1
|
D’Addabbo A, Tong T, Crooks ET, Osawa K, Xu J, Thomas A, Allen JD, Crispin M, Binley JM. Impact of glycan depletion, glycan debranching and increased glycan charge on HIV-1 neutralization sensitivity and immunogenicity. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae063. [PMID: 39115361 PMCID: PMC11442005 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from HIV-1 infected donors are vaccine paradigms. These bNAbs recognize envelope glycoprotein trimers that carry 75-90 oligomannose and complex-type glycans. Although bNAbs and their precursors must navigate past glycans, they usually also make some glycan contacts. Glycan-modified vaccines may therefore be useful to initiate and guide bNAb development. Here, we describe two ways to modify Env glycans for possible vaccine use: 1) using a cocktail of glycosidases (termed "NGAF3" (Neuraminidase, β-Galactosidase, N-Acetylglucosaminidase, endoglycosidase F3 (endo F3)) to deplete complex glycans to try to minimize bNAb-glycan clashes and 2) co-expressing β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4G) and β-galactoside α-2,6 sialyltransferase 1 (ST6) during Env biosynthesis, creating bNAb-preferred glycan structures. Mass spectrometry revealed that NGAF3 removed glycan heads at 3/7 sites occupied by complex glycans. B4G overexpression resulted in hybrid glycan development whenever complex glycans were closely spaced. The glycan at position 611 in of Env's gp41 transmembrane subunit was uniquely isolated from the effects of both endo F3 and B4G. B4G and ST6 co-expression increased hybrid and sialylated glycan abundance, reducing glycan complexity. In rabbit vaccinations, B4G + ST6 virus-like particles (VLPs) induced less frequent, weaker titer NAbs, implying that ST6-mediated increased Env charge dampens vaccine antibodies. In some cases, vaccine sera preferentially neutralized B4G + ST6-modified pseudovirus. HIV-1+ donor plasma NAbs were generally more effective against B4G + ST6 modified pseudovirus, suggesting a preference for less complex and/or α-2,6 sialylated Env trimers. Collectively, our data suggest that B4G and ST6 Env modifications are best suited for intermediate or late vaccine shots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio D’Addabbo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tommy Tong
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 3525 Johns Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Emma T Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 3525 Johns Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 3525 Johns Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Jiamin Xu
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 3525 Johns Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Alyssa Thomas
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 3525 Johns Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - James M Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 3525 Johns Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heindel DW, Figueroa Acosta DM, Goff M, Yengo CK, Jan M, Liu X, Wang XH, Petrova MI, Zhang M, Sagar M, Barnette P, Pandey S, Hessell AJ, Chan KW, Kong XP, Chen BK, Mahal LK, Bensing BA, Hioe CE. HIV-1 interaction with an O-glycan-specific bacterial lectin enhances virus infectivity and resistance to neutralizing antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:110390. [PMID: 39108723 PMCID: PMC11301080 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria dysbiosis and its accompanying inflammation or compromised mucosal integrity is associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 transmission. However, HIV-1 may also bind bacteria or bacterial products to impact infectivity and transmissibility. This study evaluated HIV-1 interactions with bacteria through glycan-binding lectins. The Streptococcal Siglec-like lectin SLBR-N, a part of the fimbriae shrouding the bacteria surface that recognizes α2,3 sialyated O-linked glycans, was noted for its ability to enhance HIV-1 infectivity in the context of cell-free infection and cell-to-cell transfer. Enhancing effects were recapitulated with O-glycan-binding plant lectins, signifying the importance of O-glycans. N-glycan-binding bacterial lectins FimH and Msl had no effect. SLBR-N was demonstrated to capture and transfer infectious HIV-1 virions, bind to O-glycans on HIV-1 Env, and increase HIV-1 resistance to neutralizing antibodies targeting different regions of Env. This study highlights the potential contribution of O-glycan-binding lectins from commensal bacteria at the mucosa in promoting HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Heindel
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dania M. Figueroa Acosta
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Goff
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clauvis Kunkeng Yengo
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muzafar Jan
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System-Manhattan, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariya I. Petrova
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catarina E. Hioe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joshi VR, Claiborne DT, Pack ML, Power KA, Newman RM, Batorsky R, Bean DJ, Goroff MS, Lingwood D, Seaman MS, Rosenberg E, Allen TM. A VRC13-like bNAb response is associated with complex escape pathways in HIV-1 envelope. J Virol 2024; 98:e0172023. [PMID: 38412036 PMCID: PMC10949433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01720-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The rational design of HIV-1 immunogens to trigger the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) requires understanding the viral evolutionary pathways influencing this process. An acute HIV-1-infected individual exhibiting >50% plasma neutralization breadth developed neutralizing antibody specificities against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) and V1V2 regions of Env gp120. Comparison of pseudoviruses derived from early and late autologous env sequences demonstrated the development of >2 log resistance to VRC13 but not to other CD4bs-specific bNAbs. Mapping studies indicated that the V3 and CD4-binding loops of Env gp120 contributed significantly to developing resistance to the autologous neutralizing response and that the CD4-binding loop (CD4BL) specifically was responsible for the developing resistance to VRC13. Tracking viral evolution during the development of this cross-neutralizing CD4bs response identified amino acid substitutions arising at only 4 of 11 known VRC13 contact sites (K282, T283, K421, and V471). However, each of these mutations was external to the V3 and CD4BL regions conferring resistance to VRC13 and was transient in nature. Rather, complete resistance to VRC13 was achieved through the cooperative expression of a cluster of single amino acid changes within and immediately adjacent to the CD4BL, including a T359I substitution, exchange of a potential N-linked glycosylation (PNLG) site to residue S362 from N363, and a P369L substitution. Collectively, our data characterize complex HIV-1 env evolution in an individual developing resistance to a VRC13-like neutralizing antibody response and identify novel VRC13-associated escape mutations that may be important to inducing VRC13-like bNAbs for lineage-based immunogens.IMPORTANCEThe pursuit of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) through vaccination and their use as therapeutics remains a significant focus in the effort to eradicate HIV-1. Key to our understanding of this approach is a more extensive understanding of bNAb contact sites and susceptible escape mutations in HIV-1 envelope (env). We identified a broad neutralizer exhibiting VRC13-like responses, a non-germline restricted class of CD4-binding site antibody distinct from the well-studied VRC01-class. Through longitudinal envelope sequencing and Env-pseudotyped neutralization assays, we characterized a complex escape pathway requiring the cooperative evolution of four amino acid changes to confer complete resistance to VRC13. This suggests that VRC13-class bNAbs may be refractory to rapid escape and attractive for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the identification of longitudinal viral changes concomitant with the development of neutralization breadth may help identify the viral intermediates needed for the maturation of VRC13-like responses and the design of lineage-based immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel T. Claiborne
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa L. Pack
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruchi M. Newman
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Batorsky
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Bean
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew S. Goroff
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tong T, D’Addabbo A, Xu J, Chawla H, Nguyen A, Ochoa P, Crispin M, Binley JM. Impact of stabilizing mutations on the antigenic profile and glycosylation of membrane-expressed HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011452. [PMID: 37549185 PMCID: PMC10434953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent HIV-1 vaccine development has centered on "near native" soluble envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers that are artificially stabilized laterally (between protomers) and apically (between gp120 and gp41). These mutations have been leveraged for use in membrane-expressed Env mRNA vaccines, although their effects in this context are unclear. To address this question, we used virus-like particle (VLP) produced in 293T cells. Uncleaved (UNC) trimers were laterally unstable upon gentle lysis from membranes. However, gp120/gp41 processing improved lateral stability. Due to inefficient gp120/gp41 processing, UNC is incorporated into VLPs. A linker between gp120 and gp41 neither improved trimer stability nor its antigenic profile. An artificially introduced enterokinase cleavage site allowed post-expression gp120/gp41 processing, concomitantly increasing trimer stability. Gp41 N-helix mutations I559P and NT1-5 imparted lateral trimer stability, but also reduced gp120/gp41 processing and/or impacted V2 apex and interface NAb binding. I559P consistently reduced recognition by HIV+ human plasmas, further supporting antigenic differences. Mutations in the gp120 bridging sheet failed to stabilize membrane trimers in a pre-fusion conformation, and also reduced gp120/gp41 processing and exposed non-neutralizing epitopes. Reduced glycan maturation and increased sequon skipping were common side effects of these mutations. In some cases, this may be due to increased rigidity which limits access to glycan processing enzymes. In contrast, viral gp120 did not show glycan skipping. A second, minor species of high mannose gp160 was unaffected by any mutations and instead bypasses normal folding and glycan maturation. Including the full gp41 cytoplasmic tail led to markedly reduced gp120/gp41 processing and greatly increased the proportion of high mannose gp160. Remarkably, monoclonal antibodies were unable to bind to this high mannose gp160 in native protein gels. Overall, our findings suggest caution in leveraging stabilizing mutations in nucleic acid-based immunogens to ensure they impart valuable membrane trimer phenotypes for vaccine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Tong
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alessio D’Addabbo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamin Xu
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Himanshi Chawla
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Nguyen
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Paola Ochoa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeewanraj N, Mandizvo T, Mulaudzi T, Gumede N, Ndhlovu Z, Ndung'u T, Gounder K, Mann J. Partial compartmentalisation of HIV-1 subtype C between lymph nodes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma. Virology 2023; 582:62-70. [PMID: 37030154 PMCID: PMC10132742 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 compartmentalisation is likely to have important implications for a preventative vaccine as well as eradication strategies. We genetically characterised HIV-1 subtype C variants in lymph nodes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma of six antiretroviral (ART) naïve individuals and four individuals on ART. Full-length env (n = 171) and gag (n = 250) sequences were generated from participants using single genome amplification. Phylogenetic relatedness of sequences was assessed, and compartmentalisation was determined using both distance and tree-based methods implemented in HyPhy. Additionally, potential associations between compartmentalisation and immune escape mutations were assessed. Partial viral compartmentalisation was present in nine of the ten participants. Broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb) escape was found to be associated with partial env compartmentalisation in some individuals, while cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape mutations in Gag were limited and did not differ between compartments. Viral compartmentalisation may be an important consideration for bnAb use in viral eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neschika Jeewanraj
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Mandizvo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Takalani Mulaudzi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nombali Gumede
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza Ndhlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamini Gounder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaclyn Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Conrad H, O’Reilly KM, Mallory ML, Kelly D, Williams R, Edmunds WJ, Allen DJ, Breuer J, Baric RS. Emergent variant modeling of the serological repertoire to norovirus in young children. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100954. [PMID: 36854303 PMCID: PMC10040388 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Young children and the elderly bear the greatest burden of disease, representing more than 200,000 deaths annually. Infection prevalence peaks at younger than 2 years and is driven by novel GII.4 variants that emerge and spread globally. Using a surrogate neutralization assay, we characterize the evolution of the serological neutralizing antibody (nAb) landscape in young children as they transition between sequential GII.4 pandemic variants. Following upsurge of the replacement variant, antigenic cartography illustrates remodeling of the nAb landscape to the new variant accompanied by improved nAb titer. However, nAb relative avidity remains focused on the preceding variant. These data support immune imprinting as a mechanism of immune evasion and GII.4 virus persistence across a population. Understanding the complexities of immunity to rapidly evolving and co-circulating viral variants, like those of norovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), and dengue viruses, will fundamentally inform vaccine design for emerging pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Helen Conrad
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathleen M. O’Reilly
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1EW 7HT, UK
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rachel Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1EW 7HT, UK
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Derking R, Lee W, Bosman GP, Ward AB, Sanders RW, Boons G. Conjugation of a Toll-Like Receptor Agonist to Glycans of an HIV Native-Like Envelope Trimer Preserves Neutralization Epitopes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200236. [PMID: 35647713 PMCID: PMC9510654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule adjuvants are attractive for enhancing broad protection and durability of immune responses elicited by subunit vaccines. Covalent attachment of an adjuvant to an immunogen is particularly attractive because it simultaneously delivers both entities to antigen presenting cells resulting in more efficient immune activation. There is, however, a lack of methods to conjugate small molecule immune potentiators to viral glycoprotein immunogens without compromising epitope integrity. We describe herein a one-step enzymatic conjugation approach for the covalent attachment of small molecule adjuvants to N-linked glycans of viral glycoproteins. It involves the attachment of an immune potentiator to CMP-Neu5AcN3 by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition followed by sialyltransferase-mediated transfer to N-glycans of a viral glycoprotein. The method was employed to modify a native-like HIV envelope trimer with a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist. The modification did not compromise Env-trimer recognition by several broadly neutralization antibodies. Electron microscopy confirmed structural integrity of the modified immunogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam1105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wen‐Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA, 92037USA
| | - Gerlof P. Bosman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA, 92037USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam1105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY 10021USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Antibody immunodominance refers to the preferential and asymmetric elicitation of antibodies against specific epitopes on a complex protein antigen. Traditional vaccination approaches for rapidly evolving pathogens have had limited success in part because of this phenomenon, as elicited antibodies preferentially target highly variable regions of antigens, and thus do not confer long lasting protection. While antibodies targeting functionally conserved epitopes have the potential to be broadly protective, they often make up a minority of the overall repertoire. Here, we discuss recent protein engineering strategies used to favorably alter patterns of immunodominance, and selectively focus antibody responses toward broadly protective epitopes in the pursuit of next-generation vaccines for rapidly evolving pathogens.
Collapse
|
9
|
Crooks ET, Almanza F, D’Addabbo A, Duggan E, Zhang J, Wagh K, Mou H, Allen JD, Thomas A, Osawa K, Korber BT, Tsybovsky Y, Cale E, Nolan J, Crispin M, Verkoczy LK, Binley JM. Engineering well-expressed, V2-immunofocusing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein membrane trimers for use in heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimens. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009807. [PMID: 34679128 PMCID: PMC8565784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine immunofocusing strategies may be able to induce broadly-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Here, we engineered a panel of diverse, membrane-resident native HIV-1 trimers vulnerable to two broad targets-the V2 apex and fusion peptide (FP). Selection criteria included i) high expression and ii) infectious function, so that trimer neutralization sensitivity can be profiled in pseudovirus (PV) assays. Initially, we boosted the expression of 17 candidate trimers by truncating gp41 and introducing a gp120-gp41 SOS disulfide to prevent gp120 shedding. "Repairs" were made to fill glycan holes and eliminate other strain-specific aberrations. A new neutralization assay allowed PV infection when our standard assay was insufficient. Trimers with exposed V3 loops, a target of non-NAbs, were discarded. To try to increase V2-sensitivity, we removed clashing glycans and modified the C-strand. Notably, a D167N mutation improved V2-sensitivity in several cases. Glycopeptide analysis of JR-FL trimers revealed near complete sequon occupation and that filling the N197 glycan hole was well-tolerated. In contrast, sequon optimization and inserting/removing glycans at other positions frequently had global "ripple" effects on glycan maturation and sequon occupation throughout the gp120 outer domain and gp41. V2 MAb CH01 selectively bound to trimers with small high mannose glycans near the base of the V1 loop, thereby avoiding clashes. Knocking in a rare N49 glycan was found to perturb gp41 glycans, increasing FP NAb sensitivity-and sometimes improving expression. Finally, a biophysical analysis of VLPs revealed that i) ~25% of particles bear Env spikes, ii) spontaneous particle budding is high and only increases 4-fold upon Gag transfection, and iii) Env+ particles express ~30-40 spikes. Taken together, we identified 7 diverse trimers with a range of sensitivities to two targets to allow rigorous testing of immunofocusing vaccine concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco Almanza
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alessio D’Addabbo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Duggan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Cellarcus BioSciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Huihui Mou
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa Thomas
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Evan Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Cellarcus BioSciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent K. Verkoczy
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James M. Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hitting the sweet spot: exploiting HIV-1 glycan shield for induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 15:267-274. [PMID: 32675574 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The surface of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein, the target of neutralizing antibodies, is extensively covered by N-linked glycans that create a glycan shield. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), the primary targets of HIV-1 vaccine design, have to negotiate this glycan shield. Here, we review the barriers and opportunities that the HIV-1 glycan shield presents for vaccine induction of bNAbs. RECENT FINDINGS Glycan shields can impact the nature of the antibody response and influence the development of neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infections. The architecture of the glycan shield arising from glycan interactions and dynamics have been modeled, and its fine structure, that is, the site-wise glycan heterogeneity, has been determined for some isolates. Although the extent of glycan shielding is conserved, the precise number, location and processing of glycans, however, is strain-dependent. New insights continue to reveal how such differences can impact bNAb activity and development. Novel approaches have exploited the glycan shield for designing immunogens that bind the germline precursors of bNAbs, a critical roadblock for vaccine-induction of bNAbs. SUMMARY The HIV-1 glycan shield can significantly impact the induction and maturation of bNAbs, and a better understanding of how to manipulate it will improve immunogen design.
Collapse
|
11
|
Moyo T, Guleid FH, Schomaker M, Williamson C, Dorfman JR. HIV-1 Subtype C Tier 3 Viruses Have Increased Infectivity Compared to Tier 2 Viruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:1010-1019. [PMID: 32935560 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary concern of an antibody-based HIV-1 therapy is the virus' ability to rapidly escape antibody responses. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between antibody neutralization sensitivity, viral phenotype, and infectivity in 13 subtype C viruses using a HeLa transfectant-based assay. We observed that the seven tier 3 viruses exhibited higher infectivity than the tier 2 viruses, suggesting that higher neutralization resistance did not have a substantial entry cost. There was no relationship between neutralization resistance and susceptibility to entry inhibitors Maraviroc, PSC RANTES, or the fusion inhibitor T20, indicating that neutralization resistance may not alter these inhibitor target sites. By analyzing glycosylation patterns in 82 subtype C viruses, we found that the presence of an N-linked glycan motif at position N413 and its absence at N332 were the most important predictors of neutralization resistance. In a set of 200 subtype C viruses, tier 3 strains were more resistant than tier 2 or 1B viruses to several broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting three different epitopes. This suggests that it is unlikely that resistance to antibodies targeting a single epitope drives overall resistance. In the context of an antibody-based intervention, highly resistant viruses with increased infectivity, circulating in the population, could hinder HIV-1 control since entry of tier 3 viruses is not always selected against. Therefore, for any long-term antibody-based intervention to be globally relevant, it must elicit responses that limit the occurrence of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thandeka Moyo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatuma H. Guleid
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Schomaker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey R. Dorfman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
González-Feliciano JA, Akamine P, Capó-Vélez CM, Delgado-Vélez M, Dussupt V, Krebs SJ, Wojna V, Polonis VR, Baerga-Ortiz A, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. A recombinant gp145 Env glycoprotein from HIV-1 expressed in two different cell lines: Effects on glycosylation and antigenicity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231679. [PMID: 32559193 PMCID: PMC7304579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been the primary target for the development of a protective vaccine against infection. The extensive N-linked glycosylation on Env is an important consideration as it may affect efficacy, stability, and expression yields. The expression host has been shown to influence the extent and type of glycosylation that decorates the protein target. Here, we report the glycosylation profile of the candidate subtype C immunogen CO6980v0c22 gp145, which is currently in Phase I clinical trials, produced in two different host cells: CHO-K1 and Expi293F. The amino acid sequence for both glycoproteins was confirmed to be identical by peptide mass fingerprinting. However, the isoelectric point of the proteins differed; 4.5–5.5 and 6.0–7.0 for gp145 produced in CHO-K1 and Expi293F, respectively. These differences in pI were eliminated by enzymatic treatment with sialidase, indicating a large difference in the incorporation of sialic acid between hosts. This dramatic difference in the number of sialylated glycans between hosts was confirmed by analysis of PNGase F-released glycans using MALDI-ToF MS. These differences in glycosylation, however, did not greatly translate into differences in antibody recognition. Biosensor assays showed that gp145 produced in CHO-K1 had similar affinity toward the broadly neutralizing antibodies, 2G12 and PG16, as the gp145 produced in Expi293F. Additionally, both immunogens showed the same reactivity against plasma of HIV-infected patients. Taken together, these results support the notion that there are sizeable differences in the glycosylation of Env depending on the expression host. How these differences translate to vaccine efficacy remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pearl Akamine
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Coral M. Capó-Vélez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Manuel Delgado-Vélez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Division of Neurology, Internal Medicine Department and NeuroHIV Research Program, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail: (ABO); (JALD)
| | - José A. Lasalde-Dominicci
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail: (ABO); (JALD)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Neutralization-guided design of HIV-1 envelope trimers with high affinity for the unmutated common ancestor of CH235 lineage CD4bs broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008026. [PMID: 31527908 PMCID: PMC6764681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is susceptible to multiple lineages of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that are attractive to elicit with vaccines. The CH235 lineage (VH1-46) of CD4bs bnAbs is particularly attractive because the most mature members neutralize 90% of circulating strains, do not possess long HCDR3 regions, and do not contain insertions and deletions that may be difficult to induce. We used virus neutralization to measure the interaction of CH235 unmutated common ancestor (CH235 UCA) with functional Env trimers on infectious virions to guide immunogen design for this bnAb lineage. Two Env mutations were identified, one in loop D (N279K) and another in V5 (G458Y), that acted synergistically to render autologous CH505 transmitted/founder virus susceptible to neutralization by CH235 UCA. Man5-enriched N-glycans provided additional synergy for neutralization. CH235 UCA bound with nanomolar affinity to corresponding soluble native-like Env trimers as candidate immunogens. A cryo-EM structure of CH235 UCA bound to Man5-enriched CH505.N279K.G458Y.SOSIP.664 revealed interactions of the antibody light chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR L3) with the engineered Env loops D and V5. These results demonstrate that virus neutralization can directly inform vaccine design and suggest a germline targeting and reverse engineering strategy to initiate and mature the CH235 bnAb lineage. Despite a wealth of information on the epitopes, ontogeny, structure and maturation pathways of multiple epitope classes of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), there has been little progress eliciting similar antibodies by vaccination. One major contributing factor is the failure of many candidate immunogens to engage germline reverted forms of bnAbs, making it unlikely that they will provide adequate stimulation of appropriate naïve B cells to initiate bnAb lineages. Here we used virus neutralization to identify two point mutations and a modified glycan profile that together render HIV-1 CH505 Env-pseudotyped virus highly susceptible to neutralization by a germline-reverted form of the CH235 lineage of CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bnAbs. These same modifications permit strong binding of corresponding soluble native-like CH505 Env trimers to germline-reverted CH235. These observations provide a conceptual framework for the design and testing of novel immunogens that aim to elicit the CH235 bnAb lineage.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bai H, Li Y, Michael NL, Robb ML, Rolland M. The breadth of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies depends on the conservation of key sites in their epitopes. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007056. [PMID: 31170145 PMCID: PMC6581281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing HIV-1 vaccines that trigger broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a priority as bnAbs are considered key to elicitation of a protective immune response. To investigate whether the breadth of a neutralizing antibody (nAb) depended on the conservation of its epitope among circulating viruses, we examined Antibody:Envelope (Ab:Env) interactions and worldwide Env diversity. We found that sites corresponding to bnAb epitopes were as variable as other accessible, non-hypervariable Env sites (p = 0.50, Mann-Whitney U-test) with no significant relationship between epitope conservation and neutralization breadth (Spearman’s ρ = -0.44, adjusted p = 0.079). However, when accounting for key sites in the Ab:Env interaction, we showed that the broadest bnAbs targeted more conserved epitopes (Spearman’s ρ = -0.70, adjusted p = 5.0e-5). Neutralization breadth did not stem from the overall conservation of Ab epitopes but depended instead on the conservation of key sites of the Ab:Env interaction, revealing a mechanistic basis for neutralization breadth that could be exploited for vaccine design. So far, no HIV-1 vaccine has elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in humans. HIV-1, one of the most rapidly evolving pathogens, is remarkable for its high variability across individuals and adaptability within hosts. We tested the relationship between HIV-1 diversity and neutralization breadth. While bnAbs did not specifically target more conserved regions of HIV-1 Env, we found that the broadest bnAbs relied forcibly more on structural interactions at key sites of the Ab:Env interaction than other Abs. Understanding mechanisms underlying neutralization breadth provides guidelines to design more efficacious vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Bai
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yifan Li
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nguyen DN, Xu B, Stanfield RL, Bailey JK, Horiya S, Temme JS, Leon DR, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Costello CE, Wilson IA, Krauss IJ. Oligomannose Glycopeptide Conjugates Elicit Antibodies Targeting the Glycan Core Rather than Its Extremities. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:237-249. [PMID: 30834312 PMCID: PMC6396197 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Up to ∼20% of HIV-infected individuals eventually develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), and many of these antibodies (∼40%) target a region of dense high-mannose glycosylation on gp120 of the HIV envelope protein, known as the "high-mannose patch" (HMP). Thus, there have been numerous attempts to develop glycoconjugate vaccine immunogens that structurally mimic the HMP and might elicit bnAbs targeting this conserved neutralization epitope. Herein, we report on the immunogenicity of glycopeptides, designed by in vitro selection, that bind tightly to anti-HMP antibody 2G12. By analyzing the fine carbohydrate specificity of rabbit antibodies elicited by these immunogens, we found that they differ from some natural human bnAbs, such as 2G12 and PGT128, in that they bind primarily to the core structures within the glycan, rather than to the Manα1 → 2Man termini (2G12) or to the whole glycan (PGT128). Antibody specificity for the glycan core may result from extensive serum mannosidase trimming of the immunogen in the vaccinated animals. This finding has broad implications for vaccine design aiming to target glycan-dependent HIV neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dung N. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Bokai Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and the Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Satoru Horiya
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - J. Sebastian Temme
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Deborah R. Leon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department
of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department
of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and the Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Isaac J. Krauss
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A Novel MVA-Based HIV Vaccine Candidate (MVA-gp145-GPN) Co-Expressing Clade C Membrane-Bound Trimeric gp145 Env and Gag-Induced Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) Triggered Broad and Multifunctional HIV-1-Specific T Cell and Antibody Responses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020160. [PMID: 30781504 PMCID: PMC6410222 DOI: 10.3390/v11020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) vaccine that is able to stimulate both the humoral and cellular HIV-1-specific immune responses remains a major priority challenge. In this study, we described the generation and preclinical evaluation of single and double modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based candidates expressing the HIV-1 clade C membrane-bound gp145(ZM96) trimeric protein and/or the Gag(ZM96)-Pol-Nef(CN54) (GPN) polyprotein that was processed to form Gag-induced virus-like particles (VLPs). In vitro characterization of MVA recombinants revealed the stable integration of HIV-1 genes without affecting its replication capacity. In cells that were infected with Env-expressing viruses, the gp145 protein was inserted into the plasma membrane exposing critical epitopes that were recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas Gag-induced VLPs were released from cells that were infected with GPN-expressing viruses. VLP particles as well as purified MVA virions contain Env and Gag visualized by immunoelectron microscopy and western-blot of fractions that were obtained after detergent treatments of purified virus particles. In BALB/c mice, homologous MVA-gp145-GPN prime/boost regimen induced broad and polyfunctional Env- and Gag-specific CD4 T cells and antigen-specific T follicular helper (Tfh) and Germinal Center (GC) B cells, which correlated with robust HIV-1-specific humoral responses. Overall, these results support the consideration of MVA-gp145-GPN vector as a potential vaccine candidate against HIV-1.
Collapse
|
17
|
LaBranche CC, McGuire AT, Gray MD, Behrens S, Zhou T, Sattentau QJ, Peacock J, Eaton A, Greene K, Gao H, Tang H, Perez LG, Saunders KO, Mascola JR, Haynes BF, Stamatatos L, Montefiori DC. HIV-1 envelope glycan modifications that permit neutralization by germline-reverted VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007431. [PMID: 30395637 PMCID: PMC6237427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) induction is a high priority for effective HIV-1 vaccination. VRC01-class bnAbs that target the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein spikes are particularly attractive to elicit because of their extraordinary breadth and potency of neutralization in vitro and their ability to protect against infection in animal models. Glycans bordering the CD4bs impede the binding of germline-reverted forms of VRC01-class bnAbs and therefore constitute a barrier to early events in initiating the correct antibody lineages. Deleting a subset of these glycans permits Env antigen binding but not virus neutralization, suggesting that additional barriers impede germline-reverted VRC01-class antibody binding to functional Env trimers. We investigated the requirements for functional Env trimer engagement of VRC01-class naïve B cell receptors by using virus neutralization and germline-reverted antibodies as surrogates for the interaction. Targeted deletion of a subset of N-glycans bordering the CD4bs, combined with Man5 enrichment of remaining N-linked glycans that are otherwise processed into larger complex-type glycans, rendered HIV-1 426c Env-pseudotyped virus (subtype C, transmitted/founder) highly susceptible to neutralization by near germline forms of VRC01-class bnAbs. Neither glycan modification alone rendered the virus susceptible to neutralization. The potency of neutralization in some cases rivaled the potency of mature VRC01 against wildtype viruses. Neutralization by the germline-reverted antibodies was abrogated by the known VRC01 resistance mutation, D279K. These findings improve our understanding of the restrictions imposed by glycans in eliciting VRC01-class bnAbs and enable a neutralization-based strategy to monitor vaccine-elicited early precursors of this class of bnAbs. Activation of appropriate naïve B cells is a critical initial step in the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by HIV-1 vaccines. Germline-reverted forms of bnAbs partially mimic naïve B cell receptors, making them useful for designing and identifying immunogens that can initiate early stages of bnAb development. Here we identify a combination of glycan-modifications on the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins that preserve native structure and facilitate interactions with germline-reverted forms of the VRC01-class of bnAbs. These modifications included the complete removal of certain N-glycans, combined with Man5-enrichment of remaining N-glycans that otherwise are processed into larger complex-type glycans. HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses modified in this way were highly susceptible to neutralization by germline-reverted forms of several VRC01-class bnAbs, and this neutralization could be blocked by a known VRC01 resistance mutation. These findings provide new insights for the design and testing of novel immunogens that aim to elicit VRC01-like bnAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. McGuire
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Gray
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shay Behrens
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Peacock
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kelli Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Lautaro G. Perez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Landais E, Moore PL. Development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 infected elite neutralizers. Retrovirology 2018; 15:61. [PMID: 30185183 PMCID: PMC6125991 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), able to prevent viral entry by diverse global viruses, are a major focus of HIV vaccine design, with data from animal studies confirming their ability to prevent HIV infection. However, traditional vaccine approaches have failed to elicit these types of antibodies. During chronic HIV infection, a subset of individuals develops bNAbs, some of which are extremely broad and potent. This review describes the immunological and virological factors leading to the development of bNAbs in such "elite neutralizers". The features, targets and developmental pathways of bNAbs from their precursors have been defined through extraordinarily detailed within-donor studies. These have enabled the identification of epitope-specific commonalities in bNAb precursors, their intermediates and Env escape patterns, providing a template for vaccine discovery. The unusual features of bNAbs, such as high levels of somatic hypermutation, and precursors with unusually short or long antigen-binding loops, present significant challenges in vaccine design. However, the use of new technologies has led to the isolation of more than 200 bNAbs, including some with genetic profiles more representative of the normal immunoglobulin repertoire, suggesting alternate and shorter pathways to breadth. The insights from these studies have been harnessed for the development of optimized immunogens, novel vaccine regimens and improved delivery schedules, which are providing encouraging data that an HIV vaccine may soon be a realistic possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|