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Turna Demir F, Demir E. Genotoxicity mechanism of food preservative propionic acid in the in vivo Drosophila model: gut damage, oxidative stress, cellular immune response and DNA damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 33:327-336. [PMID: 36253933 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2137871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that is the main fermentation product of the enteric microbiome. It is found naturally and added to foods as a preservative and evaluated by health authorities as safe for use in foods. However, propionic acid has been reported in the literature to be associated with both health and disease. The purpose of this work is to better understand how propionic acid affects Drosophila melanogaster by examining some of the effects of this compound on the D. melanogaster hemocytes. D. melanogaster was chosen as a suitable in vivo model to detect potential risks of propionic acid (at five concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM) used as a food preservative. Toxicity, cellular immune response, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), gut damage, and DNA damage (via Comet assay) were the end-points evaluated. Significant genotoxic effects were detected in selected cell targets in a concentration dependent manner, especially at two highest concentrations (5 and 10 mM) of propionic acid. This study is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in the hemocytes of Drosophila larvae, emphasizing the importance of D. melanogaster as a model organism in investigating the different biological effects caused by the ingested food preservative product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Turna Demir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, Dosemealti, Turkey
| | - Eşref Demir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, Dosemealti, Turkey
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Wertheim B. Adaptations and counter-adaptations in Drosophila host-parasitoid interactions: advances in the molecular mechanisms. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100896. [PMID: 35240335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Both hosts and parasitoids evolved a diverse array of traits and strategies for their antagonistic interactions, affecting their chances of encounter, attack and survival after parasitoid attack. This review summarizes the recent progress that has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these adaptations and counter-adaptations in various Drosophila host-parasitoid interactions. For the hosts, it focuses on the neurobiological and genetic control of strategies in Drosophila adults and larvae of avoidance or escape behaviours upon sensing the parasitoids, and the immunological defences involving diverse classes of haemocytes. For the parasitoids, it highlights their behavioural strategies in host finding, as well as the rich variety of venom components that evolved and were partially acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Recent studies revealed the mechanisms by which these venom components manipulate their parasitized hosts in exhibiting escape behaviour to avoid superparasitism, and their counter-strategies to evade or obstruct the hosts' immunological defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Demir E. Mechanisms and biological impacts of graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on Drosophila melanogaster: Oxidative stress, genotoxic damage, phenotypic variations, locomotor behavior, parasitoid resistance, and cellular immune response. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:450-474. [PMID: 34486762 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has now become rather common in medical applications as well as several other areas thanks to their useful physicochemical properties. While in vitro testing offers some potential, in vivo research into toxic effects of graphene and MWCNTs could yield much more reliable data. Drosophila melanogaster has recently gained significant popularity as a dynamic eukaryotic model in examining toxicity, genotoxicity, and biological effects of exposure to nanomaterials, including oxidative stress, cellular immune response against two strains (NSRef and G486) of parasitoid wasp (Leptopilina boulardi), phenotypic variations, and locomotor behavior risks. D. melanogaster was used as a model organism in our study to identify the potential risks of exposure to graphene (thickness: 2-18 nm) and MWCNTs in different properties (as pure [OD: 10-20 nm short], modified by amide [NH2 ] [OD: 7-13 nm length: 55 μm], and modified by carboxyl [COOH] [OD: 30-50 nm and length: 0.5-2 μm]) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 250 μg/ml. Significant effects were observed at two high doses (100 and 250 μg/ml) of graphene or MWCNTs. This is the first study to report findings of cellular immune response against hematopoiesis and parasitoids, nanogenotoxicity, phenotypic variations, and locomotor behavior in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşref Demir
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
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Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Geldman EM, Morin-Poulard I, Crozatier M, Jiggins FM. Constitutive activation of cellular immunity underlies the evolution of resistance to infection in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:59095. [PMID: 33357377 PMCID: PMC7785293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms rely on inducible and constitutive immune defences to combat infection. Constitutive immunity enables a rapid response to infection but may carry a cost for uninfected individuals, leading to the prediction that it will be favoured when infection rates are high. When we exposed populations of Drosophila melanogaster to intense parasitism by the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, they evolved resistance by developing a more reactive cellular immune response. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that immune-inducible genes had become constitutively upregulated. This was the result of resistant larvae differentiating precursors of specialized immune cells called lamellocytes that were previously only produced after infection. Therefore, populations evolved resistance by genetically hard-wiring the first steps of an induced immune response to become constitutive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Geldman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zárate-Potes A, Yang W, Pees B, Schalkowski R, Segler P, Andresen B, Haase D, Nakad R, Rosenstiel P, Tetreau G, Colletier JP, Schulenburg H, Dierking K. The C. elegans GATA transcription factor elt-2 mediates distinct transcriptional responses and opposite infection outcomes towards different Bacillus thuringiensis strains. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008826. [PMID: 32970778 PMCID: PMC7513999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively used as a model for the study of innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens. While it is well established that the worm mounts distinct transcriptional responses to different bacterial species, it is still unclear in how far it can fine-tune its response to different strains of a single pathogen species, especially if the strains vary in virulence and infection dynamics. To rectify this knowledge gap, we systematically analyzed the C. elegans response to two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), MYBt18247 (Bt247) and MYBt18679 (Bt679), which produce different pore forming toxins (PFTs) and vary in infection dynamics. We combined host transcriptomics with cytopathological characterizations and identified both a common and also a differentiated response to the two strains, the latter comprising almost 10% of the infection responsive genes. Functional genetic analyses revealed that the AP-1 component gene jun-1 mediates the common response to both Bt strains. In contrast, the strain-specific response is mediated by the C. elegans GATA transcription factor ELT-2, a homolog of Drosophila SERPENT and vertebrate GATA4-6, and a known master regulator of intestinal responses in the nematode. elt-2 RNAi knockdown decreased resistance to Bt679, but remarkably, increased survival on Bt247. The elt-2 silencing-mediated increase in survival was characterized by reduced intestinal tissue damage despite a high pathogen burden and might thus involve increased tolerance. Additional functional genetic analyses confirmed the involvement of distinct signaling pathways in the C. elegans defense response: the p38-MAPK pathway acts either directly with or in parallel to elt-2 in mediating resistance to Bt679 infection but is not required for protection against Bt247. Our results further suggest that the elt-2 silencing-mediated increase in survival on Bt247 is multifactorial, influenced by the nuclear hormone receptors NHR-99 and NHR-193, and may further involve lipid metabolism and detoxification. Our study highlights that the nematode C. elegans with its comparatively simple immune defense system is capable of generating a differentiated response to distinct strains of the same pathogen species. Importantly, our study provides a molecular insight into the diversity of biological processes that are influenced by a single master regulator and jointly determine host survival after pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Zárate-Potes
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara Pees
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schalkowski
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Segler
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bentje Andresen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Haase
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rania Nakad
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Katja Dierking
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Younes S, Al-Sulaiti A, Nasser EAA, Najjar H, Kamareddine L. Drosophila as a Model Organism in Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:214. [PMID: 32656090 PMCID: PMC7324642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the genetic similarities and conserved pathways between a fruit fly and mammals, the use of the Drosophila model as a platform to unveil novel mechanisms of infection and disease progression has been justified and widely instigated. Gaining proper insight into host-pathogen interactions and identifying chief factors involved in host defense and pathogen virulence in Drosophila serves as a foundation to establish novel strategies for infectious disease prevention and control in higher organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Younes
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al-Sulaiti
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hoda Najjar
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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