Dialysate calcium, alfacalcidol, and clinical outcomes: A post-hoc analysis of the J-DAVID trial

The impact of low and high dialysate calcium concentrations on cardiovascular disease and death in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The optimal dialysate calcium (Ca) concentration for patients undergoing hemodialysis remains inconclusive, particularly concerning cardiovascular protection.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and a meta-analysis of eight RCTs to determine the optimal dialysate Ca concentration for cardiovascular protection. We compared outcomes in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis treated with either a low-Ca dialysate (LCD) (1.125 or 1.25 mmol/L) or a high-Ca dialysate (HCD) (1.5 or 1.75 mmol/L). The outcomes were coronary artery calcification score (CACS), all-cause and cardiovascular death, cardiovascular function and structure, and serum biochemical parameters.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference between LCD and HCD concerning CACS (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [-0.38, 0.07]), the risk of all-cause death, and cardiovascular death in patients treated with chronic maintenance hemodialysis. Conversely, LCD was associated with a significantly lower intima-media thickness (SMD = -0.49, 95% CI [-0.94, -0.05]) and pulse wave velocity than HCD (SMD = -0.86, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.51]). Furthermore, LCD significantly decreased serum Ca levels (mean difference [MD] = 0.52 mg/dL, 95% CI [0.19, 0.85]) and increased serum parathyroid hormone levels (MD = 44.8 pg/mL, 95% CI [16.2, 73.3]) compared with HCD. Notably, most RCTs examined in our analysis did not include patients receiving calcimimetics.

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis showed no significant differences in cardiovascular calcification and death between LCD and HCD and revealed a paucity of RCTs on dialysate Ca concentrations, including those involving patients on calcimimetics, indicating the urgent need for further studies.

Recommended calcium intake in adults and children with chronic kidney disease-a European consensus statement

Mineral and bone disorders (MBD) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. For several decades, the first-line approach to controlling hyperparathyroidism in CKD was by exogenous calcium loading. Since the turn of the millennium, however, a growing awareness of vascular calcification risk has led to a paradigm shift in management and a move away from calcium-based phosphate binders. As a consequence, contemporary CKD patients may be at risk of a negative calcium balance, which, in turn, may compromise bone health, contributing to renal bone disease and increased fracture risk. A calcium intake below a certain threshold may be as problematic as a high intake, worsening the MBD syndrome of CKD, but is not addressed in current clinical practice guidelines. The CKD-MBD and European Renal Nutrition working groups of the European Renal Association (ERA), together with the CKD-MBD and Dialysis working groups of the European Society for Pediatric Nephrology (ESPN), developed key evidence points and clinical practice points on calcium management in children and adults with CKD across stages of disease. These were reviewed by a Delphi panel consisting of ERA and ESPN working groups members. The main clinical practice points include a suggested total calcium intake from diet and medications of 800-1000 mg/day and not exceeding 1500 mg/day to maintain a neutral calcium balance in adults with CKD. In children with CKD, total calcium intake should be kept within the age-appropriate normal range. These statements provide information and may assist in decision-making, but in the absence of high-level evidence must be carefully considered and adapted to individual patient needs.

Assessment of the Association of Vitamin D and the Risk of Tuberculosis among End-Stage Kidney Disease Population

We investigated the role of vitamin D in the risk of tuberculosis (TB) among patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The retrospective cohort was conducted with data of 20,985 patients with kidney disease and 20,985 controls without kidney disease (1:1 matching on age of cohort entry and sex) in the duration of 1997−2010 from the Taiwan National Health insurance database. Then, by a case−cohort study, among 20,985 kidney disease, 3194 ESKD patients were identified with matched 3194 non-ESKD patients. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant association between kidney disease and tuberculosis (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.57 (1.33−1.86)), and the risk increased after 3 years of follow-up the (adjusted IRR 3.79 (2.55−5.62)), but after more years of follow-up no significance was observed. We also found that ESKD increases the risk of tuberculosis (adjusted IRR 3.67 (2.27−5.93)). However, vitamin D usage was not related with the tuberculosis risk in ESKD patients (p > 0.1783). Our study showed increased risk of tuberculosis in kidney disease and ESKD patients, and vitamin D was not beneficial in ESKD.