Demographic and clinical profile of black patients with chronic kidney disease attending a tertiary hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa

Prevalence, clinical correlates and outcomes of cardiorenal anemia syndrome among patients with heart failure attending tertiary referral hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania: A protocol of a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

Cardiorenal anemia syndrome (CRAS) is a common complication among patients with heart failure and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, there is a paucity of published data concerning CRAS, despite of significant increase in heart failure patients attending medical services in developing countries. This study aims to assess the prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcomes of CRAS among patients with heart failure attending the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania.

METHODOLOGY

A prospective observational study is ongoing at the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania. Currently, 92 patients have been recruited into this study and process is not yet completed. The socio-demographic data, clinical correlates, and prevalence of CRAS will be determined at baseline meanwhile, the outcomes of CRAS will be determined during a follow-up period of six months from the date of enrollment. CRAS is the primary outcome of the study. Data will be categorized into CRAS and non-CRAS during statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation will be used for normally distributed continuous variables while median and interquartile range will be used for skewed data. Frequencies and percentages will summarize categorical variables. Clinical correlates and outcomes of CRAS will be analyzed and compared by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. A two-tailed p-value of less than 0.05 will indicate statistical significance.