What is associated with reported acute respiratory infection in children under 5 and PCV vaccination in children aged 1-36 months in Malawi? A secondary data analysis using the Malawi 2014 MICS survey

Patterns of basic pneumococcal conjugated vaccine coverage in Ethiopia from 2015 to 2018; further analysis of Ethiopian DHS (2016-2019)

Background

Geographic variation is crucial in spotting performance gaps in immunization programs, including the Pneumococcal Conjugated Vaccine (PCV). This will help speed up targeted vaccination and disease elimination programs in resource-limited countries. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the geographic variation and determinants of PCV vaccination coverage among children aged under five years old in Ethiopia.

Methods

This analysis was carried out based on the 2016 and 2019 nationally representative Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). We included two surveys of 10,640 children aged 12-23 months. The spatial analysis also covered 645 and 305 clusters with geographical information for both 2016 and 2019, respectively. We explored the spatial distribution, global spatial autocorrelation, spatial interpolation, and Stats Can windows of children with PCV-3 vaccination. P-values were generated using 999 Monte Carlo simulations to identify statistically significant clusters. To understand the coverage of PCV-3 in all areas of the country, we employed the ordinary Kriging interpolation method to estimate the coverage in unsampled areas. We also used hierarchical multivariate logistic regression to identify the factors associated with the utilization of the PCV vaccine (full vaccination).

Results

Except for Addis Ababa, children in all regions have lower odds of receiving all three PCV vaccines compared to the Tigray region. Residence, sex of a child, mother's literacy status, household wealth index, and place of delivery were significant factors associated with receiving the third dose of PCV. Spatial analysis also showed the Somali and Afar regions had the lowest coverage, while the Addis Ababa and Tigray regions had higher coverage in both surveys.

Conclusion

Even though the coverage of the full PCV vaccine improved from 2016 to 2019, variation was observed among regions and between rural and urban areas. The wealth index and educational status of mothers were the most important determinants of PCV vaccine utilization. Hence, the mass campaign might boost coverage in nomadic and semi-nomadic regions and rural areas. Similarly, programs that narrow the gap due to low socioeconomic differences should be formulated and implemented to increase uptake and general coverage.