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Clarke R, Bharucha T, Arman BY, Gangadharan B, Gomez Fernandez L, Mosca S, Lin Q, Van Assche K, Stokes R, Dunachie S, Deats M, Merchant HA, Caillet C, Walsby-Tickle J, Probert F, Matousek P, Newton PN, Zitzmann N, McCullagh JSO. Using matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry combined with machine learning for vaccine authenticity screening. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:155. [PMID: 39198486 PMCID: PMC11358428 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The global population is increasingly reliant on vaccines to maintain population health with billions of doses used annually in immunisation programmes. Substandard and falsified vaccines are becoming more prevalent, caused by both the degradation of authentic vaccines but also deliberately falsified vaccine products. These threaten public health, and the increase in vaccine falsification is now a major concern. There is currently no coordinated global infrastructure or screening methods to monitor vaccine supply chains. In this study, we developed and validated a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) workflow that used open-source machine learning and statistical analysis to distinguish authentic and falsified vaccines. We validated the method on two different MALDI-MS instruments used worldwide for clinical applications. Our results show that multivariate data modelling and diagnostic mass spectra can be used to distinguish authentic and falsified vaccines providing proof-of-concept that MALDI-MS can be used as a screening tool to monitor vaccine supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Benediktus Yohan Arman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bevin Gangadharan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Laura Gomez Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Qianqi Lin
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Kerlijn Van Assche
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | | | - Susanna Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael Deats
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Hamid A Merchant
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
- Department of Bioscience, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Céline Caillet
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | | | - Fay Probert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Paul N Newton
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Zayed SO, Abd-Rabou RYM, Abdelhameed GM, Abdelhamid Y, Khairy K, Abulnoor BA, Ibrahim SH, Khaled H. The innovation of AI-based software in oral diseases: clinical-histopathological correlation diagnostic accuracy primary study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:598. [PMID: 38778322 PMCID: PMC11112957 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) through artificial intelligence (AI) could provide clinicians and oral pathologists to advance diagnostic problems in the field of potentially malignant lesions, oral cancer, periodontal diseases, salivary gland disease, oral infections, immune-mediated disease, and others. AI can detect micro-features beyond human eyes and provide solution in critical diagnostic cases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was developing a software with all needed feeding data to act as AI-based program to diagnose oral diseases. So our research question was: Can we develop a Computer-Aided Software for accurate diagnosis of oral diseases based on clinical and histopathological data inputs? METHOD The study sample included clinical images, patient symptoms, radiographic images, histopathological images and texts for the oral diseases of interest in the current study (premalignant lesions, oral cancer, salivary gland neoplasms, immune mediated oral mucosal lesions, oral reactive lesions) total oral diseases enrolled in this study was 28 diseases retrieved from the archives of oral maxillofacial pathology department. Total 11,200 texts and 3000 images (2800 images were used for training data to the program and 100 images were used as test data to the program and 100 cases for calculating accuracy, sensitivity& specificity). RESULTS The correct diagnosis rates for group 1 (software users), group 2 (microscopic users) and group 3 (hybrid) were 87%, 90.6, 95% respectively. The reliability for inter-observer value was done by calculating Cronbach's alpha and interclass correlation coefficient. The test revealed for group 1, 2 and 3 the following values respectively 0.934, 0.712 & 0.703. All groups showed acceptable reliability especially for Diagnosis Oral Diseases Software (DODS) that revealed higher reliability value than other groups. However, The accuracy, sensitivity & specificity of this software was lower than those of oral pathologists (master's degree). CONCLUSION The correct diagnosis rate of DODS was comparable to oral pathologists using standard microscopic examination. The DODS program could be utilized as diagnostic guidance tool with high reliability & accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa O Zayed
- Department of Oral maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Oral Pathology, Misr University for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 77, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rawan Y M Abd-Rabou
- Faculty of Oral Medicine & Dental Surgery, Misr University for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 77, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Youssef Abdelhamid
- Philosophy & Interactive Media Minors, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Bassam A Abulnoor
- Fixes Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Heba Khaled
- Lecturer of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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