Ultrastructural changes in cardiac and skeletal myoblasts following in vitro exposure to monensin, salinomycin, and lasalocid

Exosome: an overview on enhanced biogenesis by small molecules

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that received attention for their potential use in the treatment of various injuries. They communicate intercellularly by transferring genetic and bioactive molecules from parent cells. Although exosomes hold immense promise for treating neurodegenerative and oncological diseases, their actual clinical use is very limited because of their biogenesis and secretion. Recent studies have shown that small molecules can significantly enhance exosome biogenesis, thereby remarkably improving yield, functionality, and therapeutic effects. These molecules modulate critical pathways toward optimum exosome production in a mode that is either ESCRT dependent or ESCRT independent. Improved exosome biogenesis may provide new avenues for targeted cancer therapy, neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, and regenerative medicine in wound healing. This review explores the role of small molecules in enhancing exosome biogenesis and secretion, highlights their underlying mechanisms, and discusses emerging clinical applications. By addressing current challenges and focusing on translational opportunities, this study provides a foundation for advancing cell-free therapies in regenerative medicine and beyond.