Evaluation of the reliability and validity of computerized tests of attention

Carotid revascularization improves cognition in patients with carotid stenosis

Patients with atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries are at risk of ischemic stroke and cognitive decline due to emboli and chronic hypoperfusion of brain tissue. Revascularization procedures improve cerebral hemodynamics, which has some effect on cognitive function. Some authors suggest that the presence of stenosis in the carotid arteries is an independent factor influencing cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the degree of stenosis of a stented carotid artery and attentional performance in individuals with carotid atherosclerosis. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted at a single center involving patients during cardiology hospitalization (T-1) and 1 year after hospital admission (T-2) for invasive treatment of carotid stenosis. The attention D2 test by R. Brickenkamp was used. The study showed that a critical degree of internal carotid artery stenosis is associated with poorer attentional performance in individuals undergoing carotid artery stenting. However, the ability to concentrate improved one year after the procedure in all groups of patients who underwent carotid artery stenting, regardless of the degree of internal carotid artery stenosis. It was also found that the side of the vasoconstriction (right/left) in patients with atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries has no influence on cognitive functions in relation to attention.

Computerized continuous scoring of the cognitive style figure test: Embedded figure test as an example

Extensive research has shown that cognitive style is a non-negligible potential influencer of domains of human functioning, such as learning, creativity, and cooperation among individuals. However, the dichotomy of cognitive style is contradictory to the fact that cognitive style is a continuous variable, and the dichotomy loses information about the strength of people's performance between the poles of cognitive style. To solve this problem, this study developed a computerized continuous scoring system (CCS) based on Python's OpenCV library, and achieved continuous scoring of the test of cognitive style, with the Embedded Figure Test as an example. An empirical study was implemented to compare the performance of dichotomous scoring and CCS. The results show that CCS can accurately extract the traces of participants' responses and achieve continuous scoring, supplementing the information on the strength of people's cognitive styles between the two poles, and the performance of CCS-based tests such as discrimination, reliability, and validity are significantly improved compared with the dichotomous scoring. Given the high reproducibility of CCS, it is expected to be applied to scoring other continuity characteristics in the future.

Assessing the stability of responding of male mice in the touchscreen 5 choice serial reaction time task: Focus on premature responding

The five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) is a test of attention that provides a well-validated ancillary measure of impulsive action, measured by premature responses. The task has been adapted for mice in touchscreen operant boxes, which is thought to offer improved test-retest reliability. Few studies have assessed the long-term stability of performance, including premature responding in this version of the task. We used the touchscreen 5CSRTT to conduct longitudinal testing of stability of premature responding following repeated behavioral and pharmacological manipulations. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained on a baseline version of the 5CSRTT. They were then tested on versions of the task in which the stimulus duration was reduced, and inter-trial intervals were elongated or varied within-session. Premature responding was subsequently tested following administration of pharmacological agents known to bi-directionally affect attention and impulsive action-cocaine, atomoxetine, and yohimbine. Mice were lastly re-tested 6 months later using the 5CSRTT with elongated inter-trial intervals. A reduced stimulus duration impacted attention, with reduced accuracy and increased omissions, but had no effect on premature responding. Both elongating and varying the inter-trial interval within-session increased premature responses. Mice showed similar and stable levels of increased premature responding 6 months later. Cocaine increased premature responding, though less than previously reported in rats. Atomoxetine reduced premature responding. Yohimbine had no effect on premature responding in the baseline task but decreased premature responding when tested using an elongated inter-trial interval. Overall, these results highlight that the touch screen adaptation of the 5CSRTT is an effective method for longitudinal testing of attention and impulsive action and remains sensitive to performance changes arising from repeated pharmacological and behavioral challenges.

The effect of considering eye movement time in evaluating the efficiency of attentional networks

The attention network test (ANT) is a tool for assessing the executive, alerting, and orienting components of attention. However, conflicting findings exist regarding the nature and correlation between attention networks. This study aims to investigate the influence of eye movement time on the assessment of attention network efficiency. Forty male students, with an average age of 20.8 ± 1.3 years, participated in the study. The revised attention network test was conducted concurrently with the recording of the electrooculogram signal. The electrooculogram signal was used to estimate eye placement time on target stimuli. Considering eye movement time for calculating the score of each network was proposed as a novel method. The study explored the nature of attention networks and their relationships, and revealed significant effects for attention networks with and without considering the eye movement time. Additionally, a significant correlation is observed between the alerting and orienting networks. However, no significant correlation is found between attention networks using the proposed method. Considering eye movement time alters the assessment of attention network efficiency and modifies the correlation among attention networks.

Association between habitual snoring and vigilant attention in elementary school children

OBJECTIVES

Vigilant attention (VA) is a fundamental neurocognitive function. However, the association between habitual snoring (HS) and VA in community-based children remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the association.

METHODS

The study included 2014 children from grades 1-6 across six elementary schools. Snoring frequency was evaluated using a questionnaire administered to parents. VA was assessed using a brief 3-min psychomotor vigilance test (PVT-B). Generalized linear models and multivariate logistic regression analysis were utilized to examine the association between snoring frequency and PVT-B performance. Impaired PVT-B performance was defined as the worst quartile of PVT-B metrics.

RESULTS

The PVT-B performance significantly improved with advancing school grade level (p trend < 0.0001). A significant negative correlation was observed between snoring frequency and PVT-B performance. Particularly, in grade 1, HS was associated with a higher risk of impaired PVT-B performance, including response speed (mean reciprocal reaction time) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-5.50), more slowest 10% RT (aOR 3.28, 95% CI: 1.51-6.88), and more lapse500 (number of lapse of reaction time ≥ 500 ms) (aOR 3.18, 95% CI: 1.45-6.80) compared to children without snoring.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show that VA rapidly improves throughout elementary school. Additionally, younger children with HS are at risk of VA deficits, emphasizing the importance of early intervention for HS.

Evidence for a competitive relationship between executive functions and statistical learning

The ability of the brain to extract patterns from the environment and predict future events, known as statistical learning, has been proposed to interact in a competitive manner with prefrontal lobe-related networks and their characteristic cognitive or executive functions. However, it remains unclear whether these cognitive functions also possess a competitive relationship with implicit statistical learning across individuals and at the level of latent executive function components. In order to address this currently unknown aspect, we investigated, in two independent experiments (NStudy1 = 186, NStudy2 = 157), the relationship between implicit statistical learning, measured by the Alternating Serial Reaction Time task, and executive functions, measured by multiple neuropsychological tests. In both studies, a modest, but consistent negative correlation between implicit statistical learning and most executive function measures was observed. Factor analysis further revealed that a factor representing verbal fluency and complex working memory seemed to drive these negative correlations. Thus, the antagonistic relationship between implicit statistical learning and executive functions might specifically be mediated by the updating component of executive functions or/and long-term memory access.

Preliminary findings on long-term effects of fMRI neurofeedback training on functional networks involved in sustained attention

INTRODUCTION

Neurofeedback based on functional magnetic resonance imaging allows for learning voluntary control over one's own brain activity, aiming to enhance cognition and clinical symptoms. We previously reported improved sustained attention temporarily by training healthy participants to up-regulate the differential activity of the sustained attention network minus the default mode network (DMN). However, the long-term brain and behavioral effects of this training have not yet been studied. In general, despite their relevance, long-term learning effects of neurofeedback training remain under-explored.

METHODS

Here, we complement our previously reported results by evaluating the neurofeedback training effects on functional networks involved in sustained attention and by assessing behavioral and brain measures before, after, and 2 months after training. The behavioral measures include task as well as questionnaire scores, and the brain measures include activity and connectivity during self-regulation runs without feedback (i.e., transfer runs) and during resting-state runs from 15 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

Neurally, we found that participants maintained their ability to control the differential activity during follow-up sessions. Further, exploratory analyses showed that the training increased the functional connectivity between the DMN and the occipital gyrus, which was maintained during follow-up transfer runs but not during follow-up resting-state runs. Behaviorally, we found that enhanced sustained attention right after training returned to baseline level during follow-up.

CONCLUSION

The discrepancy between lasting regulation-related brain changes but transient behavioral and resting-state effects raises the question of how neural changes induced by neurofeedback training translate to potential behavioral improvements. Since neurofeedback directly targets brain measures to indirectly improve behavior in the long term, a better understanding of the brain-behavior associations during and after neurofeedback training is needed to develop its full potential as a promising scientific and clinical tool.