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Mantilla-Granados JS, Castellanos JE, Velandia-Romero ML. A tangled threesome: understanding arbovirus infection in Aedes spp. and the effect of the mosquito microbiota. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1287519. [PMID: 38235434 PMCID: PMC10792067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1287519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes are a major threat to human health, particularly in tropical regions but are expanding to temperate regions. The ability of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to transmit multiple arboviruses involves a complex relationship between mosquitoes and the virus, with recent discoveries shedding light on it. Furthermore, this relationship is not solely between mosquitoes and arboviruses, but also involves the mosquito microbiome. Here, we aimed to construct a comprehensive review of the latest information about the arbovirus infection process in A. aegypti and A. albopictus, the source of mosquito microbiota, and its interaction with the arbovirus infection process, in terms of its implications for vectorial competence. First, we summarized studies showing a new mechanism for arbovirus infection at the cellular level, recently described innate immunological pathways, and the mechanism of adaptive response in mosquitoes. Second, we addressed the general sources of the Aedes mosquito microbiota (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) during their life cycle, and the geographical reports of the most common microbiota in adults mosquitoes. How the microbiota interacts directly or indirectly with arbovirus transmission, thereby modifying vectorial competence. We highlight the complexity of this tripartite relationship, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic conditions at different geographical scales, with many gaps to fill and promising directions for developing strategies to control arbovirus transmission and to gain a better understanding of vectorial competence. The interactions between mosquitoes, arboviruses and their associated microbiota are yet to be investigated in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S. Mantilla-Granados
- Saneamiento Ecológico, Salud y Medio Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jaime E. Castellanos
- Grupo de Virología, Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Bogotá, Colombia
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2
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Li X, Dong Z, Liu Y, Song W, Pu J, Jiang G, Wu Y, Liu L, Huang X. A Novel Role for the Regulatory Nod-Like Receptor NLRP12 in Anti-Dengue Virus Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744880. [PMID: 34956178 PMCID: PMC8695442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue Virus (DENV) infection can cause severe illness such as highly fatality dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Innate immune activation by Nod-like receptors (NLRs) is a critical part of host defense against viral infection. Here, we revealed a key mechanism of NLRP12-mediated regulation in DENV infection. Firstly, NLRP12 expression was inhibited in human macrophage following DENV or other flaviviruses (JEV, YFV, ZIKV) infection. Positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1) was induced by DENV or poly(I:C) and suppressed NLRP12 expression, which was dependent on TBK-1/IRF3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, NLRP12 inhibited DENV and other flaviviruses (JEV, YFV, ZIKV) replication, which relied on the well-conserved nucleotide binding structures of its NACHT domain. Furthermore, NLRP12 could interact with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) dependent on its Walker A and Walker B sites. In addition, NLRP12 enhanced the production of type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including IFITM3, TRAIL and Viperin. Inhibition of HSP90 with 17-DMAG impaired the upregulation of type I IFNs and ISGs induced by NLRP12. Taken together, we demonstrated a novel mechanism that NLRP12 exerted anti-viral properties in DENV and other flaviviruses (JEV, YFV, ZIKV) infection, which brings up a potential target for the treatment of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Dong
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jieying Pu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanmin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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3
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A human-blood-derived microRNA facilitates flavivirus infection in fed mosquitoes. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110091. [PMID: 34910910 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematophagous arthropods, such as mosquitoes, naturally carry and transmit hundreds of arboviruses to humans. Blood meal is a predominant physical interface that shapes cross-species communications among humans, bloodsuckers, and arboviruses. Here, we identify a human-blood-derived microRNA, hsa-miR-150-5p, that interferes with a mosquito antiviral system to facilitate flavivirus infection and transmission. hsa-miR-150-5p is acquired with a blood meal into the mosquito hemocoel and persists for a prolonged time there. The agomir of hsa-miR-150-5p enhances, whereas the antagomir represses flaviviral infection in mosquitoes and transmission from mice to mosquitoes. Mechanistic studies indicate that hsa-miR-150-5p hijacks the mosquito Argonaute-1-mediated RNA interference system to suppress the expression of some chymotrypsins with potent virucidal activity. Mosquito chymotrypsins are essential for resisting systemic flavivirus infection in hemocoel tissues. Chymotrypsin homologs potentially targeted by miR-150-5p are also found in other hematophagous arthropods, demonstrating a conserved miR-150-5p-mediated cross-species RNAi mechanism that might determine flaviviral transmissibility in nature.
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4
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Qiao J, Liu Q. Interplay between autophagy and Sindbis virus in cells derived from key arbovirus vectors, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110204. [PMID: 34826589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are two species of Aedes mosquitoes which transmit multiple arboviruses causing serious diseases in human. Intriguingly, infection of arbovirus in both Aedes mosquitoes does not cause dramatic pathology, indicating that both mosquitoes have evolved mechanisms to tolerate persistent infection and restrict viral replication to nonpathogenic levels. Therefore, understanding how these mosquitoes interact with viruses would help to find targets for controlling the related mosquito-borne diseases. Autophagy is a conserved cellular recycling process functioning in maintenance of cellular homeostasis and recirculation of cytoplasmic materials under stressful conditions. Autophagy also acts as a cellular defense mechanism against viral infection. It is known that autophagy plays important roles in the replication of several Aedes mosquito-borne viruses in mammalian systems. However, little information is available regarding the role of autophagy in replication of those viruses in their primary vector, Aedes mosquitoes. This study found that interaction between autophagy and replication of Sindbis virus (SINV) occurred in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells and Ae. aegypti Aag2 cells. Moreover, it discovered that the patterns of interaction between autophagy and SINV replication are different in C6/36 cells and Aag2 cells. It was shown that replication of SINV induced complete autophagy in C6/36 cells but suppressed autophagy in Aag2 cells. Moreover, induction of autophagy by rapamycin treatment restricted SINV replication in C6/36 cells but promoted SINV replication in Aag2 cells. Consistent with this, suppression of autophagy by down regulation of Atg8 promoted SINV replication in C6/36 cells but restricted SINV replication in Aag2 cells. It was also found that, in both C6/36 and Aag2 cells, interaction between autophagy and SINV replication occurred after viral entry and prior to viral assembly. Collectively, this work demonstrated that SINV replication manipulated autophagy in Aedes mosquito cells and provided strong evidence of the role autophagy played in viral replication in Aedes mosquitoes. The findings have laid a foundation to elucidate the correlation between autophagy and arbovirus replication in Aedes mosquitoes and could help to understand the difference in viral transmission capacity of the two Aedes mosquitoes, Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qingzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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5
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González-González A, Wayne ML. Immunopathology and immune homeostasis during viral infection in insects. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:285-314. [PMID: 32711732 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organisms clear infections by mounting an immune response that is normally turned off once the pathogens have been cleared. However, sometimes this immune response is not properly or timely arrested, resulting in the host damaging itself. This immune dysregulation may be referred to as immunopathology. While our knowledge of immune and metabolic pathways in insects, particularly in response to viral infections, is growing, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate this immune response and hence little is known about immunopathology in this important and diverse group of organisms. In this chapter we focus both on documenting the molecular mechanisms described involved in restoring immune homeostasis in insects after viral infections and on identifying potential mechanisms for future investigation. We argue that learning about the immunopathological consequences of an improperly regulated immune response in insects will benefit both insect and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta L Wayne
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Wang H, Liu Y, Mo L, Huo C, Wang Z, Zhong P, Jia D, Zhang X, Chen Q, Chen H, Wei T. A Neuron-Specific Antiviral Mechanism Modulates the Persistent Infection of Rice Rhabdoviruses in Leafhopper Vectors. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:513. [PMID: 32362876 PMCID: PMC7180231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant rhabdoviruses are neurotropic and can persistently infect the central nervous system (CNS) of their insect vectors without causing significant cytopathology. The mechanisms by which the insect CNS resists infection by plant rhabdoviruses are largely unknown. Here, we report that the neural factor Hikaru genki homolog of the leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps (NcHig) limits the spread of the nucleorhabdovirus rice yellow stunt virus (RYSV) in vector CNS. NcHig is predominantly expressed in the CNS of N. cincticeps, and the knockdown of NcHig expression by RNA interference enhances RYSV infection of the CNS. Furthermore, immuno-blockade of NcHig function by microinjection of N. cincticeps with NcHig antibody also enhances viral infection of the CNS. Thus, we conclude that the neuron-specific factor NcHig can control RYSV propagation in the CNS. Interestingly, we find the Hig homolog of the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis also has antiviral activity during the persistent infection of the cytorhabdovirus rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) in vector CNS. We further determine that RYSV and RSMV matrix proteins specifically interact with the complement control protein (CCP) domains of Higs. Thus, the matrix protein-binding ability of Hig is potentially essential for its antiviral activity in rice leafhoppers. Our results demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved antiviral mechanism for Hig to mediate the persistent infection of rice rhabdoviruses in the CNS of leafhopper vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lining Mo
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Huo
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziyao Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zhong
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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7
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Rana VS, Popli S, Saurav GK, Yadav K, Kumar A, Sunil S, Kumar N, Singh OP, Natarajan K, Rajagopal R. Aedes aegypti lachesin protein binds to the domain III of envelop protein of Dengue virus-2 and inhibits viral replication. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13200. [PMID: 32141690 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) comprises of four serotypes (DENV-1 to -4) and is medically one of the most important arboviruses (arthropod-borne virus). DENV infection is a major human health burden and is transmitted between humans by the insect vector, Aedes aegypti. Ae. aegypti ingests DENV while feeding on infected humans, which traverses through its gut, haemolymph and salivary glands of the mosquito before being injected into a healthy human. During this process of transmission, DENV must interact with many proteins of the insect vector, which are important for its successful transmission. Our study focused on the identification and characterisation of interacting protein partners in Ae. aegypti to DENV. Since domain III (DIII) of envelope protein (E) is exposed on the virion surface and is involved in virus entry into various cells, we performed phage display library screening against domain III of the envelope protein (EDIII) of DENV-2. A peptide sequence showing similarity to lachesin protein was found interacting with EDIII. The lachesin protein was cloned, heterologously expressed, purified and used for in vitro interaction studies. Lachesin protein interacted with EDIII and also with DENV. Further, lachesin protein was localised in neuronal cells of different organs of Ae. aegypti by confocal microscopy. Blocking of lachesin protein in Ae. aegypti with anti-lachesin antibody resulted in a significant reduction in DENV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin S Rana
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonam Popli
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Gunjan K Saurav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, Munshi Lal Arya College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Mangal Pandey Government Girls Post Graduate College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | | | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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8
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Oliveira JH, Bahia AC, Vale PF. How are arbovirus vectors able to tolerate infection? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103514. [PMID: 31585195 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the defining features of mosquito vectors of arboviruses such as Dengue and Zika is their ability to tolerate high levels of virus proliferation without suffering significant pathology. This adaptation is central to vector competence and disease spread. The molecular mechanisms, pathways, cellular and metabolic adaptations responsible for mosquito disease tolerance are still largely unknown and may represent effective ways to control mosquito populations and prevent arboviral diseases. In this review article, we describe the key link between disease tolerance and pathogen transmission, and how vector control methods may benefit by focusing efforts on dissecting the mechanisms underlying mosquito tolerance of arboviral infections. We briefly review recent work investigating tolerance mechanisms in other insects, describe the state of the art regarding the mechanisms of disease tolerance in mosquitos, and highlight the emerging role of gut microbiota in mosquito immunity and disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Henrique Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina Bahia
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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9
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King JG. Developmental and comparative perspectives on mosquito immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103458. [PMID: 31377103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases spread by mosquitoes have killed more people than those spread by any other group of arthropod vectors and remain an important factor in determining global health and economic stability. The mosquito innate immune system can act to either modulate infection with human pathogens or fight off entomopathogens and increase the fitness and longevity of infected mosquitoes. While work remains towards understanding the larval immune system and the development of the mosquito immune system, it has recently become clearer that environmental factors heavily shape the developing mosquito immune system and continue to influence the adult immune system as well. The adult immune system has been well-studied and is known to involve multiple tissues and diverse molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is currently understood about the development of the mosquito immune system and includes comparisons of immune components unique to mosquitoes among the blood-feeding arthropods as well as important distinguishing factors between the anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. An explanation is included for how mosquito immunity factors into vector competence and vectorial capacity is presented along with a model for the interrelationships between nutrition, microbiome, pathogen interactions and behavior as they relate to mosquito development, immune status, adult female fitness and ultimately, vectorial capacity. Novel discoveries in the fields of mosquito ecoimmunology, neuroimmunology, and intracellular antiviral responses are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G King
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 32 Creelman Street, Dorman 402, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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10
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Aedes aegypti HPX8C modulates immune responses against viral infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007287. [PMID: 30986216 PMCID: PMC6464178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes act as vectors of numerous pathogens that cause human diseases. Dengue virus (DENV) transmitted by mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is responsible for dengue fever epidemics worldwide with a serious impact on human health. Currently, disease control mainly relies on vector targeted intervention strategies. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the innate immune response of mosquitoes against pathogens. In the present study, the expression profiles of immunity-related genes in the midgut responding to DENV infection by feeding were analyzed by transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR. The level of Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) increased seven days post-infection (d.p.i.), which could be induced by the Toll immune pathway. The expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) genes, including antioxidant genes, such as HPX7, HPX8A, HPX8B, HPX8C were induced at one d.p.i. and peaked again at ten d.p.i. in the midgut. Interestingly, down-regulation of the antioxidant gene HPX8C by RNA interference led to reduction in the virus titer in the mosquito, probably due to the elevated levels of ROS. Application of a ROS inhibitor and scavenger molecules further established the role of oxygen free radicals in the modulation of the immune response to DENV infection. Overall, our comparative transcriptome analyses provide valuable information about the regulation of immunity related genes in the transmission vector in response to DENV infection. It further allows us to identify novel molecular mechanisms underlying the host-virus interaction, which might aid in the development of novel strategies to control mosquito-borne diseases. HPX8C is a heme-containing peroxidase, which can move reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage to the organism by reducing H2O2 to H2O. Previously, the peroxidase gene has been shown to modulate midgut immunity and regulate anti-malarial response in mosquitoes. In this study, the classical immune signaling pathways, Toll and IMD genes might be late responses against the viruses. HPX8C was demonstrated here to play a role in antiviral immunity against DENV infection in Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes. HPX8C expression was induced by DENV infection and continued to increase with an elevated virus titer. In HPX8C-depleted mosquitoes, the ROS level was found to be increased with a corresponding decrease in the DENV and ZIKV virus titer. Therefore, it was speculated that HPX8C mediated immune responses against the DENV in the mosquito in the late stage of viral infection, which could be controlled by Toll pathway.
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Abstract
Mosquitoes are haematophagous vectors for hundreds of pathogenic viruses that are aetiological agents of human diseases. In nature, mosquito-borne viruses maintain a lifecycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate animals. Viruses are acquired by a naive mosquito from an infected host by blood meals and then propagate extensively in the mosquito's tissues. This mosquito then becomes a virus reservoir and is competent to transmit the viruses to a naive vertebrate host through the next blood meal. To survive in and efficiently cycle between two distinct host environments, mosquito-borne viruses have evolved delicate and smart strategies to comprehensively exploit host and vector factors. Here, we provide an update on recent studies of the mechanisms of virus survival in, acquisition and transmission by mosquitoes.
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12
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Simões ML, Caragata EP, Dimopoulos G. Diverse Host and Restriction Factors Regulate Mosquito-Pathogen Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:603-616. [PMID: 29793806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit diseases that seriously impact global human health. Despite extensive knowledge of the life cycles of mosquito-borne parasites and viruses within their hosts, control strategies have proven insufficient to halt their spread. An understanding of the relationships established between such pathogens and the host tissues they inhabit is therefore paramount for the development of new strategies that specifically target these interactions, to prevent the pathogens' maturation and transmission. Here we present an updated account of the antagonists and host factors that affect the development of Plasmodium, the parasite causing malaria, and mosquito-borne viruses, such as dengue virus and Zika virus, within their mosquito vectors, and we discuss the similarities and differences between Plasmodium and viral systems, looking toward the elucidation of new targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Simões
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Eric P Caragata
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Transmission of flaviviruses by hematophagous insects such as mosquitoes requires acquisition of the virus during blood feeding on the host, with midgut as the primary infection site. Here, we report that N-glycosylation of the E protein, which is conserved among most flaviviruses, is critical for the Zika virus (ZIKV) to invade the vector midgut by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway of the mosquito immune system. Our data further show that removal of the ZIKV E glycosylation site prevents mosquito infection by flaviviruses via the oral route, whereas there is no effect on infection by intrathoracic microinjection, which bypasses the midgut. Interestingly, the defect in infection of the mosquito midgut by the mutant virus through blood feeding is rescued by reduction of the ROS level by application of vitamin C, a well-known antioxidant. Therefore, our data demonstrate that ZIKV utilizes the glycosylation on the envelope to antagonize the vector immune defense during infection.IMPORTANCE Most flaviviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV), are transmitted between hosts by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, which acquire the virus during a blood meal. Here, by mutagenesis, we found a major role of the N-glycosylation of flavivirus E protein in its transmission circle, facilitating its survival against the vector immune system during invasion of the mosquito midgut while blood feeding on the host. In spite of the extensive studies of the involvement of N-glycan modification of flavivirus E protein in virus-host interactions, we discovered its critical role in virus-vector interaction and the evolution of flavivirus. Given the deleterious effects of ZIKV on human health, this study might have a significant impact on development of novel transmission-blocking strategies.
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Mills MK, Michel K, Pfannenstiel RS, Ruder MG, Veronesi E, Nayduch D. Culicoides-virus interactions: infection barriers and possible factors underlying vector competence. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:7-15. [PMID: 28805641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, Culicoides midges vector arboviruses of economic importance such as Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus. A limited number of studies have demonstrated the complexities of midge-virus interactions, including dynamic changes in virus titer and prevalence over the infection time course. These dynamics are, in part, dictated by mesenteron infection and escape barriers. This review summarizes the overarching trends in viral titer and prevalence throughout the course of infection. Essential barriers to infection and dissemination in the midge are highlighted, along with heritable and extrinsic factors that likely contribute to these barriers. Next generation molecular tools and techniques, now available for Culicoides midges, give researchers the opportunity to test how these factors contribute to vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Mills
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristin Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Robert S Pfannenstiel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eva Veronesi
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Nayduch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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15
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A Mesh-Duox pathway regulates homeostasis in the insect gut. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17020. [PMID: 28248301 PMCID: PMC5332881 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The metazoan gut harbors complex communities of commensal and symbiotic bacterial microbes. The quantity and quality of these microbes fluctuate dynamically in response to physiological changes. The mechanisms that hosts developed to respond to and manage such dynamic changes and maintain homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a dual oxidase (Duox)-regulating pathway that contributes in maintaining homeostasis in the gut of both Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster. We show that a gut membrane-associated protein, named Mesh, plays an important role in controlling proliferation of gut bacteria by regulating Duox expression through an Arrestin-mediated MAPK JNK/ERK phosphorylation cascade. Expression of both Mesh and Duox is correlated with the gut bacterial microbiome that, in mosquitoes, increases dramatically soon after a blood meal. Ablation of Mesh abolishes Duox induction leading to an increase of the gut microbiome load. Our study reveals that the Mesh-mediated signaling pathway is a central homeostatic mechanism of the insect gut.
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16
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Zhang R, Zhu Y, Pang X, Xiao X, Zhang R, Cheng G. Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides in Aedes aegypti Aag2 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:22. [PMID: 28217557 PMCID: PMC5291090 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important group of immune effectors that play a role in combating microbial infections in invertebrates. Most of the current information on the regulation of insect AMPs in microbial infection have been gained from Drosophila, and their regulation in other insects are still not completely understood. Here, we generated an AMP induction profile in response to infections with some Gram-negative, -positive bacteria, and fungi in Aedes aegypti embryonic Aag2 cells. Most of the AMP inductions caused by the gram-negative bacteria was controlled by the Immune deficiency (Imd) pathway; nonetheless, Gambicin, an AMP gene discovered only in mosquitoes, was combinatorially regulated by the Imd, Toll and JAK-STAT pathways in the Aag2 cells. Gambicin promoter analyses including specific sequence motif deletions implicated these three pathways in Gambicin activity, as shown by a luciferase assay. Moreover, the recognition between Rel1 (refer to Dif/Dorsal in Drosophila) and STAT and their regulatory sites at the Gambicin promoter site was validated by a super-shift electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Our study provides information that increases our understanding of the regulation of AMPs in response to microbial infections in mosquitoes. And it is a new finding that the A. aegypti AMPs are mainly regulated Imd pathway only, which is quite different from the previous understanding obtained from Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudian Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Pang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- SZCDC-SUSTech Joint Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shenzhen, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; SZCDC-SUSTech Joint Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and PreventionShenzhen, China
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17
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Cheng G, Liu Y, Wang P, Xiao X. Mosquito Defense Strategies against Viral Infection. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:177-186. [PMID: 26626596 PMCID: PMC4767563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viral diseases are a major concern of global health and result in significant economic losses in many countries. As natural vectors, mosquitoes are very permissive to and allow systemic and persistent arbovirus infection. Intriguingly, persistent viral propagation in mosquito tissues neither results in dramatic pathological sequelae nor impairs the vectorial behavior or lifespan, indicating that mosquitoes have evolved mechanisms to tolerate persistent infection and developed efficient antiviral strategies to restrict viral replication to nonpathogenic levels. Here we provide an overview of recent progress in understanding mosquito antiviral immunity and advances in the strategies by which mosquitoes control viral infection in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Characterization of a Gene Coding for the Complement System Component FB from Loxosceles laeta Spider Venom Glands. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146992. [PMID: 26771533 PMCID: PMC4714745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement system is composed of more than 30 proteins and many of these have conserved domains that allow tracing the phylogenetic evolution. The complement system seems to be initiated with the appearance of C3 and factor B (FB), the only components found in some protostomes and cnidarians, suggesting that the alternative pathway is the most ancient. Here, we present the characterization of an arachnid homologue of the human complement component FB from the spider Loxosceles laeta. This homologue, named Lox-FB, was identified from a total RNA L. laeta spider venom gland library and was amplified using RACE-PCR techniques and specific primers. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence and the domain structure showed significant similarity to the vertebrate and invertebrate FB/C2 family proteins. Lox-FB has a classical domain organization composed of a control complement protein domain (CCP), a von Willebrand Factor domain (vWFA), and a serine protease domain (SP). The amino acids involved in Mg2+ metal ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) found in the vWFA domain in the vertebrate C2/FB proteins are well conserved; however, the classic catalytic triad present in the serine protease domain is not conserved in Lox-FB. Similarity and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Lox-FB shares a major identity (43%) and has a close evolutionary relationship with the third isoform of FB-like protein (FB-3) from the jumping spider Hasarius adansoni belonging to the Family Salcitidae.
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19
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Abstract
West Nile virus is a typical mosquito-borne flavivirus, and it is transmitted between mosquitoes and birds in nature. As an incidental host, humans are susceptible to WNV infection. WNV infection in humans can result in fever, meningitis, and encephalitis. Approved human vaccines or therapies are not available for WNV infection. In this chapter, we focus on the techniques for WNV infection and detection in mosquitoes. The technical details include: (1) WNV infection in cell culture; (2) Mosquito rearing; (3) WNV infection in mosquitoes via thoracic microinjection; (4) Detection of WNV infection in mosquitoes; (5) Determination of WNV M.I.D50 in mosquitoes; (6) WNV infection in mosquitoes via membrane blood feeding; (7) WNV infection via blood feeding on mice; (8) Immunofluorescence staining of WNV infected mosquito tissues.
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