The relationship between a plant-based diet and mental health: Evidence from a cross-sectional multicentric community trial (LIPOKAP study)

The association of the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) with depression and anxiety symptoms: the Isfahan functional disorders (ISFUN) cohort study

Background: Due to scarce epidemiologic data regarding the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) and mental health disorders, this study aimed to investigate the association of PDQS with depression and anxiety symptoms in Iranian adults.Methods: This cross-sectional analysis was performed using the baseline data collected for the Isfahan functional disorders (ISFUN) cohort study. ISFUN was established in 2017 and enrolled apparently healthy adults, aged 18-65 years in Isfahan, Iran. Information on usual dietary intakes was collected using a validated Dish-based, 106-item food frequency questionnaire. The severity of depression and anxiety was assessed using a validated Iranian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.Results: A total number of1892 participants were enrolled in the present study. In total, 54.50% of subjects were female. In the fully adjusted model, participants with PDQS lower than median compared with those with PDQS higher than median had higher risk of depression (OR =   1.62; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.37) and anxiety (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.27). In stratified analysis by sex, males with PDQS lower than median compared with those with PDQS higher than median had greater risk for depressive (OR: 1.57) and anxiety symptoms (OR =   1.52). However, in females, no significant association was found between PDQS and odds of depression, and anxiety in the fully adjusted model.Conclusion: We found evidence indicating a significant inverse association between PDQS and depression and anxiety symptoms among Iranian adults. Further studies, in particular with prospective design, are required to confirm these findings.

Depression, Anxiety, Emotional Eating, and Body Mass Index among Self-Reported Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians: A Cross-Sectional Study in Peruvian Adults

Background: Vegetarianism is commonly associated with various health benefits. However, the association between this dietary regimen and aspects of mental health remains ambiguous. This study compared the symptoms of depression and anxiety, emotional eating (EmE), and body mass index (BMI) in Peruvian vegetarian and non-vegetarian adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 768 Peruvian adults, of whom 284 (37%) were vegetarians and 484 (63%) were non-vegetarians. The Depression Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), and an EmE questionnaire were applied; additionally, the BMI was calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression and Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to evaluate the association between depression, anxiety, EmE, and BMI with dietary patterns. Results: The vegetarians (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 0.24, 95% CI 0.16-0.31; p < 0.001) reported more depressive symptoms than the non-vegetarians. This trend persisted for anxiety, with an adjusted PR of 0.17 (95% CI: 0.01-0.29; p = 0.012). However, the vegetarians (adjusted PR = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.61--0.14; p < 0.001) reported lower EmE scores compared to the non-vegetarians. Likewise, the vegetarians had a lower mean BMI than the non-vegetarians (B = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.21--0.08; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Vegetarian diets are associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lower EmE and BMI scores. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate these associations and determine causality and the underlying mechanisms involved.

The associations between plant-based dietary indices with depression and quality of life and insomnia among Iranian adolescent girls in 2015

Although previous research has explored the link between plant-based diets and mental health outcomes, there has been limited study on the quality levels of plant foods in this context. This study was conducted on 733 adolescent girls from cities in northeastern Iran. The validated Iranian version of the Insomnia Severity Index, SF-12v2 questionnaire and Persian version of the Beck Depression Inventory used to assess insomnia and poor quality of life (QoL) and depression, respectively. Dietary intakes assessed using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The association of scores of plant based dietary index (PDI) and poor QoL, depression and insomnia explored by binary logistic regression. The unadjusted model showed subjects in the highest quartile of healthy PDI had lower chances of insomnia than those in the lowest quartile (OR: 0.50; 95% CI 0.27-0.91, P = 0.024). The association persisted across various adjusted models. Subjects in the highest quartile of unhealthy PDI (uPDI) had higher chances of depression than those in the lowest quartile (OR: 1.83; 95% CI 1.09-3.08, P = 0.022). The significance of the association was maintained after adjusting for other confounders. A healthy plant-based dietary index is associated with a lower odds of insomnia. An unhealthy plant-based dietary index was associated to an increased chance of depression. Findings need to be confirmed by future studies.

Association of plant-based dietary patterns with depression and anxiety symptoms in Chinese older adults: A nationwide study

BACKGROUND

The associations of plant-based dietary patterns with depression and anxiety symptoms among older adults have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine these associations in Chinese older adults.

METHODS

Data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) was employed in the present study. The simplified food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10 (CES-D-10) was used to evaluate depression symptoms, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7) was used to assess anxiety symptoms. This study employed logistic regression and linear regression to examine the associations between plant-based dietary patterns and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

RESULTS

This study included 11,971 older adults, with a mean age of 83.23 ± 11.10 years. The results indicated that PDI and hPDI were negative associated with depression symptoms (adjusted β -0.09, 95 % CI -0.11, -0.07) (adjusted β -0.09, 95 % CI -0.11, -0.07) and anxiety symptoms (adjusted β -0.03, 95 % CI -0.04, -0.02) (adjusted β -0.04, 95 % CI -0.05, -0.02), while uPDI was positive associated with depression symptoms (adjusted β 0.09, 95 % CI 0.07, 0.11) and anxiety symptoms (adjusted β 0.04, 95 % CI 0.03, 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings from this study have the potential to promote healthy dietary patterns in older adults, and may have implications for the prevention and management of depression and anxiety in this population.

Plant-Based Diet Indices and Their Association with Frailty in Older Adults: A CLHLS-Based Cohort Study

Within the realm of aging, the nexus between diet and health has garnered considerable attention. However, only select studies have amalgamated insights into the correlation between plant and animal food consumption and frailty. Our aim was to appraise the connections between the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI) and frailty in the elderly, utilizing data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). This cohort study drew upon CLHLS data spanning from 2008 to 2018. The PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were gauged using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). A frailty index, encompassing 35 variables across major health domains, was formulated. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to scrutinize the associations between the three plant-based dietary indices and frailty in older adults, including an exploration of gender disparities in these associations. A cohort of 2883 study participants was encompassed, with 1987 (68.9%) observed to be either frail or in the pre-frail stage. The Cox model with penalized spline exhibited linear associations of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with the frailty index. Following covariate adjustments, it was discerned that older adults situated in the highest quartiles of PDI (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.95) and hPDI (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.93) experienced a 14% and 17% diminished risk of frailty compared to those in the lowest quartiles of PDI and hPDI, respectively. Conversely, when contrasted with those in the lowest quartile of uPDI, older adults adhering to the highest tertile of uPDI exhibited a 21% elevated risk of frailty (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.08-1.36), with both associations achieving statistical significance (p < 0.01). Moreover, additional subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of PDI and hPDI against frailty and the deleterious effects of uPDI were more conspicuous in men compared to women. To forestall or decelerate the progression of frailty in the elderly, tailored dietary interventions are imperative, particularly targeting male seniors.