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Khorrami Jahromi A, Siavash Moakhar R, Yedire SG, Shieh H, Rosenflanz K, Birks A, de Vries J, Lu Y, Shafique H, Strauss J, Mahshid S. Additively manufactured multiplexed electrochemical device (AMMED) for portable sample-to-answer detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:5107-5119. [PMID: 37921001 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00314k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Portable sample-to-answer devices with applications in point-of-care settings have emerged to obviate the necessity of centralized laboratories for biomarker analysis. In this work, a smartphone-operated and additively manufactured multiplexed electrochemical device (AMMED) is presented for the portable detection of biomarkers in blood and saliva. AMMED is comprised of a customized portable potentiostat with a multiplexing feature, a 3D-printed sample collection cartridge to handle three samples of saliva and blood at the same time, a smartphone application to remotely control the potentiostat, and a 3D-printed-based multiplexed microfluidic electrochemical biosensor (test chip). Here, by employing additive manufacturing techniques, a simple, cleanroom-free, and scalable approach was proposed for the fabrication of the test chip. Moreover, these techniques can bring about easy integration of AMMED components. Additionally, the test chip can be compatible with different affinity-based bioassays which can be implemented in a multiplexed manner for detection. The AMMED components were successfully characterized in terms of electrochemical and fluidic performance. Particularly, to demonstrate the biosensing capabilities of the device, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant and a well-established aptameric assay were selected as the representative biomarker and the bioassay, respectively. The proposed device accurately and selectively detected the target of interest in a rapid (5 min) and multiplex manner with a dynamic detection range of 1-10 000 pg ml-1 in different media, and the clinical feasibility was assessed by several saliva patient samples. AMMED offers a versatile sample-to-answer platform that can be used for the detection of various biomarkers present in biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hamed Shieh
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Katerina Rosenflanz
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Amber Birks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Justin de Vries
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Houda Shafique
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Julia Strauss
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 2M1, Canada
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Ibrahim NFA, Noor AM, Sabani N, Zakaria Z, Wahab AA, Manaf AA, Johari S. We-VoltamoStat: A wearable potentiostat for voltammetry analysis with a smartphone interface. HARDWAREX 2023; 15:e00441. [PMID: 37396412 PMCID: PMC10314292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technology, such as electronic components integrated into clothing or worn as accessories, is becoming increasingly prevalent in fields like healthcare and biomedical monitoring. These devices allow for continuous monitoring of important biomarkers for medical diagnosis, monitoring of physiological health, and evaluation. However, an open-source wearable potentiostat is a relatively new technology that still faces several design limitations such as short battery lifetime, bulky size, heavy weight, and the requirement for a wire for data transmission, which affects comfortability during long periods of measurement. In this work, an open-source wearable potentiostat device named We-VoltamoStat is developed to allow interested parties to use and modify the device for creating new products, research, and teaching purposes. The proposed device includes improved and added features, such as wireless real-time signal monitoring and data collection. It also has an ultra-low power consumption battery estimated to deliver 15 mA during operating mode for 33 h and 20 min and 5 mA during standby mode for 100 h without recharging. Its convenience for wearable applications, tough design, and compact size of 67x54x38 mm make it suitable for wearable applications. Cost-effectiveness is another advantage, with a price less than 120 USD. Validation performance tests indicate that the device has good accuracy, with an R2 value of 0.99 for linear regression of test accuracy on milli-, micro-, and nano-Ampere detection. In the future, it is recommended to improve the design and add more features to the device, including new applications for wearable potentiostats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology (FKTEN), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology (FKTEN), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology (MicTEC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology (FKTEN), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology (MicTEC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology (FKTEN), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology (FKTEN), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology (MicTEC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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Vidotto LHB, Junior DW, Kubota LT. A simple and low-cost portable potentiostat with real-time data sharing for wireless electrochemical analyses. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Shafique H, de Vries J, Strauss J, Khorrami Jahromi A, Siavash Moakhar R, Mahshid S. Advances in the Translation of Electrochemical Hydrogel-Based Sensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201501. [PMID: 36300601 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel biomaterials for bio- and chemical sensing applications have gained considerable traction in the diagnostic community with rising trends of using biocompatible and lowly cytotoxic material. Hydrogel-based electrochemical sensors have become a promising candidate for their swellable, nano-/microporous, and aqueous 3D structures capable of immobilizing catalytic enzymes, electroactive species, whole cells, and complex tissue models, while maintaining tunable mechanical properties in wearable and implantable applications. With advances in highly controllable fabrication and processability of these novel biomaterials, the possibility of bio-nanocomposite hydrogel-based electrochemical sensing presents a paradigm shift in the development of biocompatible, "smart," and sensitive health monitoring point-of-care devices. Here, recent advances in electrochemical hydrogels for the detection of biomarkers in vitro, in situ, and in vivo are briefly reviewed to demonstrate their applicability in ideal conditions, in complex cellular environments, and in live animal models, respectively, to provide a comprehensive assessment of whether these biomaterials are ready for point-of-care translation and biointegration. Sensors based on conductive and nonconductive polymers are presented, with highlights of nano-/microstructured electrodes that provide enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in biocompatible matrices. An outlook on current challenges that shall be addressed for the realization of truly continuous real-time sensing platforms is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Shafique
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Justin de Vries
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Julia Strauss
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | | | | | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
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Burgos-Flórez F, Rodríguez A, Cervera E, De Ávila M, Sanjuán M, Villalba PJ. Microfluidic Paper-Based Blood Plasma Separation Device as a Potential Tool for Timely Detection of Protein Biomarkers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050706. [PMID: 35630172 PMCID: PMC9142996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A current challenge regarding microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPAD) for blood plasma separation (BPS) and electrochemical immunodetection of protein biomarkers is how to achieve a µPAD that yields enough plasma to retain the biomarker for affinity biosensing in a functionalized electrode system. This paper describes the development of a BPS µPAD to detect and quantify the S100B biomarker from peripheral whole blood. The device uses NaCl functionalized VF2 filter paper as a sample collection pad, an MF1 filter paper for plasma retention, and an optimized microfluidic channel geometry. An inverted light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and image processing software were used for visualizing BPS efficiency. A design of experiments (DOE) assessed the device’s efficacy using an S100B ELISA Kit to measure clinically relevant S100B concentrations in plasma. The BPS device obtained 50 μL of plasma from 300 μL of whole blood after 3.5 min. The statistical correlation of S100B concentrations obtained using plasma from standard centrifugation and the BPS device was 0.98. The BPS device provides a simple manufacturing protocol, short fabrication time, and is capable of S100B detection using ELISA, making one step towards the integration of technologies aimed at low-cost POC testing of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Burgos-Flórez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
- Health and Technological Innovation, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ingenierías, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Rodríguez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Eliana Cervera
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Marcio De Ávila
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Marco Sanjuán
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Villalba
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
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