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Jia H, Chang Y, Song J. The pig as an optimal animal model for cardiovascular research. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:136-147. [PMID: 38773343 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a worldwide health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Preclinical cardiovascular research using animals is needed to explore potential targets and therapeutic options. Compared with rodents, pigs have many advantages, with their anatomy, physiology, metabolism and immune system being more similar to humans. Here we present an overview of the available pig models for cardiovascular diseases, discuss their advantages over other models and propose the concept of standardized models to improve translation to the clinical setting and control research costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China.
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2
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Dorn C, Bender L, Sichtermann T, Minkenberg J, Franko M, Yousefian E, Wiesmann M, Stockero A, May R, Ridwan H, Nikoubashman O, Franz C. Comparison of artery diameters in the Aachen minipig serving as a human intracranial in vivo model. Lab Anim 2024; 58:65-72. [PMID: 37698341 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231169809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Minipigs are used as in vivo endovascular models, particularly in stroke and aneurysm research. However, detailed knowledge of the diameters of forelimb arteries that are commonly used as surrogates for human brain-supplying arteries are lacking. This study aimed to determine the diameters of forelimb and neck arteries in Aachen minipigs and to compare those to the diameters of human cerebral brain-supplying arteries in order to assess the validity of the Aachen minipig as a human intracranial in vivo model. We measured the diameters in the external carotid artery and eight different branches of the subclavian artery in 12 Aachen minipigs using angiographic imaging. Analysed arteries comprised the external carotid artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, subscapular artery first segment, subscapular artery second segment, external thoracic artery, caudal circumflex humeral artery, suprascapular artery and thoracodorsal artery. We compared these diameters to diameters of the following human brain-supplying arteries: terminal internal carotid artery (carotid-T and petrous segment), M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery, M2 segments of the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, vertebral artery and basilar artery. Median diameters of porcine forelimb arteries ranged from 1.8 to 4.9 mm, and human brain supplying arteries ranged in diameter from 1.4 to 4.3 mm. Depending on the intended use, this allows porcine forelimb arteries to be selected which are statistically comparable to human brain-supplying vessels. In conclusion, we identified several equivalent arteries of the porcine subclavian branches that are comparable to human brain-supplying arteries. This may help to validate the minipig as a suitable in vivo model for neurovascular experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dorn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Bender
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Sichtermann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Minkenberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Franko
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Ehsan Yousefian
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Stockero
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebecca May
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Hani Ridwan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Omid Nikoubashman
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Christiane Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Stonko DP, Rousseau MC, Price C, Benike A, Treffalls RN, Brunton NE, Rosen D, Morrison JJ. Technical and analytical approach to biventricular pressure-volume loops in swine including a completely endovascular, percutaneous closed-chest large animal model. JVS Vasc Sci 2024; 5:100190. [PMID: 38486870 PMCID: PMC10938295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pressure-volume (PV) loop analysis is a sophisticated invasive approach to quantifying load-dependent and independent measures of cardiac function. Biventricular (BV) PV loops allow left and right ventricular function to be quantified simultaneously and independently, which is important for conditions and certain physiologic states, such as ventricular decoupling or acute physiologic changes. BV PV loops can be performed in an entirely endovascular, percutaneous, and closed-chest setting. This technique is helpful in a survival animal model, as a percutaneous monitoring system during endovascular device experiments, or in cases where chest wall compliance is being tested or may be a confounder. In this article, we describe the end-to-end implementation of a completely endovascular, totally percutaneous, and closed-chest large animal model to obtain contemporaneous BV PV loops in 40 to 70 kg swine. We describe the associated surgical and technical challenges and our solutions to obtaining endovascular BV PV loops, closed-chest cardiac output, and stroke volume (including validation of the correction factor necessary for thermodilution), as well as how to perform endovascular inferior vena cava occlusion in this swine model. We also include techniques for data acquisition and analysis that are required for this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Stonko
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mathieu C. Rousseau
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Colin Price
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amy Benike
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rebecca N. Treffalls
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- School of Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX
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Nilsson D, Chess-Williams R, Sellers D. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors tadalafil and sildenafil potentiate nitrergic-nerve mediated relaxations in the bladder vasculature. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176152. [PMID: 37925131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that lower urinary tract dysfunction may arise due to changes in local perfusion. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors can improve urinary bladder blood flow, although the local mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim was to pharmacologically characterise the vascular supply to the bladder and determine the mechanisms underlying the effects of the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors tadalafil and sildenafil. Responses of isolated rings of porcine superior vesical arteries to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured in the absence and presence of inhibitors of key neurotransmitter systems. Vasodilation responses to nitric oxide (NO) donors were also recorded, and the effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors on all responses determined. EFS caused biphasic responses with an initial vasoconstriction and a slower developing vasodilation. Vasoconstriction was mediated by ATP (55%) and noradrenaline (45%) release, whilst vasodilation was reduced by L-NNA (100 μM) (80%) and propranolol (1 μM) (20%). The nitrergic component was inhibited (81%) by L-NPA, a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Endothelial removal did not affect vasodilation. Tadalafil and sildenafil depressed noradrenaline-evoked vasoconstriction (by 26.8% and 35.5% respectively, P < 0.01), enhanced vasodilation to EFS (by 27.8% and 51.8% respectively, p < 0.01) and enhanced responses to NO donors nitroprusside, SIN-1, and SNAP, increasing pIC50 values (P < 0.01), without affecting maximal responses. In conclusion, neuronal NOS has a predominant role in regulating vascular tone of the porcine superior vesical artery and potentiation of nNO-mediated vasodilation is the primary mechanism underlying effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in the bladder vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Nilsson
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4226, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4226, Australia
| | - Donna Sellers
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4226, Australia.
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Aizarna-Lopetegui U, García-Astrain C, Renero-Lecuna C, González-Callejo P, Villaluenga I, Del Pozo MA, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Henriksen-Lacey M, Jimenez de Aberasturi D. Remodeling arteries: studying the mechanical properties of 3D-bioprinted hybrid photoresponsive materials. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9431-9442. [PMID: 37655486 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed cell models are currently in the spotlight of medical research. Whilst significant advances have been made, there are still aspects that require attention to achieve more realistic models which faithfully represent the in vivo environment. In this work we describe the production of an artery model with cyclic expansive properties, capable of mimicking the different physical forces and stress factors that cells experience in physiological conditions. The artery wall components are reproduced using 3D printing of thermoresponsive polymers with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) representing the outer tunica adventitia, smooth muscle cells embedded in extracellular matrix representing the tunica media, and finally a monolayer of endothelial cells as the tunica intima. Cyclic expansion can be induced thanks to the inclusion of photo-responsive plasmonic NPs embedded within the thermoresponsive ink composition, resulting in changes in the thermoresponsive polymer hydration state and hence volume, in a stimulated on-off manner. By changing the thermoresponsive polymer composition, the transition temperature and pulsatility can be efficiently tuned. We show the direct effect of cyclic expansion and contraction on the overlying cell layers by analyzing transcriptional changes in mechanoresponsive mesenchymal genes associated with such microenvironmental physical cues. The technique described herein involving stimuli-responsive 3D printed tissue constructs, also described as four- dimensional (4D) printing, offers a novel approach for the production of dynamic biomodels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxue Aizarna-Lopetegui
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Clara García-Astrain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Carlos Renero-Lecuna
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Callejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolar Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolar Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Metabolic and Immunity Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Malou Henriksen-Lacey
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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Cheng H, Li G, Dai J, Zhang K, Xu T, Wei L, Zhang X, Ding D, Hou J, Li J, Zhuang J, Tan K, Guo R. A fluid-structure interaction model accounting arterial vessels as a key part of the blood-flow engine for the analysis of cardiovascular diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:981187. [PMID: 36061431 PMCID: PMC9438578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.981187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the classical Windkessel model, the heart is the only power source for blood flow, while the arterial system is assumed to be an elastic chamber that acts as a channel and buffer for blood circulation. In this paper we show that in addition to the power provided by the heart for blood circulation, strain energy stored in deformed arterial vessels in vivo can be transformed into mechanical work to propel blood flow. A quantitative relationship between the strain energy increment and functional (systolic, diastolic, mean and pulse blood pressure) and structural (stiffness, diameter and wall thickness) parameters of the aorta is described. In addition, details of blood flow across the aorta remain unclear due to changes in functional and other physiological parameters. Based on the arterial strain energy and fluid-structure interaction theory, the relationship between physiological parameters and blood supply to organs was studied, and a corresponding mathematical model was developed. The findings provided a new understanding about blood-flow circulation, that is, cardiac output allows blood to enter the aorta at an initial rate, and then strain energy stored in the elastic arteries pushes blood toward distal organs and tissues. Organ blood supply is a key factor in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVD), which are caused by changes in blood supply in combination with multiple physiological parameters. Also, some physiological parameters are affected by changes in blood supply, and vice versa. The model can explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic diseases such as CCVD and hypertension among others, and the results are in good agreement with epidemiological studies of CCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Cheng
- Department of Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Heming Cheng, ; Ke Zhang,
| | - Gen Li
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jifeng Dai
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Heming Cheng, ; Ke Zhang,
| | - Tianrui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liuchuang Wei
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Dongfang Ding
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jianyun Li
- Department of Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangping Zhuang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Kaijun Tan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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