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Rossignoli D, Manzi F, Gaggioli A, Marchetti A, Massaro D, Riva G, Maggioni MA. The Importance of Being Consistent: Attribution of Mental States in Strategic Human-Robot Interactions. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:498-506. [PMID: 38770627 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This article investigates the attribution of mental state (AMS) to an anthropomorphic robot by humans in a strategic interaction. We conducted an experiment in which human subjects are paired with either a human or an anthropomorphic robot to play an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game, and we tested whether AMS is dependent on the robot "consistency," that is, the correspondence between the robot's verbal reaction and its behavior after a nonoptimal social outcome of the game is obtained. We find that human partners are attributed a higher mental state level than robotic partners, regardless of the partner's consistency between words and actions. Conversely, the level of AMS assigned to the robot is significantly higher when the robot is consistent in its words and actions. This finding is robust to the inclusion of psychological factors such as risk attitude and trust, and it holds regardless of subjects' initial beliefs about the adaptability of the robot. Finally, we find that when the robot apologizes for its behavior and defects in the following stage, the epistemic component of the AMS significantly increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Rossignoli
- DISEIS, Department of International Economics, Institutions and Development, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- CSCC, Cognitive Science and Communication research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- HuRoLab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Manzi
- HuRoLab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- UniToM, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaggioli
- Research Center of Communication Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- ATN-P Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- HuRoLab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- UniToM, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- HuRoLab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Research Center of Communication Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario A Maggioni
- DISEIS, Department of International Economics, Institutions and Development, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- CSCC, Cognitive Science and Communication research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- HuRoLab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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Diel A, Sato W, Hsu CT, Minato T. Asynchrony enhances uncanniness in human, android, and virtual dynamic facial expressions. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:368. [PMID: 38082445 PMCID: PMC10714471 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uncanniness plays a vital role in interactions with humans and artificial agents. Previous studies have shown that uncanniness is caused by a higher sensitivity to deviation or atypicality in specialized categories, such as faces or facial expressions, marked by configural processing. We hypothesized that asynchrony, understood as a temporal deviation in facial expression, could cause uncanniness in the facial expression. We also hypothesized that the effect of asynchrony could be disrupted through inversion. RESULTS Sixty-four participants rated the uncanniness of synchronous or asynchronous dynamic face emotion expressions of human, android, or computer-generated (CG) actors, presented either upright or inverted. Asynchrony vs. synchrony expressions increased uncanniness for all upright expressions except for CG angry expressions. Inverted compared with upright presentations produced less evident asynchrony effects for human angry and android happy expressions. These results suggest that asynchrony can cause dynamic expressions to appear uncanny, which is related to configural processing but different across agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Diel
- Cardiff University School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK.
- RIKEN Institute, Kyoto, Japan.
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg- Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Burgess S, Beeston A, Carr J, Siempou K, Simmonds M, Zanker Y. A Bio-Inspired Arched Foot with Individual Toe Joints and Plantar Fascia. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 37887586 PMCID: PMC10604005 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the design and testing of an arched foot with several biomimetic features, including five individual MTP (toe) joints, four individual midfoot joints, and plantar fascia. The creation of a triple-arched foot represents a step further in bio-inspired design compared to other published designs. The arched structure creates flexibility that is similar to human feet with a vertical deflection of up to 12 mm. The individual toe joints enable abduction-adduction in the forefoot and therefore a natural pronation motion. Adult female bone data was obtained and converted into a CAD model to accurately identify the location of bones, joints, and arches. An analytical model is presented that gives the relationship between the vertical stiffness and horizontal stiffness of the longitudinal arches and therefore allows the optimization of stiffness elements. Experimental tests have demonstrated a vertical arch stiffness of 76 N/mm which is similar to adult human feet. The range of movement of the foot is similar to human feet with the following values: dorsi-plantarflexion (28°/37°), inversion-eversion (30°/15°), and abduction-adduction (30°/39°). Tests have also demonstrated a three-point contact with the ground that is similar to human feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burgess
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Mechanical Engineering, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK (Y.Z.)
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Trzebiński W, Marciniak B, Kulczycka E. Online recommenders' anthropomorphism improves user response to hedonic and benefit-based product appeals through the recommenders' perceived ability to learn. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287663. [PMID: 37390062 PMCID: PMC10313022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reveal the limited effectiveness of benefit-based and hedonic-based product recommendations provided by online recommenders, and recommender anthropomorphism is considered a remedy. This paper aims to investigate the positive effect of anthropomorphism by involving the online recommender's perceived ability to learn as a mediator. Based on schema congruity theory, perceived benefit/hedonic appeals appropriateness is considered a dependent variable. In Study 1, subtle anthropomorphic cues within an online recommender had a positive effect on perceived benefit-appeals appropriateness through the perceived ability to learn. Study 2 demonstrated the positive relationship between perceived anthropomorphism and perceived hedonic-appeal appropriateness, with the mediating role of the perceived ability to learn. The results advance the knowledge about consumer response to online recommenders from the perspective of anthropomorphism and schema congruity theory. Marketers and consumer organizations are advised on how to deal with online recommender systems providing benefit and hedonic appeals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Trzebiński
- Department of Market, Marketing and Quality, Collegium of Management and Finance, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Market, Marketing and Quality, Collegium of Management and Finance, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Kulczycka
- Department of Market, Marketing and Quality, Collegium of Management and Finance, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
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Montandon ML, Rodriguez C, Herrmann FR, Eytan A, Pegna AJ, Haller S, Giannakopoulos P. Patterns of multiple brain network activation in dot perspective task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6793. [PMID: 37100844 PMCID: PMC10133244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this functional MRI (fMRI) study on 82 healthy adults using the dot perspective task, inconsistency of perspectives was associated with a significant increase of the mean reaction time and number of errors both in Self and Other conditions. Unlike the Arrow (non-mentalizing), the Avatar (mentalizing) paradigm was characterized by the recruitment of parts of the mentalizing and salience networks. These data provide experimental evidence supporting the fMRI distinction between mentalizing and non-mentalizing stimuli. A widespread activation of classical theory of mind (ToM) areas but also of salience network and decision making areas was observed in the Other compared to Self-conditions. Compared to Self-Consistent, Self-Inconsistent trials were related to increased activation in the lateral occipital cortex, right supramarginal and angular gyrus as well as inferior, superior and middle frontal gyri. Compared to the Other-Consistent, Other-Inconsistent trials yielded strong activation in the lateral occipital cortex, precuneus and superior parietal lobule, middle and superior precentral gyri and left frontal pole. These findings reveal that altercentric interference relies on areas involved in self-other distinction, self-updating and central executive functions. In contrast, egocentric interference needs the activation of the mirror neuron system and deductive reasoning, much less related to pure ToM abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Montandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Cristelle Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Herrmann
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Eytan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan J Pegna
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sven Haller
- CIMC - Centre d'Imagerie Médicale de Cornavin, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Panteleimon Giannakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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