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Moström MJ, Yu S, Tran D, Saccoccio FM, Versoza CJ, Malouli D, Mirza A, Valencia S, Gilbert M, Blair RV, Hansen S, Barry P, Früh K, Jensen JD, Pfeifer SP, Kowalik TF, Permar SR, Kaur A. Protective effect of pre-existing natural immunity in a nonhuman primate reinfection model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011646. [PMID: 37796819 PMCID: PMC10553354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the leading infectious cause of neurologic defects in newborns with particularly severe sequelae in the setting of primary CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. The majority of cCMV cases worldwide occur after non-primary infection in CMV-seropositive women; yet the extent to which pre-existing natural CMV-specific immunity protects against CMV reinfection or reactivation during pregnancy remains ill-defined. We previously reported on a novel nonhuman primate model of cCMV in rhesus macaques where 100% placental transmission and 83% fetal loss were seen in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-seronegative dams after primary RhCMV infection. To investigate the protective effect of preconception maternal immunity, we performed reinfection studies in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted RhCMV-seropositive dams inoculated in late first / early second trimester gestation with RhCMV strains 180.92 (n = 2), or RhCMV UCD52 and FL-RhCMVΔRh13.1/SIVgag, a wild-type-like RhCMV clone with SIVgag inserted as an immunological marker, administered separately (n = 3). An early transient increase in circulating monocytes followed by boosting of the pre-existing RhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody response was observed in the reinfected dams but not in control CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted dams. Emergence of SIV Gag-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in macaques inoculated with the FL-RhCMVΔRh13.1/SIVgag virus confirmed reinfection. Placental transmission was detected in only one of five reinfected dams and there were no adverse fetal sequelae. Viral whole genome, short-read, deep sequencing analysis confirmed transmission of both reinfection RhCMV strains across the placenta with ~30% corresponding to FL-RhCMVΔRh13.1/SIVgag and ~70% to RhCMV UCD52, consistent with the mixed human CMV infections reported in infants with cCMV. Our data showing reduced placental transmission and absence of fetal loss after non-primary as opposed to primary infection in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted dams indicates that preconception maternal CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte and/or humoral immunity can protect against cCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda J. Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shan Yu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dollnovan Tran
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Frances M. Saccoccio
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cyril J. Versoza
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anne Mirza
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Margaret Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Scott Hansen
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter Barry
- University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York State, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
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2
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Moström M, Yu S, Tran D, Saccoccio F, Versoza CJ, Malouli D, Mirza A, Valencia S, Gilbert M, Blair R, Hansen S, Barry P, Früh K, Jensen JD, Pfeifer SP, Kowalik TF, Permar SR, Kaur A. Protective effect of pre-existing natural immunity in a nonhuman primate reinfection model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536057. [PMID: 37090643 PMCID: PMC10120644 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the leading infectious cause of neurologic defects in newborns with particularly severe sequelae in the setting of primary CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. The majority of cCMV cases worldwide occur after non-primary infection in CMV-seropositive women; yet the extent to which pre-existing natural CMV-specific immunity protects against CMV reinfection or reactivation during pregnancy remains ill-defined. We previously reported on a novel nonhuman primate model of cCMV in rhesus macaques where 100% placental transmission and 83% fetal loss were seen in CD4 + T lymphocyte-depleted rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-seronegative dams after primary RhCMV infection. To investigate the protective effect of preconception maternal immunity, we performed reinfection studies in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted RhCMV-seropositive dams inoculated in late first / early second trimester gestation with RhCMV strains 180.92 ( n =2), or RhCMV UCD52 and FL-RhCMVΔRh13.1/SIV gag , a wild-type-like RhCMV clone with SIV gag inserted as an immunological marker ( n =3). An early transient increase in circulating monocytes followed by boosting of the pre-existing RhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody response was observed in the reinfected dams but not in control CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted dams. Emergence of SIV Gag-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in macaques inoculated with the FL-RhCMVΔRh13.1/SIV gag virus confirmed reinfection. Placental transmission was detected in only one of five reinfected dams and there were no adverse fetal sequelae. Viral whole genome, short-read, deep sequencing analysis confirmed transmission of both reinfection RhCMV strains across the placenta with ∼30% corresponding to FL-RhCMVΔRh13.1/SIV gag and ∼70% to RhCMV UCD52, consistent with the mixed human CMV infections reported in infants with cCMV. Our data showing reduced placental transmission and absence of fetal loss after non-primary as opposed to primary infection in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted dams indicates that preconception maternal CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte and/or humoral immunity can protect against cCMV infection. Author Summary Globally, pregnancies in CMV-seropositive women account for the majority of cases of congenital CMV infection but the immune responses needed for protection against placental transmission in mothers with non-primary infection remains unknown. Recently, we developed a nonhuman primate model of primary rhesus CMV (RhCMV) infection in which placental transmission and fetal loss occurred in RhCMV-seronegative CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted macaques. By conducting similar studies in RhCMV-seropositive dams, we demonstrated the protective effect of pre-existing natural CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes and humoral immunity against congenital CMV after reinfection. A 5-fold reduction in congenital transmission and complete protection against fetal loss was observed in dams with pre-existing immunity compared to primary CMV in this model. Our study is the first formal demonstration in a relevant model of human congenital CMV that natural pre-existing CMV-specific maternal immunity can limit congenital CMV transmission and its sequelae. The nonhuman primate model of non-primary congenital CMV will be especially relevant to studying immune requirements of a maternal vaccine for women in high CMV seroprevalence areas at risk of repeated CMV reinfections during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington LA
| | - Shan Yu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington LA
| | - Dollnovan Tran
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington LA
| | | | - Cyril J. Versoza
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - Anne Mirza
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Margaret Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington LA
| | - Robert Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington LA
| | - Scott Hansen
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR
| | | | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington LA
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Zhang X. Magnetic resonance imaging of the monkey fetal brain in utero. INVESTIGATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 2022; 26:177-190. [PMID: 36937817 PMCID: PMC10019598 DOI: 10.13104/imri.2022.26.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are the closest living relatives of the human and play a critical role in investigating the effects of maternal viral infection and consumption of medicines, drugs, and alcohol on fetal development. With the advance of contemporary fast MRI techniques with parallel imaging, fetal MRI is becoming a robust tool increasingly used in clinical practice and preclinical studies to examine congenital abnormalities including placental dysfunction, congenital heart disease (CHD), and brain abnormalities non-invasively. Because NHPs are usually scanned under anesthesia, the motion artifact is reduced substantially, allowing multi-parameter MRI techniques to be used intensively to examine the fetal development in a single scanning session or longitudinal studies. In this paper, the MRI techniques for scanning monkey fetal brains in utero in biomedical research are summarized. Also, a fast imaging protocol including T2-weighted imaging, diffusion MRI, resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) to examine rhesus monkey fetal brains in utero on a clinical 3T scanner is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- EPC Imaging Center and Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329, USA
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Nicholas RE, Sandstrom K, Anderson JL, Smith WR, Wetzel M, Banerjee P, Janaka SK, Evans DT. KIR3DL05 and KIR3DS02 Recognition of a Nonclassical MHC Class I Molecule in the Rhesus Macaque Implicated in Pregnancy Success. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841136. [PMID: 35401580 PMCID: PMC8984097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the MHC class I ligands of rhesus macaque killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) is fundamental to understanding the role of natural killer (NK) cells in this species as a nonhuman primate model for infectious diseases, transplantation and reproductive biology. We previously identified Mamu-AG as a ligand for KIR3DL05. Mamu-AG is a nonclassical MHC class I molecule that is expressed at the maternal-fetal interface of the placenta in rhesus macaques similar to HLA-G in humans. Although Mamu-AG and HLA-G share similar molecular features, including limited polymorphism and a short cytoplasmic tail, Mamu-AG is considerably more polymorphic. To determine which allotypes of Mamu-AG serve as ligands for KIR3DL05, we tested reporter cell lines expressing five different alleles of KIR3DL05 (KIR3DL05*001, KIR3DL05*004, KIR3DL05*005, KIR3DL05*008 and KIR3DL05*X) for responses to target cells expressing eight different alleles of Mamu-AG. All five allotypes of KIR3DL05 responded to Mamu-AG2*01:01, two exhibited dominant responses to Mamu-AG1*05:01, and three had low but detectable responses to Mamu-AG3*03:01, -AG3*03:02, -AG3*03:03 and -AG3*03:04. Since KIR3DL05*X is the product of recombination between KIR3DL05 and KIR3DS02, we also tested an allotype of KIR3DS02 (KIR3DS02*004) and found that this activating KIR also recognizes Mamu-AG2*01:01. Additional analysis of Mamu-AG variants with single amino acid substitutions identified residues in the α1-domain essential for recognition by KIR3DL05. These results reveal variation in KIR3DL05 and KIR3DS02 responses to Mamu-AG and define Mamu-AG polymorphisms that differentially affect KIR recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Nicholas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kjell Sandstrom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Willow R. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molly Wetzel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Priyankana Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Pang J, Slyker JA, Roy S, Bryant J, Atkinson C, Cudini J, Farquhar C, Griffiths P, Kiarie J, Morfopoulou S, Roxby AC, Tutil H, Williams R, Gantt S, Goldstein RA, Breuer J. Mixed cytomegalovirus genotypes in HIV-positive mothers show compartmentalization and distinct patterns of transmission to infants. eLife 2020; 9:e63199. [PMID: 33382036 PMCID: PMC7806273 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the commonest cause of congenital infection and particularly so among infants born to HIV-infected women. Studies of congenital CMV infection (cCMVi) pathogenesis are complicated by the presence of multiple infecting maternal CMV strains, especially in HIV-positive women, and the large, recombinant CMV genome. Using newly developed tools to reconstruct CMV haplotypes, we demonstrate anatomic CMV compartmentalization in five HIV-infected mothers and identify the possibility of congenitally transmitted genotypes in three of their infants. A single CMV strain was transmitted in each congenitally infected case, and all were closely related to those that predominate in the cognate maternal cervix. Compared to non-transmitted strains, these congenitally transmitted CMV strains showed statistically significant similarities in 19 genes associated with tissue tropism and immunomodulation. In all infants, incident superinfections with distinct strains from breast milk were captured during follow-up. The results represent potentially important new insights into the virologic determinants of early CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Pang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Slyker
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sunando Roy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Josephine Bryant
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire Atkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliana Cudini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carey Farquhar
- Departments of Global Health, Epidemiology, Medicine (Div. Allergy and Infectious Diseases), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Paul Griffiths
- Institute of Immunology and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James Kiarie
- University of Nairobi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, World Health OrganizationNairobiKenya
| | - Sofia Morfopoulou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison C Roxby
- Departments of Global Health, Epidemiology, Medicine (Div. Allergy and Infectious Diseases), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Helena Tutil
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Williams
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Soren Gantt
- Research Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montréal QCMontréalCanada
| | - Richard A Goldstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform BuildingLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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6
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Taher H, Mahyari E, Kreklywich C, Uebelhoer LS, McArdle MR, Moström MJ, Bhusari A, Nekorchuk M, E X, Whitmer T, Scheef EA, Sprehe LM, Roberts DL, Hughes CM, Jackson KA, Selseth AN, Ventura AB, Cleveland-Rubeor HC, Yue Y, Schmidt KA, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Smedley J, Kowalik TF, Stanton RJ, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Hansen SG, Kaur A, Barry PA, Bimber BN, Picker LJ, Streblow DN, Früh K, Malouli D. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a recombinant rhesus cytomegalovirus containing a complete genome. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008666. [PMID: 33232376 PMCID: PMC7723282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly adapted to their host species resulting in strict species specificity. Hence, in vivo examination of all aspects of CMV biology employs animal models using host-specific CMVs. Infection of rhesus macaques (RM) with rhesus CMV (RhCMV) has been established as a representative model for infection of humans with HCMV due to the close evolutionary relationships of both host and virus. However, the only available RhCMV clone that permits genetic modifications is based on the 68-1 strain which has been passaged in fibroblasts for decades resulting in multiple genomic changes due to tissue culture adaptations. As a result, 68-1 displays reduced viremia in RhCMV-naïve animals and limited shedding compared to non-clonal, low passage isolates. To overcome this limitation, we used sequence information from primary RhCMV isolates to construct a full-length (FL) RhCMV by repairing all mutations affecting open reading frames (ORFs) in the 68-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Inoculation of adult, immunocompetent, RhCMV-naïve RM with the reconstituted virus resulted in significant viremia in the blood similar to primary isolates of RhCMV and furthermore led to high viral genome copy numbers in many tissues at day 14 post infection. In contrast, viral dissemination was greatly reduced upon deletion of genes also lacking in 68-1. Transcriptome analysis of infected tissues further revealed that chemokine-like genes deleted in 68-1 are among the most highly expressed viral transcripts both in vitro and in vivo consistent with an important immunomodulatory function of the respective proteins. We conclude that FL-RhCMV displays in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a wildtype virus while being amenable to genetic modifications through BAC recombineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Luke S. Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matilda J. Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Travis Whitmer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Scheef
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lesli M. Sprehe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kerianne A. Jackson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hillary C. Cleveland-Rubeor
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Yue
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberli A. Schmidt
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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