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Marq JB, Gosetto M, Altenried A, Vadas O, Maco B, Dos Santos Pacheco N, Tosetti N, Soldati-Favre D, Lentini G. Cytokinetic abscission in Toxoplasma gondii is governed by protein phosphatase 2A and the daughter cell scaffold complex. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00171-9. [PMID: 39009675 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinetic abscission marks the final stage of cell division, during which the daughter cells physically separate through the generation of new barriers, such as the plasma membrane or cell wall. While the contractile ring plays a central role during cytokinesis in bacteria, fungi and animal cells, the process diverges in Apicomplexa. In Toxoplasma gondii, two daughter cells are formed within the mother cell by endodyogeny. The mechanism by which the progeny cells acquire their plasma membrane during the disassembly of the mother cell, allowing daughter cells to emerge, remains unknown. Here we identify and characterize five T. gondii proteins, including three protein phosphatase 2A subunits, which exhibit a distinct and dynamic localization pattern during parasite division. Individual downregulation of these proteins prevents the accumulation of plasma membrane at the division plane, preventing the completion of cellular abscission. Remarkably, the absence of cytokinetic abscission does not hinder the completion of subsequent division cycles. The resulting progeny are able to egress from the infected cells but fail to glide and invade, except in cases of conjoined twin parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Marq
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margaux Gosetto
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Altenried
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Vadas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bohumil Maco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolò Tosetti
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Gaëlle Lentini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Pasquarelli RR, Quan JJ, Cheng ES, Yang V, Britton TA, Sha J, Wohlschlegel JA, Bradley PJ. Characterization and functional analysis of Toxoplasma Golgi-associated proteins identified by proximity labelling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578703. [PMID: 38352341 PMCID: PMC10862792 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii possesses a highly polarized secretory pathway that contains both broadly conserved eukaryotic organelles and unique apicomplexan organelles which play essential roles in the parasite's lytic cycle. As in other eukaryotes, the T. gondii Golgi apparatus sorts and modifies proteins prior to their distribution to downstream organelles. Many of the typical trafficking factors found involved in these processes are missing from apicomplexan genomes, suggesting that these parasites have evolved unique proteins to fill these roles. Here we identify a novel Golgi-localizing protein (ULP1) which contains structural homology to the eukaryotic trafficking factor p115/Uso1. We demonstrate that depletion of ULP1 leads to a dramatic reduction in parasite fitness and replicative ability. Using ULP1 as bait for TurboID proximity labelling and immunoprecipitation, we identify eleven more novel Golgi-associated proteins and demonstrate that ULP1 interacts with the T. gondii COG complex. These proteins include both conserved trafficking factors and parasite-specific proteins. Using a conditional knockdown approach, we assess the effect of each of these eleven proteins on parasite fitness. Together, this work reveals a diverse set of novel T. gondii Golgi-associated proteins that play distinct roles in the secretory pathway. As several of these proteins are absent outside of the Apicomplexa, they represent potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics against these parasites. Importance Apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii infect a large percentage of the world's population and cause substantial human disease. These widespread pathogens use specialized secretory organelles to infect their host cells, modulate host cell functions, and cause disease. While the functions of the secretory organelles are now better understood, the Golgi apparatus of the parasite remains largely unexplored, particularly regarding parasite-specific innovations that may help direct traffic intracellularly. In this work, we characterize ULP1, a protein that is unique to parasites but shares structural similarity to the eukaryotic trafficking factor p115/Uso1. We show that ULP1 plays an important role in parasite replication and demonstrate that it interacts with the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. We then use ULP1 proximity labelling to identify eleven additional Golgi-associated proteins which we functionally analyze via conditional knockdown. This work expands our knowledge of the Toxoplasma Golgi apparatus and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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3
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Klinger CM, Jimenez-Ruiz E, Mourier T, Klingl A, Lemgruber L, Pain A, Dacks JB, Meissner M. Evolutionary analysis identifies a Golgi pathway and correlates lineage-specific factors with endomembrane organelle emergence in apicomplexans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113740. [PMID: 38363682 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The organelle paralogy hypothesis (OPH) aims to explain the evolution of non-endosymbiotically derived organelles. It predicts that lineage-specific pathways or organelles should result when identity-encoding membrane-trafficking components duplicate and co-evolve. Here, we investigate the presence of such lineage-specific membrane-trafficking machinery paralogs in Apicomplexa, a globally important parasitic lineage. We are able to identify 18 paralogs of known membrane-trafficking machinery, in several cases co-incident with the presence of new endomembrane organelles in apicomplexans or their parent lineage, the Alveolata. Moreover, focused analysis of the apicomplexan Arf-like small GTPases (i.e., ArlX3) revealed a specific post-Golgi trafficking pathway. This pathway appears involved in delivery of proteins to micronemes and rhoptries, with knockdown demonstrating reduced invasion capacity. Overall, our data have identified an unforeseen post-Golgi trafficking pathway in apicomplexans and are consistent with the OPH mechanism acting to produce endomembrane pathways or organelles at various evolutionary stages across the alveolate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen M Klinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elena Jimenez-Ruiz
- Experimental Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Programme, Biological, and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Pflanzliche Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Cellular Analysis Facility, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Programme, Biological, and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; International Institute for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Centre for Life's Origin and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Markus Meissner
- Experimental Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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4
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Koreny L, Mercado-Saavedra BN, Klinger CM, Barylyuk K, Butterworth S, Hirst J, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Zaccai NR, Holzer VJC, Klingl A, Dacks JB, Carruthers VB, Robinson MS, Gras S, Waller RF. Stable endocytic structures navigate the complex pellicle of apicomplexan parasites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2167. [PMID: 37061511 PMCID: PMC10105704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites have immense impacts on humanity, but their basic cellular processes are often poorly understood. Where endocytosis occurs in these cells, how conserved this process is with other eukaryotes, and what the functions of endocytosis are across this phylum are major unanswered questions. Using the apicomplexan model Toxoplasma, we identified the molecular composition and behavior of unusual, fixed endocytic structures. Here, stable complexes of endocytic proteins differ markedly from the dynamic assembly/disassembly of these machineries in other eukaryotes. We identify that these endocytic structures correspond to the 'micropore' that has been observed throughout the Apicomplexa. Moreover, conserved molecular adaptation of this structure is seen in apicomplexans including the kelch-domain protein K13 that is central to malarial drug-resistance. We determine that a dominant function of endocytosis in Toxoplasma is plasma membrane homeostasis, rather than parasite nutrition, and that these specialized endocytic structures originated early in infrakingdom Alveolata likely in response to the complex cell pellicle that defines this medically and ecologically important ancient eukaryotic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludek Koreny
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Christen M Klinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Simon Butterworth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathan R Zaccai
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Victoria J C Holzer
- Plant Development, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Margaret S Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Simon Gras
- Experimental Parasitology, Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany.
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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5
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Wan W, Dong H, Lai DH, Yang J, He K, Tang X, Liu Q, Hide G, Zhu XQ, Sibley LD, Lun ZR, Long S. The Toxoplasma micropore mediates endocytosis for selective nutrient salvage from host cell compartments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:977. [PMID: 36813769 PMCID: PMC9947163 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasite growth and replication relies on nutrient acquisition from host cells, in which intracellular multiplication occurs, yet the mechanisms that underlie the nutrient salvage remain elusive. Numerous ultrastructural studies have documented a plasma membrane invagination with a dense neck, termed the micropore, on the surface of intracellular parasites. However, the function of this structure remains unknown. Here we validate the micropore as an essential organelle for endocytosis of nutrients from the host cell cytosol and Golgi in the model apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii. Detailed analyses demonstrated that Kelch13 is localized at the dense neck of the organelle and functions as a protein hub at the micropore for endocytic uptake. Intriguingly, maximal activity of the micropore requires the ceramide de novo synthesis pathway in the parasite. Thus, this study provides insights into the machinery underlying acquisition of host cell-derived nutrients by apicomplexan parasites that are otherwise sequestered from host cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security and School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security and School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kai He
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security and School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security and School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security and School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Centre and Environmental Research and Innovation Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaojun Long
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security and School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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6
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Wu C, Chen H, Yuan M, Zhang M, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zhong H, Zheng W, Zheng H, Zhou J. FgAP1 σ Is Critical for Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Virulence, and DON Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020145. [PMID: 36836259 PMCID: PMC9962196 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The AP1 complex is a highly conserved clathrin adaptor that plays important roles in regulating cargo protein sorting and intracellular vesicle trafficking in eukaryotes. However, the functions of the AP1 complex in the plant pathogenic fungi including the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of FgAP1σ, a subunit of the AP1 complex in F. graminearum. Disruption of FgAP1σ causes seriously impaired fungal vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual development, pathogenesis, and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The ΔFgap1σ mutants were found to be less sensitive to KCl- and sorbitol-induced osmotic stresses but more sensitive to SDS-induced stress than the wild-type PH-1. Although the growth inhibition rate of the ΔFgap1σ mutants was not significantly changed under calcofluor white (CFW) and Congo red (CR) stresses, the protoplasts released from ΔFgap1σ hyphae were decreased compared with the wild-type PH-1, suggesting that FgAP1σ is necessary for cell wall integrity and osmotic stresses in F. graminearum. Subcellular localization assays showed that FgAP1σ was predominantly localized to endosomes and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, FgAP1β-GFP, FgAP1γ-GFP, and FgAP1μ-GFP also localize to the Golgi apparatus. FgAP1β interacts with FgAP1σ, FgAP1γ, and FgAP1μ, while FgAP1σ regulates the expression of FgAP1β, FgAP1γ, and FgAP1μ in F. graminearum. Furthermore, the loss of FgAP1σ blocks the transportation of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and delays the internalization of FM4-64 dye into the vacuole. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FgAP1σ plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, DON production, pathogenicity, cell wall integrity, osmotic stress, exocytosis, and endocytosis in F. graminearum. These findings unveil the functions of the AP1 complex in filamentous fungi, most notably in F. graminearum, and lay solid foundations for effective prevention and control of Fusarium head blight (FHB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxian Wu
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Public Technology Service Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haoming Zhong
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.)
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7
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Griffith MB, Pearce CS, Heaslip AT. Dense granule biogenesis, secretion, and function in Toxoplasma gondii. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12904. [PMID: 35302693 PMCID: PMC9482668 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite and the causative agent of Toxoplasmosis. A key to understanding and treating the disease lies with determining how the parasite can survive and replicate within cells of its host. Proteins released from specialized secretory vesicles, named the dense granules (DGs), have diverse functions that are critical for adapting the intracellular environment, and are thus key to survival and pathogenicity. In this review, we describe the current understanding and outstanding questions regarding dense granule biogenesis, trafficking, and regulation of secretion. In addition, we provide an overview of dense granule protein ("GRA") function upon secretion, with a focus on proteins that have recently been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Griffith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Camille S Pearce
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aoife T Heaslip
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Gubbels MJ, Ferguson DJP, Saha S, Romano JD, Chavan S, Primo VA, Michaud C, Coppens I, Engelberg K. Toxoplasma gondii’s Basal Complex: The Other Apicomplexan Business End Is Multifunctional. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:882166. [PMID: 35573773 PMCID: PMC9103881 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.882166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa are famously named for their apical complex, a constellation of organelles at their apical end dedicated to invasion of their host cells. In contrast, at the other end of the cell, the basal complex (BC) has been overshadowed since it is much less prominent and specific functions were not immediately obvious. However, in the past decade a staggering array of functions have been associated with the BC and strides have been made in understanding its structure. Here, these collective insights are supplemented with new data to provide an overview of the understanding of the BC in Toxoplasma gondii. The emerging picture is that the BC is a dynamic and multifunctional complex, with a series of (putative) functions. The BC has multiple roles in cell division: it is the site where building blocks are added to the cytoskeleton scaffold; it exerts a two-step stretch and constriction mechanism as contractile ring; and it is key in organelle division. Furthermore, the BC has numerous putative roles in ‘import’, such as the recycling of mother cell remnants, the acquisition of host-derived vesicles, possibly the uptake of lipids derived from the extracellular medium, and the endocytosis of micronemal proteins. The latter process ties the BC to motility, whereas an additional role in motility is conferred by Myosin C. Furthermore, the BC acts on the assembly and/or function of the intravacuolar network, which may directly or indirectly contribute to the establishment of chronic tissue cysts. Here we provide experimental support for molecules acting in several of these processes and identify several new BC proteins critical to maintaining the cytoplasmic bridge between divided parasites. However, the dispensable nature of many BC components leaves many questions unanswered regarding its function. In conclusion, the BC in T. gondii is a dynamic and multifunctional structure at the posterior end of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Jan Gubbels
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Marc-Jan Gubbels, ; Klemens Engelberg,
| | - David J. P. Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Suyog Chavan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Vincent A. Primo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia Michaud
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Klemens Engelberg
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Marc-Jan Gubbels, ; Klemens Engelberg,
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9
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Briquet S, Gissot M, Silvie O. A toolbox for conditional control of gene expression in apicomplexan parasites. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:618-631. [PMID: 34564906 PMCID: PMC9293482 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites encompass diverse pathogens for humans and animals, including the causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Genetic manipulation of these parasites has become central to explore parasite biology, unravel gene function and identify new targets for therapeutic strategies. Tremendous progress has been achieved over the past years with the advent of next generation sequencing and powerful genome editing methods. In particular, various methods for conditional gene expression have been developed in both Plasmodium and Toxoplasma to knockout or knockdown essential genes, or for inducible expression of master developmental regulators or mutant versions of proteins. Conditional gene expression can be achieved at three distinct levels. At the DNA level, inducible site‐specific recombinases allow conditional genome editing. At the RNA level, regulation can be achieved during transcription, using stage‐specific or regulatable promoters, or post‐transcriptionally through alteration of mRNA stability or translation. At the protein level, several systems have been developed for inducible degradation or displacement of a protein of interest. In this review, we provide an overview of current systems for conditional control of gene expression in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma parasites, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Briquet
- INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Gissot
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CIIL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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10
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Protein Sorting in Plasmodium Falciparum. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090937. [PMID: 34575086 PMCID: PMC8467625 DOI: 10.3390/life11090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular eukaryote with a very polarized secretory system composed of micronemes rhoptries and dense granules that are required for host cell invasion. P. falciparum, like its relative T. gondii, uses the endolysosomal system to produce the secretory organelles and to ingest host cell proteins. The parasite also has an apicoplast, a secondary endosymbiotic organelle, which depends on vesicular trafficking for appropriate incorporation of nuclear-encoded proteins into the apicoplast. Recently, the central molecules responsible for sorting and trafficking in P. falciparum and T. gondii have been characterized. From these studies, it is now evident that P. falciparum has repurposed the molecules of the endosomal system to the secretory pathway. Additionally, the sorting and vesicular trafficking mechanism seem to be conserved among apicomplexans. This review described the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of protein sorting and vesicular trafficking in P. falciparum and revealed that P. falciparum has an amazing secretory machinery that has been cleverly modified to its intracellular lifestyle.
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11
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Sutherland CJ, Henrici RC, Artavanis-Tsakonas K. Artemisinin susceptibility in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: propellers, adaptor proteins and the need for cellular healing. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa056. [PMID: 33095255 PMCID: PMC8100002 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to the artemisinin family of antimalarial drugs provide a complex picture of partial resistance (tolerance) associated with increased parasite survival in vitro and in vivo. We present an overview of the genetic loci that, in mutant form, can independently elicit parasite tolerance. These encode Kelch propeller domain protein PfK13, ubiquitin hydrolase UBP-1, actin filament-organising protein Coronin, also carrying a propeller domain, and the trafficking adaptor subunit AP-2μ. Detailed studies of these proteins and the functional basis of artemisinin tolerance in blood-stage parasites are enabling a new synthesis of our understanding to date. To guide further experimental work, we present two major conclusions. First, we propose a dual-component model of artemisinin tolerance in P. falciparum comprising suppression of artemisinin activation in early ring stage by reducing endocytic haemoglobin capture from host cytosol, coupled with enhancement of cellular healing mechanisms in surviving cells. Second, these two independent requirements limit the likelihood of development of complete artemisinin resistance by P. falciparum, favouring deployment of existing drugs in new schedules designed to exploit these biological limits, thus extending the useful life of current combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ryan C Henrici
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
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Loubens M, Vincensini L, Fernandes P, Briquet S, Marinach C, Silvie O. Plasmodium sporozoites on the move: Switching from cell traversal to productive invasion of hepatocytes. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:870-881. [PMID: 33191548 PMCID: PMC8247013 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium, the etiological agent of malaria, are transmitted through the bite of anopheline mosquitoes, which deposit sporozoites into the host skin. Sporozoites migrate through the dermis, enter the bloodstream, and rapidly traffic to the liver. They cross the liver sinusoidal barrier and traverse several hepatocytes before switching to productive invasion of a final one for replication inside a parasitophorous vacuole. Cell traversal and productive invasion are functionally independent processes that require proteins secreted from specialized secretory organelles known as micronemes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how sporozoites traverse through cells and productively invade hepatocytes, and discuss the role of environmental sensing in switching from a migratory to an invasive state. We propose that timely controlled secretion of distinct microneme subsets could play a key role in successful migration and infection of hepatocytes. A better understanding of these essential biological features of the Plasmodium sporozoite may contribute to the development of new strategies to fight against the very first and asymptomatic stage of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Loubens
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Laetitia Vincensini
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Priyanka Fernandes
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Sylvie Briquet
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Carine Marinach
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
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13
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Ben Chaabene R, Lentini G, Soldati-Favre D. Biogenesis and discharge of the rhoptries: Key organelles for entry and hijack of host cells by the Apicomplexa. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:453-465. [PMID: 33368727 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles found in the Apicomplexa phylum, playing a central role in the establishment of parasitism. The rhoptry content includes membranous as well as proteinaceous materials that are discharged into the host cell in a regulated fashion during parasite entry. A set of rhoptry neck proteins form a RON complex that critically participates in the moving junction formation during invasion. Some of the rhoptry bulb proteins are associated with the membranous materials and contribute to the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane while others are targeted into the host cell including the nucleus to subvert cellular functions. Here, we review the recent studies on Toxoplasma and Plasmodium parasites that shed light on the key steps leading to rhoptry biogenesis, trafficking, and discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouaa Ben Chaabene
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Lentini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Carmeille R, Schiano Lomoriello P, Devarakonda PM, Kellermeier JA, Heaslip AT. Actin and an unconventional myosin motor, TgMyoF, control the organization and dynamics of the endomembrane network in Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008787. [PMID: 33529198 PMCID: PMC7880465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that relies on three distinct secretory organelles, the micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules, for parasite survival and disease pathogenesis. Secretory proteins destined for these organelles are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and sequentially trafficked through a highly polarized endomembrane network that consists of the Golgi and multiple post-Golgi compartments. Currently, little is known about how the parasite cytoskeleton controls the positioning of the organelles in this pathway, or how vesicular cargo is trafficked between organelles. Here we show that F-actin and an unconventional myosin motor, TgMyoF, control the dynamics and organization of the organelles in the secretory pathway, specifically ER tubule movement, apical positioning of the Golgi and post-Golgi compartments, apical positioning of the rhoptries, and finally, the directed transport of Rab6-positive and Rop1-positive vesicles. Thus, this study identifies TgMyoF and actin as the key cytoskeletal components that organize the endomembrane system in T. gondii. Endomembrane trafficking is a vital cellular process in all eukaryotic cells. In most cases the molecular motors myosin, kinesin, and dynein transport cargo including vesicles, organelles and transcripts along actin and microtubule filaments in a manner analogous to a train moving on its tracks. For the unicellular eukaryote Toxoplasma gondii, the accurate trafficking of proteins through the endomembrane system is vital for parasite survival and pathogenicity. However, the mechanisms of cargo transport in this parasite are poorly understood. In this study, we fluorescently labeled multiple endomembrane organelles and imaged their movements using live cell microscopy. We demonstrate that filamentous actin and an unconventional myosin motor named TgMyoF control both the positioning of organelles in this pathway and the movement of transport vesicles throughout the parasite cytosol. This data provides new insight into the mechanisms of cargo transport in this important pathogen and expands our understanding of the biological roles of actin in the intracellular phase of the parasite’s growth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Carmeille
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Porfirio Schiano Lomoriello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Parvathi M. Devarakonda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Kellermeier
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Aoife T. Heaslip
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McGovern OL, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB. Emerging Mechanisms of Endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020084. [PMID: 33503859 PMCID: PMC7911406 DOI: 10.3390/life11020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes critically rely on endocytosis of autologous and heterologous material to maintain homeostasis and to proliferate. Although mechanisms of endocytosis have been extensively identified in mammalian and plant systems along with model systems including budding yeast, relatively little is known about endocytosis in protozoan parasites including those belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Whereas it has been long established that the apicomplexan agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.) internalize and degrade hemoglobin from infected red blood cells to acquire amino acids for growth, that the related and pervasive parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a functional and active endocytic system was only recently discovered. Here we discuss emerging and hypothesized mechanisms of endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii with reference to model systems and malaria parasites. Establishing a framework for potential mechanisms of endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii will help guide future research aimed at defining the molecular basis and biological relevance of endocytosis in this tractable and versatile parasite.
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16
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Abstract
Apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites harboring three sets of unique secretory organelles termed micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules that are dedicated to the establishment of infection in the host cell. Apicomplexans rely on the endolysosomal system to generate the secretory organelles and to ingest and digest host cell proteins. These parasites also possess a metabolically relevant secondary endosymbiotic organelle, the apicoplast, which relies on vesicular trafficking for correct incorporation of nuclear-encoded proteins into the organelle. Here, we demonstrate that the trafficking and destination of vesicles to the unique and specialized parasite compartments depend on SNARE proteins that interact with tethering factors. Specifically, all secreted proteins depend on the function of SLY1 at the Golgi. In addition to a critical role in trafficking of endocytosed host proteins, TgVps45 is implicated in the biogenesis of the inner membrane complex (alveoli) in both Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, likely acting in a coordinated manner with Stx16 and Stx6. Finally, Stx12 localizes to the endosomal-like compartment and is involved in the trafficking of proteins to the apical secretory organelles rhoptries and micronemes as well as to the apicoplast.IMPORTANCE The phylum of Apicomplexa groups medically relevant parasites such as those responsible for malaria and toxoplasmosis. As members of the Alveolata superphylum, these protozoans possess specialized organelles in addition to those found in all members of the eukaryotic kingdom. Vesicular trafficking is the major route of communication between membranous organelles. Neither the molecular mechanism that allows communication between organelles nor the vesicular fusion events that underlie it are completely understood in Apicomplexa. Here, we assessed the function of SEC1/Munc18 and SNARE proteins to identify factors involved in the trafficking of vesicles between these various organelles. We show that SEC1/Munc18 in interaction with SNARE proteins allows targeting of vesicles to the inner membrane complex, prerhoptries, micronemes, apicoplast, and vacuolar compartment from the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or endosomal-like compartment. These data provide an exciting look at the "ZIP code" of vesicular trafficking in apicomplexans, essential for precise organelle biogenesis, homeostasis, and inheritance.
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Stasic AJ, Chasen NM, Dykes EJ, Vella SA, Asady B, Starai VJ, Moreno SNJ. The Toxoplasma Vacuolar H +-ATPase Regulates Intracellular pH and Impacts the Maturation of Essential Secretory Proteins. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2132-2146.e7. [PMID: 31091451 PMCID: PMC6760873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar-proton ATPases (V-ATPases) are conserved complexes that couple the hydrolysis of ATP to the pumping of protons across membranes. V-ATPases are known to play diverse roles in cellular physiology. We studied the Toxoplasma gondii V-ATPase complex and discovered a dual role of the pump in protecting parasites against ionic stress and in the maturation of secretory proteins in endosomal-like compartments. Toxoplasma V-ATPase subunits localize to the plasma membrane and to acidic vesicles, and characterization of conditional mutants of the a1 subunit highlighted the functionality of the complex at both locations. Microneme and rhoptry proteins are required for invasion and modulation of host cells, and they traffic via endosome-like compartments in which proteolytic maturation occurs. We show that the V-ATPase supports the maturation of rhoptry and microneme proteins, and their maturases, during their traffic to their corresponding organelles. This work underscores a role for V-ATPases in regulating virulence pathways. Stasic et al. characterize the function of the vacuolar proton ATPase in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread parasite that infects almost one-third of the world’s population. The work presents molecular evidence of the pump’s role in the synthesis of virulence factors of a highly successful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Stasic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA
| | - Nathan M Chasen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA
| | - Eric J Dykes
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA
| | - Stephen A Vella
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA
| | - Beejan Asady
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA
| | - Vincent J Starai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7400, USA.
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18
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Spielmann T, Gras S, Sabitzki R, Meissner M. Endocytosis in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:520-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Venugopal K, Chehade S, Werkmeister E, Barois N, Periz J, Lafont F, Tardieux I, Khalife J, Langsley G, Meissner M, Marion S. Rab11A regulates dense granule transport and secretion during Toxoplasma gondii invasion of host cells and parasite replication. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008106. [PMID: 32463830 PMCID: PMC7255593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii possesses an armada of secreted virulent factors that enable parasite invasion and survival into host cells. These factors are contained in specific secretory organelles, the rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules that release their content upon host cell recognition. Dense granules are secreted in a constitutive manner during parasite replication and play a crucial role in modulating host metabolic and immune responses. While the molecular mechanisms triggering rhoptry and microneme release upon host cell adhesion have been well studied, constitutive secretion remains a poorly explored aspect of T. gondii vesicular trafficking. Here, we investigated the role of the small GTPase Rab11A, a known regulator of exocytosis in eukaryotic cells. Our data revealed an essential role of Rab11A in promoting the cytoskeleton driven transport of dense granules and the release of their content into the vacuolar space. Rab11A also regulates transmembrane protein trafficking and localization during parasite replication, indicating a broader role of Rab11A in cargo exocytosis at the plasma membrane. Moreover, we found that Rab11A also regulates extracellular parasite motility and adhesion to host cells. In line with these findings, MIC2 secretion was altered in Rab11A-defective parasites, which also exhibited severe morphological defects. Strikingly, by live imaging we observed a polarized accumulation of Rab11A-positive vesicles and dense granules at the apical pole of extracellular motile and invading parasites suggesting that apically polarized Rab11A-dependent delivery of cargo regulates early secretory events during parasite entry into host cells. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a highly prevalent parasite infecting a wide range of animals as well as humans. T. gondii secretes numerous virulent factors contained in specific organelles, termed the rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules. These factors are released upon host cell recognition and enable parasite invasion and subsequent development into an intracellular vacuole. In particular, dense granules contain critical effectors that modulate intrinsic defenses of infected host cells ensuring parasite survival and dissemination. The mechanisms regulating dense granule secretion have not been elucidated. In this study, we unraveled a novel role for the T. gondii GTPase Rab11A in promoting dense granule transport along the parasite cytoskeleton and their content release into the vacuolar space during parasite replication. We also found that T. gondii Rab11A regulates extracellular parasite motility and adhesion to host cells suggesting a broader role in distinct secretory pathways essential for parasite virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Venugopal
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sylia Chehade
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Javier Periz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jamal Khalife
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes—Sorbonne Paris Cité, France, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Markus Meissner
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Marion
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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The Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin Susceptibility-Associated AP-2 Adaptin μ Subunit is Clathrin Independent and Essential for Schizont Maturation. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02918-19. [PMID: 32098816 PMCID: PMC7042695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02918-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of current antimalarial drugs is threatened by reduced susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin, associated with mutations in pfkelch13 Another gene with variants known to modulate the response to artemisinin encodes the μ subunit of the AP-2 adaptin trafficking complex. To elucidate the cellular role of AP-2μ in P. falciparum, we performed a conditional gene knockout, which severely disrupted schizont organization and maturation, leading to mislocalization of key merozoite proteins. AP-2μ is thus essential for blood-stage replication. We generated transgenic P. falciparum parasites expressing hemagglutinin-tagged AP-2μ and examined cellular localization by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Together with mass spectrometry analysis of coimmunoprecipitating proteins, these studies identified AP-2μ-interacting partners, including other AP-2 subunits, the K10 kelch-domain protein, and PfEHD, an effector of endocytosis and lipid mobilization, but no evidence was found of interaction with clathrin, the expected coat protein for AP-2 vesicles. In reverse immunoprecipitation experiments with a clathrin nanobody, other heterotetrameric AP-complexes were shown to interact with clathrin, but AP-2 complex subunits were absent.IMPORTANCE We examine in detail the AP-2 adaptin complex from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum In most studied organisms, AP-2 is involved in bringing material into the cell from outside, a process called endocytosis. Previous work shows that changes to the μ subunit of AP-2 can contribute to drug resistance. Our experiments show that AP-2 is essential for parasite development in blood but does not have any role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This suggests that a specialized function for AP-2 has developed in malaria parasites, and this may be important for understanding its impact on drug resistance.
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Geiger M, Brown C, Wichers JS, Strauss J, Lill A, Thuenauer R, Liffner B, Wilcke L, Lemcke S, Heincke D, Pazicky S, Bachmann A, Löw C, Wilson DW, Filarsky M, Burda PC, Zhang K, Junop M, Gilberger TW. Structural Insights Into PfARO and Characterization of its Interaction With PfAIP. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:878-896. [PMID: 31877322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites contain rhoptries, which are specialized secretory organelles that coordinate host cell invasion. During the process of invasion, rhoptries secrete their contents to facilitate interaction with, and entry into, the host cell. Here, we report the crystal structure of the rhoptry protein Armadillo Repeats-Only (ARO) from the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (PfARO). The structure of PfARO comprises five tandem Armadillo-like (ARM) repeats, with adjacent ARM repeats stacked in a head-to-tail orientation resulting in PfARO adopting an elongated curved shape. Interestingly, the concave face of PfARO contains two distinct patches of highly conserved residues that appear to play an important role in protein-protein interaction. We functionally characterized the P. falciparum homolog of ARO interacting protein (PfAIP) and demonstrate that it localizes to the rhoptries. We show that conditional mislocalization of PfAIP leads to deficient red blood cell invasion. Guided by the structure, we identified mutations of PfARO that lead to mislocalization of PfAIP. Using proximity-based biotinylation we probe into PfAIP interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geiger
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Brown
- Western University, Department of Biochemistry, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Stephan Wichers
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Strauss
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrés Lill
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Liffner
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Louisa Wilcke
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Lemcke
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Heincke
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Pazicky
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Danny William Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Filarsky
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul-Christian Burda
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kun Zhang
- Western University, Department of Biochemistry, London, ON, Canada
| | - Murray Junop
- Western University, Department of Biochemistry, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Tim Wolf Gilberger
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Cao S, Chen H, Liang X, Fu J, Wang S, Zheng J, Zhang Z, Pang Y, Wang J, Shen B, Jia H. The Sec1/Munc18-like proteins TgSec1 and TgVps45 play pivotal roles in assembly of the pellicle and sub-pellicle network in Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:208-221. [PMID: 31670849 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-Golgi vesicle trafficking is indispensable for precise movement of proteins to the pellicle, the sub-pellicle network and apical secretory organelles in Apicomplexa. However, only a small number of molecular complexes involved in trafficking, tethering and fusion of vesicles have been identified in Toxoplasma gondii. Consequently, it is unclear how complicated vesicle trafficking is accomplished in this parasite. Sec1/Munc18-like (SM) proteins are essential components of protein complexes involved in vesicle fusion. Here, we found that depletion of the SM protein TgSec1 using an auxin-inducible degron-based conditional knockout strategy led to mislocalization of plasma membrane proteins. By contrast, conditional depletion of the SM protein TgVps45 led to morphological changes, asymmetrical loss of the inner membrane complex and defects in nucleation of sub-pellicular microtubules, polarization and symmetrical assembly of daughter parasites during repeated endodyogeny. TgVps45 interacts with the SNARE protein TgStx16 and TgVAMP4-1. Conditional ablation of TgStx16 causes the similar growth defect like TgVps45 deficiency suggested they work together for the vesicle fusion at TGN. These findings indicate that these two SM proteins are crucial for assembly of pellicle and sub-pellicle network in T. gondii respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Heming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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23
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Abstract
Apicomplexans, including species of Eimeria, pose a real threat to the health and wellbeing of animals and humans. Eimeria parasites do not infect humans but cause an important economic impact on livestock, in particular on the poultry industry. Despite its high prevalence and financial costs, little is known about the cell biology of these 'cosmopolitan' parasites found all over the world. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the life cycle and stages of Eimeria species, focusing on cellular structures and organelles typical of the coccidian family as well as genus-specific features, complementing some 'unknowns' with what is described in the closely related coccidian Toxoplasma gondii.
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24
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Cernikova L, Faso C, Hehl AB. Roles of Phosphoinositides and Their binding Proteins in Parasitic Protozoa. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:996-1008. [PMID: 31615721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (or phosphatidylinositol phosphates, PIPs) are low-abundance membrane phospholipids that act, in conjunction with their binding partners, as important constitutive signals defining biochemical organelle identity as well as membrane trafficking and signal transduction at eukaryotic cellular membranes. In this review, we present roles for PIP residues and PIP-binding proteins in endocytosis and autophagy in protist parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. Molecular parasitologists with an interest in comparative cell and molecular biology of membrane trafficking in protist lineages beyond the phylum Apicomplexa, along with cell and molecular biologists generally interested in the diversification of membrane trafficking in eukaryotes, will hopefully find this review to be a useful resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Cernikova
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich (ZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich (ZH), Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern (BE), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich (ZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Toxoplasma gondii secretory proteins and their role in invasion and pathogenesis. Microbiol Res 2019; 227:126293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Dubois DJ, Soldati-Favre D. Biogenesis and secretion of micronemes in Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13018. [PMID: 30791192 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the parasitic phylum of Apicomplexa is the presence of highly specialised, apical secretory organelles, called the micronemes and rhoptries that play critical roles in ensuring survival and dissemination. Upon exocytosis, the micronemes release adhesin complexes, perforins, and proteases that are crucially implicated in egress from infected cells, gliding motility, migration across biological barriers, and host cell invasion. Recent studies on Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium species have shed more light on the signalling events and the machinery that trigger microneme secretion. Intracellular cyclic nucleotides, calcium level, and phosphatidic acid act as key mediators of microneme exocytosis, and several downstream effectors have been identified. Here, we review the key steps of microneme biogenesis and exocytosis, summarising the still fractal knowledge at the molecular level regarding the fusion event with the parasite plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dubois
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Varberg JM, Charvat R, Jacobs K, Garbuz T, Sullivan WJ, Arrizabalaga G. TgDrpC, an atypical dynamin-related protein in Toxoplasma gondii, is associated with vesicular transport factors and parasite division. Mol Microbiol 2018; 111:46-64. [PMID: 30362624 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin-related proteins (Drps) are involved in diverse processes such as organelle division and vesicle trafficking. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii possesses three distinct Drps. TgDrpC, whose function remains unresolved, is unusual in that it lacks a conserved GTPase Effector Domain, which is typically required for function. Here, we show that TgDrpC localizes to cytoplasmic puncta; however, in dividing parasites, TgDrpC redistributes to the growing edge of the daughter cells. By conditional knockdown, we determined that loss of TgDrpC stalls division and leads to rapid deterioration of multiple organelles and the IMC. We also show that TgDrpC interacts with proteins that exhibit homology to those involved in vesicle transport, including members of the adaptor complex 2. Two of these proteins, a homolog of the adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) complex subunit alpha-1 and a homolog of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family proteins, localize to puncta and associate with the daughter cells. Consistent with the association with vesicle transport proteins, re-distribution of TgDrpC to the IMC during division is dependent on post-Golgi trafficking. Together, these results support that TgDrpC contributes to vesicle trafficking and is critical for stability of parasite organelles and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Joseph M Varberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Robert Charvat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kylie Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tamila Garbuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - William J Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gustavo Arrizabalaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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28
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Venugopal K, Marion S. Secretory organelle trafficking in Toxoplasma gondii: A long story for a short travel. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:751-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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29
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Chang L, Dykes EJ, Li J, Moreno SNJ, Hortua Triana MA. Characterization of Two EF-hand Domain-containing Proteins from Toxoplasma gondii. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:343-353. [PMID: 30063275 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The universal role of calcium (Ca2+ ) as a second messenger in cells depends on a large number of Ca2+ -binding proteins (CBP), which are able to bind Ca2+ through specific domains. Many CBPs share a type of Ca2+ -binding domain known as the EF-hand. The EF-hand motif has been well studied and consists of a helix-loop-helix structural domain with specific amino acids in the loop region that interact with Ca2+ . In Toxoplasma gondii a large number of genes (approximately 68) are predicted to have at least one EF-hand motif. The majority of these genes have not been characterized. We report the characterization of two EF-hand motif-containing proteins, TgGT1_216620 and TgGT1_280480, which localize to the plasma membrane and to the rhoptry bulb, respectively. Genetic disruption of these genes by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) resulted in mutant parasite clones (Δtg216620 and Δtg280480) that grew at a slower rate than control cells. Ca2+ measurements showed that Δtg216620 cells did not respond to extracellular Ca2+ as the parental controls while Δtg280480 cells appeared to respond as the parental cells. Our hypothesis is that TgGT1_216620 is important for Ca2+ influx while TgGT1_280480 may be playing a different role in the rhoptries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Eric J Dykes
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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30
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Morlon-Guyot J, El Hajj H, Martin K, Fois A, Carrillo A, Berry L, Burchmore R, Meissner M, Lebrun M, Daher W. A proteomic analysis unravels novel CORVET and HOPS proteins involved in Toxoplasma gondii
secretory organelles biogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12870. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Morlon-Guyot
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology; American University of Beirut; Beirut Lebanon
| | - Kevin Martin
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Adrien Fois
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Amandine Carrillo
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Laurence Berry
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | | | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Experimental Parasitology; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Maryse Lebrun
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Wassim Daher
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
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31
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Hallée S, Counihan NA, Matthews K, Koning‐Ward TF, Richard D. The malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
Sortilin is essential for merozoite formation and apical complex biogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12844. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hallée
- Centre de recherche en infectiologieCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Quebec City QC Canada
| | | | - Kathryn Matthews
- School of MedicineDeakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 VIC Australia
| | | | - Dave Richard
- Centre de recherche en infectiologieCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Quebec City QC Canada
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32
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McGovern OL, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Kannan G, Narwold AJ, Carruthers VB. Intersection of endocytic and exocytic systems in Toxoplasma gondii. Traffic 2018; 19:336-353. [PMID: 29437275 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host cytosolic proteins are endocytosed by Toxoplasma gondii and degraded in its lysosome-like compartment, the vacuolar compartment (VAC), but the dynamics and route of endocytic trafficking remain undefined. Conserved endocytic components and plant-like features suggest T. gondii endocytic trafficking involves transit through early and late endosome-like compartments (ELCs) and potentially the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as in plants. However, exocytic trafficking to regulated secretory organelles, micronemes and rhoptries, also proceeds through ELCs and requires classical endocytic components, including a dynamin-related protein, DrpB. Here, we show that host cytosolic proteins are endocytosed within 7 minutes post-invasion, trafficked through ELCs en route to the VAC, and degraded within 30 minutes. We could not definitively interpret if ingested protein is trafficked through the TGN. We also found that parasites ingest material from the host cytosol throughout the parasite cell cycle. Ingested host proteins colocalize with immature microneme proteins, proM2AP and proMIC5, in transit to the micronemes, but not with the immature rhoptry protein proRON4, indicating that endocytic trafficking of ingested protein intersects with exocytic trafficking of microneme proteins. Finally, we show that conditional expression of a DrpB dominant negative mutant increases T. gondii ingestion of host-derived proteins, suggesting that DrpB is not required for parasite endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L McGovern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Geetha Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Narwold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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33
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Ye D, Liang W, Dai L, Yao Y. Moderate Fluid Shear Stress Could Regulate the Cytoskeleton of Nucleus Pulposus and Surrounding Inflammatory Mediators by Activating the FAK-MEK5-ERK5-cFos-AP1 Signaling Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:9405738. [PMID: 30008976 PMCID: PMC6020454 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9405738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We first applied moderate fluid shear stress to nucleus pulposus cells. The correlation of AP-1 with type II collagen, proteoglycan, Cytokeratin 8 protein, MAP-1, MAP-2, and MAP-4 and the correlation of AP-1 with IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1, MCP-1, and NO were detected. Our results document that moderate fluid shear stress could activate the FAK-MEK5-ERK5-cFos-AP1 signaling pathway. AP1 could downregulate the construct factors of cytoskeleton such as type II collagen, proteoglycan, Cytokeratin 8 protein, MAP-1, MAP-2, and MAP-4 in nucleus pulposus cell after the fluid shear stress was loaded. AP1 could upregulate the inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1, MCP-1, and NO in nucleus pulposus cell after the fluid shear stress was loaded. Taken together, our data suggested that moderate fluid shear stress may play an important role in the cytoskeleton of nucleus pulposus and surrounding inflammatory mediators by activating the FAK-MEK5-ERK5-cFos-AP1 signaling pathway, thereby affecting cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Ye
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Weiguo Liang
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Libing Dai
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Yicun Yao
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
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