIM The influence on acute skeletal muscle transcriptomics of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), as compared to established exercises, is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the effects on global mRNA-expression in the quadriceps muscle early after a single NMES-session, compared to the effects of voluntary knee extension exercise (EX), and to explore the discomfort level. METHODS Global vastus lateralis muscle gene expression was assessed (RNA-sequencing) in 30 healthy participants, before and 3 h after a 30-min session of NMES and/or EX. The NMES-treatment was applied using textile electrodes integrated in pants and set to 20% of each participant's pre-tested MVC mean (±SD) 200 (±80) Nm. Discomfort was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 0-10). The EX-protocol was performed at 80% of 1-repetition-maximum. RESULTS NMES at 20% of MVC resulted in VAS below 4 and induced 4448 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 80%-overlap of the 2571 DEGs of EX. Genes well-known to be up-regulated following exercise, for example, PPARGC1A, ABRA, VEGFA, and GDNF, were also up-regulated by NMES. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated many common pathways after EX and NMES. Also, some pathways were exclusive to either EX, for example, muscle tissue proliferation, or to NMES, for example, neurite outgrowth and connective tissue proliferation. CONCLUSION A 30-min NMES-session at 20% of MVC with NMES-pants, which can be applied with an acceptable level of discomfort, induces over 4000 DEGs, of which 80%-overlap with DEGs of EX. NMES can induce exercise-like molecular effects, that potentially can lead to health and performance benefits in individuals who are unable to perform resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Flodin
- Integrative Orthopedic Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Trauma, Acute Surgery and Orthopedics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan M Reitzner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Paul Ackermann
- Integrative Orthopedic Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Trauma, Acute Surgery and Orthopedics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ben Othman A, Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Aragão-Santos JC, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Relative Cross-Education Training Effects of Male Youth Exceed Male Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:881-890. [PMID: 38219228 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ben Othman, A, Anvar, SH, Aragão-Santos, JC, Behm, DG, and Chaouachi, A. Relative cross-education training effects of male youth exceed male adults. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 881-890, 2024-Cross-education has been studied extensively with adults, examining the training effects on contralateral homologous muscles. There is less information on the cross-education effects on contralateral heterologous muscles and scant information comparing these responses between adults and youth. The objective was to compare cross-education training effects in male youth and adults to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles. Forty-two male children (10-13-years) and 42 adults (18-21-years) were tested before and following an 8-week unilateral, dominant or nondominant arm, chest press (CP) training program or control group (14 subjects each). Unilateral testing assessed dominant and nondominant limb strength with leg press and CP 1 repetition maximum (1RM), knee extensors, elbow extensors (EE), elbow flexors, and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength and shot put distance and countermovement jump height. Upper-body tests demonstrated large magnitude increases, with children overall exceeding adults ( p = 0.05- p < 0.0001, η2 : 0.51, 10.4 ± 11.1%). The dominant trained limb showed significantly higher training adaptations than the nondominant limb for the adults with CP 1RM ( p = 0.03, η2 : 0.26, 6.7 ± 11.5%) and EE ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.27, 8.8 ± 10.3%) MVIC force. Unilateral CP training induced significantly greater training adaptations with the ipsilateral vs. contralateral limb ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.93, 27.8 ± 12.7%). In conclusion, children demonstrated greater training adaptations than adults, upper-body strength increased with no significant lower-body improvements, and ipsilateral training effects were greater than contralateral training in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayem Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia; and
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wohlann T, Warneke K, Behm DG, Schiemann S. Comparison of Supervised versus Self-Administered Stretching on Bench Press Maximal Strength and Force Development. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:109. [PMID: 38668577 PMCID: PMC11054409 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While there is reported superior effectiveness with supervised training, it usually requires specialized exercise facilities and instructors. It is reported in the literature that high-volume stretching improves pectoralis muscles strength under supervised conditions while practical relevance is discussed. Therefore, the study objective was to compare the effects of volume equated, supervised- and self-administered home-based stretching on strength performance. METHODS Sixty-three recreational participants were equally assigned to either a supervised static stretching, home-based stretching, or control group. The effects of 15 min pectoralis stretching, 4 days per week for 8 weeks, were assessed on dynamic and isometric bench press strength and force development. RESULTS While there was a large magnitude maximal strength increase (p < 0.001-0.023, ƞ2 = 0.118-0.351), force development remained unaffected. Dynamic maximal strength in both groups demonstrated large magnitude increases compared to the control group (p < 0.001-0.001, d = 1.227-0.905). No differences between the intervention group for maximal strength (p = 0.518-0.821, d = 0.101-0.322) could be detected. CONCLUSIONS The results could potentially be attributed to stretch-induced tension (mechanical overload) with subsequent anabolic adaptations, and alternative explanatory approaches are discussed. Nevertheless, home-based stretching seems a practical alternative to supervised training with potential meaningful applications in different settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wohlann
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; (T.W.)
- University Sports Centre, Carl of Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Movement Science, Sport and Health, Karl-Franzens University Graz, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7 P.O. Box 4200, Canada;
| | - Stephan Schiemann
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; (T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muñoz-Gómez E, Aguilar-Rodríguez M, Inglés M, Mollà-Casanova S, Sempere-Rubio N, Serra-Añó P. Effects of mirror therapy on pain, sensitivity and functionality in patients with unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Randomised control trial. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37947269 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2280705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of mirror therapy (MT) and therapeutic exercise (TE) with the unaffected hand, on pain, sensitivity and functionality in individuals with unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized controlled trial was carried out. Thirty-nine adults with unilateral CTS were included and randomly allocated to a six-week training programme based on MT (n = 20) or TE (n = 19). Visual Analogue Scale, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, Two-point discrimination (2PD), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) were assessed before (T0) and after the intervention (T1), and at one-month follow-up (T2). RESULTS At T1, MT and TE showed significant improvements in pain (p = 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively), however, only MT maintained the achieved effects at T2 (p = 0.01). In addition, 2PD significantly improved in MT in the first (p = 0.04) and fourth fingers (p = 0.02) at T1. The DASH score decreased at T1 in MT (p < 0.001) and TE (p = 0.01). Additionally, the BCTQ score improved in MT (p < 0.001), and TE (p < 0.001) at T1. The effects were maintained at T2 for DASH and BCTQ scores. CONCLUSIONS Training of the unaffected hand resulted in a significant improvement of the affected hand in both groups; nevertheless, MT achieved a longer duration of the effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muñoz-Gómez
- UBIC Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Aguilar-Rodríguez
- UBIC Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Inglés
- UBIC Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Mollà-Casanova
- UBIC Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Núria Sempere-Rubio
- UBIC Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Serra-Añó
- UBIC Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Voskuil CC, Andrushko JW, Huddleston BS, Farthing JP, Carr JC. Exercise prescription and strategies to promote the cross-education of strength: a scoping review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:569-582. [PMID: 37156010 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cross-education of strength is moderated by exercise design and prescription in clinical and non-clinical populations. This review synthesizes the available evidence regarding exercise design strategies for unilateral resistance training and provides evidence-based recommendations for the prescription of unilateral training to maximize the cross-education of strength. Greater insights regarding the timing and effectiveness of cross-education interventions in clinical scenarios will strengthen the use of unilateral resistance training for individuals who may benefit from its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth TX, USA
| | - Justin W Andrushko
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Boglarka S Huddleston
- Health Sciences Librarian, Mary C. Burnett Library, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth TX, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Carr
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth TX, USA
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Christian University School of Medicine, Fort Worth TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye X, Vala D, Walker H, Gaza V, Umali V, Brodoff P, Gockel N, Nakamura M. Effects of Unilateral Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation with Illusionary Mirror Visual Feedback on the Contralateral Muscle: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3755. [PMID: 36834447 PMCID: PMC9962941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We aim to examine the cross-education effects of unilateral muscle neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training combined with illusionary mirror visual feedback (MVF). Fifteen adults (NMES + MVF: 5; NMES: 5, Control: 5) completed this study. The experimental groups completed a 3-week NMES training on their dominant elbow flexor muscle. The NMES + MVF group had a mirror placed in the midsagittal plane between their upper arms, so a visual illusion was created in which their non-dominant arms appeared to be stimulated. Baseline and post-training measurements included both arms' isometric strength, voluntary activation level, and resting twitch. Cross-education effects were not observed from all dependent variables. For the unilateral muscle, both experimental groups showed greater strength increases when compared to the control (isometric strength % changes: NMES + MVF vs. NMES vs. Control = 6.31 ± 4.56% vs. 4.72 ± 8.97% vs. -4.04 ± 3.85%, p < 0.05). Throughout the training, even with the maximally tolerated NMES, the NMES + MVF group had greater perceived exertion and discomfort than the NMES. Additionally, the NMES-evoked force increased throughout the training for both groups. Our data does not support that NMES combined with or without MVF induces cross-education. However, the stimulated muscle becomes more responsive to the NMES and can become stronger following the training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Daniel Vala
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Hayden Walker
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Victor Gaza
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Vinz Umali
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Patrick Brodoff
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Nathan Gockel
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kantha P, Hsu WL, Chen PJ, Tsai YC, Lin JJ. A novel balance training approach: Biomechanical study of virtual reality-based skateboarding. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1136368. [PMID: 36845193 PMCID: PMC9950389 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1136368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of virtual reality (VR) technology in training and rehabilitation gained increasing attention in recent years due to its potential to provide immersive and interactive experiences. We developed a novel VR-based balance training, VR-skateboarding, for improving balance. It is important to investigate the biomechanical aspects of this training, as it would have benefited both health professionals and software engineers. Aims: This study aimed to compare the biomechanical characteristics of VR-skateboarding with those of walking. Materials and Methods: Twenty young participants (10 males and 10 females) were recruited. Participants underwent VR-skateboarding and walking at the comfortable walking speed, with the treadmill set at the same speed for both tasks. The motion capture system and electromyography were used to determine joint kinematics and muscle activity of the trunk and legs, respectively. The force platform was also used to collect the ground reaction force. Results: Participants demonstrated increased trunk flexion angles and muscle activity of trunk extensor during VR-skateboarding than during walking (p < 0.01). For the supporting leg, participants' joint angles of hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion, as well as muscle activity of knee extensor, were higher during VR-skateboarding than during walking (p < 0.01). For the moving leg, only hip flexion increased in VR-skateboarding when compared to walking (p < 0.01). Furthermore, participants increased weight distribution in the supporting leg during VR-skateboarding (p < 0.01). Conclusion: VR-skateboarding is a novel VR-based balance training that has been found to improve balance through increased trunk and hip flexion, facilitated knee extensor muscles, and increased weight distribution on the supporting leg compared to walking. These differences in biomechanical characteristics have potential clinical implications for both health professionals and software engineers. Health professionals may consider incorporating VR-skateboarding into training protocols to improve balance, while software engineers may use this information to design new features in VR systems. Our study suggests that the impact of VR-skateboarding particularly manifest when focusing on the supporting leg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phunsuk Kantha
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Wei-Li Hsu,
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tsai
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Jenq Lin
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Warneke K, Zech A, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Nakamura M, Keiner M, Schoenfeld BJ, Behm DG. Sex differences in stretch-induced hypertrophy, maximal strength and flexibility gains. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1078301. [PMID: 36685189 PMCID: PMC9846774 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1078301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: If the aim is to increase maximal strength (MSt) and muscle mass, resistance training (RT) is primarily used to achieve these outcomes. However, research indicates that long-duration stretching sessions of up to 2 h per day can also provide sufficient stimuli to induce muscle growth. In RT literature, sex-related differences in adaptations are widely discussed, however, there is a lack of evidence addressing the sex-related effects on MSt and muscle thickness (MTh) of longer duration stretch training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of daily (1 h) unilateral static stretch training of the plantar flexors using a calf-muscle stretching device. Methods: Fifty-five healthy (m = 28, f = 27), active participants joined the study. MSt and range of motion (ROM) were measured with extended and flexed knee joint, and MTh was investigated in the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. Results: Statistically significant increases in MSt of 6%-15% (p < .001-.049, d = 0.45-1.09), ROM of 6%-21% (p < .001-.037, d = 0.47-1.38) and MTh of 4%-14% (p < .001-.005, d = 0.46-0.72) from pre-to post-test were observed, considering both sexes and both legs. Furthermore, there was a significant higher increase in MSt, MTh and ROM in male participants. In both groups, participants showed more pronounced adaptations in MSt and ROM with an extended knee joint as well as MTh in the medial head of the gastrocnemius (p < .001-.047). Results for relative MSt increases showed a similar result (p < .001-.036, d = 0.48-1.03). Discussion: Results are in accordance with previous studies pointing out significant increases of MSt, MTh and ROM due to long duration static stretch training. Both sexes showed significant increases in listed parameters however, male participants showed superior increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Warneke K, Keiner M, Hillebrecht M, Schiemann S. Influence of One Hour versus Two Hours of Daily Static Stretching for Six Weeks Using a Calf-Muscle-Stretching Orthosis on Maximal Strength. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11621. [PMID: 36141890 PMCID: PMC9517223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rebuilding strength capacity is of crucial importance in rehabilitation since significant atrophy due to immobilization after injury and/or surgery can be assumed. To increase maximal strength (MSt), strength training is commonly used. The literature regarding animal studies show that long-lasting static stretching (LStr) interventions can also produce significant improvements in MSt with a dose-response relationship, with stretching times ranging from 30 min to 24 h per day; however, there is limited evidence in human studies. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the dose-response relationship of long-lasting static stretching on MSt. A total of 70 active participants (f = 30, m = 39; age: 27.4 ± 4.4 years; height: 175.8 ± 2.1 cm; and weight: 79.5 ± 5.9 kg) were divided into three groups: IG1 and IG2 both performed unilateral stretching continuously for one (IG1) or two hours (IG2), respectively, per day for six weeks, while the CG served as the non-intervened control. MSt was determined in the plantar flexors in the intervened as well as in the non-intervened control leg to investigate the contralateral force transfer. Two-way ANOVA showed significant interaction effects for MSt in the intervened leg (ƞ2 = 0.325, p < 0.001) and in the contralateral control leg (ƞ2 = 0.123, p = 0.009), dependent upon stretching time. From this, it can be hypothesized that stretching duration had an influence on MSt increases, but both durations were sufficient to induce significant enhancements in MSt. Thus, possible applications in rehabilitation can be assumed, e.g., if no strength training can be performed, atrophy could instead be reduced by performing long-lasting static stretch training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiemann
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Warneke K, Zech A, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Nakamura M, Keiner M, Schoenfeld BJ, Behm DG. Sex differences in stretch-induced hypertrophy, maximal strength and flexibility gains. Front Physiol 2022. [PMID: 36685189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.878955/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: If the aim is to increase maximal strength (MSt) and muscle mass, resistance training (RT) is primarily used to achieve these outcomes. However, research indicates that long-duration stretching sessions of up to 2 h per day can also provide sufficient stimuli to induce muscle growth. In RT literature, sex-related differences in adaptations are widely discussed, however, there is a lack of evidence addressing the sex-related effects on MSt and muscle thickness (MTh) of longer duration stretch training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of daily (1 h) unilateral static stretch training of the plantar flexors using a calf-muscle stretching device. Methods: Fifty-five healthy (m = 28, f = 27), active participants joined the study. MSt and range of motion (ROM) were measured with extended and flexed knee joint, and MTh was investigated in the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. Results: Statistically significant increases in MSt of 6%-15% (p < .001-.049, d = 0.45-1.09), ROM of 6%-21% (p < .001-.037, d = 0.47-1.38) and MTh of 4%-14% (p < .001-.005, d = 0.46-0.72) from pre-to post-test were observed, considering both sexes and both legs. Furthermore, there was a significant higher increase in MSt, MTh and ROM in male participants. In both groups, participants showed more pronounced adaptations in MSt and ROM with an extended knee joint as well as MTh in the medial head of the gastrocnemius (p < .001-.047). Results for relative MSt increases showed a similar result (p < .001-.036, d = 0.48-1.03). Discussion: Results are in accordance with previous studies pointing out significant increases of MSt, MTh and ROM due to long duration static stretch training. Both sexes showed significant increases in listed parameters however, male participants showed superior increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|