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Rana R, Sharma A, Kumar N, Khanna A, Jyoti, Dhir M, Gulati HK, Singh JV, Bedi PMS. A comprehensive review of synthetic and semisynthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors: identification of potential leads based on in-silico computed ADME characteristics. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10962-1. [PMID: 39164505 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, both synthetic and semisynthetic, have been developed extensively over the past few decades. The increased level of XO is not only the major cause of gout but is also responsible for various conditions associated with hyperuricemia, such as cardiovascular disorders, chronic kidney disorders, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and chronic wounds. Marketed available XO inhibitors (allopurinol, febuxostat, and topiroxostat) are used to treat hyperuricemia but they are associated with fatal side effects, which pose serious problems for the healthcare system, rising the need for new, more potent, safer compounds. This review summarizes recent findings on XO and describes their design, synthesis, biological significance in the development of anti-hyperuricemic drugs with ADME profile, structure activity relationship (SAR) and molecular docking studies. The results might help medicinal chemists to develop more efficacious XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Aanchal Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Muskan Dhir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Harmandeep Kaur Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder Vir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
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Singh A, Debnath R, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Heterocyclic compounds as xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of hyperuricemia: synthetic strategies, structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies (2018-2024). RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1849-1876. [PMID: 38911168 PMCID: PMC11187568 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is characterized by higher-than-normal levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. This condition can increase the likelihood of developing gout, a form of arthritis triggered by the deposition of urate crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. An essential part of purine metabolism is played by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO), which transforms xanthine and hypoxanthine into uric acid. Despite its vital role, diseases such as gout have been associated with elevated uric acid levels, which are linked to increased XO activity. To manage hyperuricemia, this study focuses on potential nitrogen based heterocyclic compounds that may serve as XO inhibitors which may lower uric acid levels and prevent hyperuricemia. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are a class of medications used to treat conditions like gout by reducing the production of uric acid. The present study demonstrates numerous compounds, particularly nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds including their synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and molecular docking studies. This paper also contains drugs undergoing clinical studies and the xanthine oxidase inhibitors that have been approved by the FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy Ghal Kalan, G.T Road Moga Punjab 142001 India
| | - Rabin Debnath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy Ghal Kalan, G.T Road Moga Punjab 142001 India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences Faridkot 151203 Punjab India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences Faridkot 151203 Punjab India
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Linani A, Serseg T, Benarous K, Bou-Salah L, Yousfi M, Alama MN, Ashraf GM. Cupressus sempervirens L. flavonoids as potent inhibitors to xanthine oxidase: in vitro, molecular docking, ADMET and PASS studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7055-7068. [PMID: 36001586 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive intake of purine-rich foods such as seafood and red meat leads to excess xanthine oxidase activity and provokes gout attacks. The aim of this paper is to evaluate in vitro and in silico, the inhibition effect of Cupressus sempervirens plant extracts (flavonoids (Cae) and alkaloids (CaK)) and its six derivative compounds on bovine xanthine oxidase (BXO). The in silico study consists of molecular docking with GOLD v4.0 based on the best PLPchem score (PLP) and prediction of biological activity with the PASS server tool. The inhibitors used were lignan (cp1), Amentoflavone (cp2), Cupressuflavone (cp3), Isocryptomerin (cp4), Hinokiflavone (cp5), and Neolignan (cp6). The in vitro results showed that CaK gives an IC50 of 3.52 ± 0.04 μg/ml. Similarly, Cae saved an IC50 of 8.46 ± 1.98 μg/ml compared with the control (2.82 ± 0.10 μg/ml). The in silico results show that cp1 was the best inhibitor model (PLP of 88.09) with approved pharmacokinetics. These findings suggest that cp1 and cp2 may offer good alternatives for the treatment of hyperuricemia; cp3 was moderate, while the others (cp4 to cp6) were considered weak inhibitors according to their PLP.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderahmane Linani
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Talia Serseg
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Khedidja Benarous
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
- Biology department, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Leila Bou-Salah
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Nabil Alama
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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