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Alvarez Hayes J, Blancá B, Gorgojo JP, Baroli C, Carrica MDC, Rodriguez ME. Bordetella pertussis outer membrane vesicles impair neutrophil bactericidal activity. Microbes Infect 2024:105375. [PMID: 38849071 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the primary defense against bacterial infections, yet certain pathogens express virulence factors that enable them to subvert neutrophils-mediated killing. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as a secretory system through which bacteria deliver virulence factors to host cells. OMVs from Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of whooping cough, are loaded with most of bacterial virulence factors, including CyaA, which plays a key role in B. pertussis evasion of neutrophils bactericidal activity. In our study, we investigated the role of B. pertussis OMVs in bacterial interaction with neutrophils. We observed that interaction of OMVs with neutrophils led to a decrease in the expression of cell surface CR3 and FcγRs, an effect dependent on the CyaA toxin delivered by these vesicles. This decreased receptor expression led to reduced bacterial uptake by neutrophils, irrespective of the presence of opsonic antibodies. Moreover, CyaA delivered by OMVs hindered intracellular bactericidal trafficking, promoting bacterial intracellular survival. When both bacteria and OMVs were opsonized, competition between opsonized OMVs and B. pertussis for FcγRs on neutrophils led to a significant decrease in bacterial uptake. Overall, our findings suggest that B. pertussis OMVs promote bacterial survival to the encounter with neutrophils in both naïve and immunized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Alvarez Hayes
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), School of Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Bruno Blancá
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), School of Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Gorgojo
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), School of Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Baroli
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), School of Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), School of Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Argentina
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Debandi M, Carrica M, Hentschker C, Baroli C, Völker U, Rodriguez ME, Surmann K, Lamberti Y. Role of the Putative Histidine Kinase BP1092 in Bordetella pertussis Virulence Regulation and Intracellular Survival. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1666-1678. [PMID: 38644792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis persists inside host cells, and virulence factors are crucial for intracellular adaptation. The regulation of B. pertussis virulence factor transcription primarily occurs through the modulation of the two-component system (TCS) known as BvgAS. However, additional regulatory systems have emerged as potential contributors to virulence regulation. Here, we investigate the impact of BP1092, a putative TCS histidine kinase that shows increased levels after bacterial internalization by macrophages, on B. pertussis proteome adaptation under nonmodulating (Bvg+) and modulating (Bvg-) conditions. Using mass spectrometry, we compare B. pertussis wild-type (wt), a BP1092-deficient mutant (ΔBP1092), and a ΔBP1092 trans-complemented strain under both conditions. We find an altered abundance of 10 proteins, including five virulence factors. Specifically, under nonmodulating conditions, the mutant strain showed decreased levels of FhaB, FhaS, and Cya compared to the wt. Conversely, under modulating conditions, the mutant strain exhibited reduced levels of BvgA and BvgS compared to those of the wt. Functional assays further revealed that the deletion of BP1092 gene impaired B. pertussis ability to survive within human macrophage THP-1 cells. Taken together, our findings allow us to propose BP1092 as a novel player involved in the intricate regulation of B. pertussis virulence factors and thus in adaptation to the intracellular environment. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD041940.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Debandi
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Mariela Carrica
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Christian Hentschker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Carlos Baroli
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Yanina Lamberti
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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Pschunder B, Locati L, López O, Martin Aispuro P, Zurita E, Stuible M, Durocher Y, Hozbor D. Outer membrane vesicles derived from Bordetella pertussis are potent adjuvant that drive Th1-biased response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387534. [PMID: 38650936 PMCID: PMC11033331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
For several years, we have been committed to exploring the potential of Bordetella pertussis-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVBp) as a promising third-generation vaccine against the reemerging pertussis disease. The results of our preclinical trials not only confirm its protective capacity against B. pertussis infection but also set the stage for forthcoming human clinical trials. This study delves into the examination of OMVBp as an adjuvant. To accomplish this objective, we implemented a two-dose murine schedule to evaluate the specific immune response induced by formulations containing OMVBp combined with 3 heterologous immunogens: Tetanus toxoid (T), Diphtheria toxoid (D), and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S). The specific levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a triggered by the different tested formulations were evaluated using ELISA in dose-response assays for OMVBp and the immunogens at varying levels. These assays demonstrated that OMVBp exhibits adjuvant properties even at the low concentration employed (1.5 μg of protein per dose). As this effect was notably enhanced at medium (3 μg) and high concentrations (6 μg), we chose the medium concentration to determine the minimum immunogen dose at which the OMV adjuvant properties are significantly evident. These assays demonstrated that OMVBp exhibits adjuvant properties even at the lowest concentration tested for each immunogen. In the presence of OMVBp, specific IgG levels detected for the lowest amount of antigen tested increased by 2.5 to 10 fold compared to those found in animals immunized with formulations containing adjuvant-free antigens (p<0.0001). When assessing the adjuvant properties of OMVBp compared to the widely recognized adjuvant alum, we detected similar levels of specific IgG against D, T and S for both adjuvants. Experiments with OMVs derived from E. coli (OMVE.coli) reaffirmed that the adjuvant properties of OMVs extend across different bacterial species. Nonetheless, it's crucial to highlight that OMVBp notably skewed the immune response towards a Th1 profile (p<0.05). These collective findings emphasize the dual role of OMVBp as both an adjuvant and modulator of the immune response, positioning it favorably for incorporation into combined vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernarda Pschunder
- Laboratorio Vacunas Salud (VacSal), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CCT-CONICET) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucia Locati
- Laboratorio Vacunas Salud (VacSal), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CCT-CONICET) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oriana López
- Laboratorio Vacunas Salud (VacSal), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CCT-CONICET) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Martin Aispuro
- Laboratorio Vacunas Salud (VacSal), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CCT-CONICET) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Zurita
- Laboratorio Vacunas Salud (VacSal), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CCT-CONICET) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio Vacunas Salud (VacSal), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CCT-CONICET) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Wu D, Jing R, Zheng H, He K, Li Y, Yu W, Yin Z, Fang H. Health and Economic Evaluation of Vaccination Against Pertussis in China: A 40-Year Analysis. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2023; 26:666-675. [PMID: 36328326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the health and economic impact of diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) vaccination on pertussis prevention and control in China during the 40 years from 1978 to 2017. METHODS We conducted cost-benefit analyses with a decision tree model populated with historical vaccination coverage levels and pertussis incidence and mortality data from before 1978 and during 1978 to 2017. We modeled 40 birth cohorts from birth until death. Costs and benefits were estimated from direct cost and societal perspectives (direct and indirect costs). Costs and benefits were adjusted to 2017 US dollars (USD), and future values were discounted at a 3% annual rate. We calculated net benefit values (net savings) and benefit-cost ratios of pertussis vaccination of children younger than 5 years. We conducted sensitivity analyses by varying key parameters within plausible ranges. RESULTS Without DTwP and DTaP vaccination, there would be an estimated 115.76 million pertussis cases and 426 650 pertussis deaths in the 40 cohorts. With DTwP/DTaP vaccination, pertussis cases and deaths were decreased by an estimated 92.57% and 97.43%, saving 46 987.81 million USD in direct costs and 82 013.37 million USD from societal perspective. Pertussis vaccination program costs were 2168.76 million USD and 3961.28 million USD from direct cost and societal perspectives. Benefit-cost ratios were 21.67:1 from the direct cost perspective and 20.70:1 from the societal perspective. Sensitivity analyses showed the results to be robust. CONCLUSIONS Over the lifetime of 40 birth cohorts, China's immunization program is preventing 93% of pertussis cases and 97% of pertussis deaths, resulting in substantial savings to the healthcare system and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rize Jing
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China; Health Science, Hospital Reform and Medical Big Data Liberal Arts and Sciences Cross Platform, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kun He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixing Li
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhou Yu
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai Fang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Research Center for Vaccine Economics, Beijing, China; Institute of Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Fullen AR, Gutierrez-Ferman JL, Rayner RE, Kim SH, Chen P, Dubey P, Wozniak DJ, Peeples ME, Cormet-Boyaka E, Deora R. Architecture and matrix assembly determinants of Bordetella pertussis biofilms on primary human airway epithelium. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011193. [PMID: 36821596 PMCID: PMC9990917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, whooping cough or pertussis caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is described as an acute disease with severe symptoms. However, many individuals who contract pertussis are either asymptomatic or show very mild symptoms and yet can serve as carriers and sources of bacterial transmission. Biofilms are an important survival mechanism for bacteria in human infections and disease. However, bacterial determinants that drive biofilm formation in humans are ill-defined. In the current study, we show that Bp infection of well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells leads to formation of bacterial aggregates, clusters, and highly structured biofilms which are colocalized with cilia. These findings mimic observations from pathological analyses of tissues from pertussis patients. Distinct arrangements (mono-, bi-, and tri-partite) of the polysaccharide Bps, extracellular DNA, and bacterial cells were visualized, suggesting complex heterogeneity in bacteria-matrix interactions. Analyses of mutant biofilms revealed positive roles in matrix production, cell cluster formation, and biofilm maturity for three critical Bp virulence factors: Bps, filamentous hemagglutinin, and adenylate cyclase toxin. Adherence assays identified Bps as a new Bp adhesin for primary human airway cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate the multi-factorial nature of the biofilm extracellular matrix and biofilm development process under conditions mimicking the human respiratory tract and highlight the importance of model systems resembling the natural host environment to investigate pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra R. Fullen
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Gutierrez-Ferman
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachael E. Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Phylip Chen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Purnima Dubey
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rajendar Deora
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Szwejser-Zawislak E, Wilk MM, Piszczek P, Krawczyk J, Wilczyńska D, Hozbor D. Evaluation of Whole-Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in the Context of Long-Term Herd Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010001. [PMID: 36679846 PMCID: PMC9863224 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After the pertussis vaccine had been introduced in the 1940s and was shown to be very successful in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, the possibility of improving both vaccine composition and vaccination schedules has become the subject of continuous interest. As a result, we are witnessing a considerable heterogeneity in pertussis vaccination policies, which remains beyond universal consensus. Many pertussis-related deaths still occur in low- and middle-income countries; however, these deaths are attributable to gaps in vaccination coverage and limited access to healthcare in these countries, rather than to the poor efficacy of the first generation of pertussis vaccine consisting in inactivated and detoxified whole cell pathogen (wP). In many, particularly high-income countries, a switch was made in the 1990s to the use of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, to reduce the rate of post-vaccination adverse events and thereby achieve a higher percentage of children vaccinated. However the epidemiological data collected over the past few decades, even in those high-income countries, show an increase in pertussis prevalence and morbidity rates, triggering a wide-ranging debate on the causes of pertussis resurgence and the effectiveness of current pertussis prevention strategies, as well as on the efficacy of available pertussis vaccines and immunization schedules. The current article presents a systematic review of scientific reports on the evaluation of the use of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines, in the context of long-term immunity and vaccines efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwejser-Zawislak
- Institute of Biotechnology of Serums and Vaccines Biomed, Al. Sosnowa 8, 30-224 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mieszko M. Wilk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Piszczek
- Institute of Biotechnology of Serums and Vaccines Biomed, Al. Sosnowa 8, 30-224 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Krawczyk
- Institute of Biotechnology of Serums and Vaccines Biomed, Al. Sosnowa 8, 30-224 Krakow, Poland
| | - Daria Wilczyńska
- Institute of Biotechnology of Serums and Vaccines Biomed, Al. Sosnowa 8, 30-224 Krakow, Poland
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- VacSal Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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Wang P, Ramadan S, Dubey P, Deora R, Huang X. Development of carbohydrate based next-generation anti-pertussis vaccines. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117066. [PMID: 36283250 PMCID: PMC9925305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Bordetella pertussis. Despite high global vaccination rates, pertussis is resurging worldwide. Here we discuss the development of current pertussis vaccines and their limitations, which highlight the need for new vaccines that can protect against the disease and prevent development of the carrier state, thereby reducing transmission. The lipo-oligosaccharide of Bp is an attractive antigen for vaccine development as the anti-glycan antibodies could have bactericidal activities. The structure of the lipo-oligosaccharide has been determined and its immunological properties analyzed. Strategies enabling the expression, isolation, and bioconjugation have been presented. However, obtaining the saccharide on a large scale with high purity remains one of the main obstacles. Chemical synthesis provides a complementary approach to accessing the carbohydrate epitopes in a pure and structurally well-defined form. The first total synthesis of the non-reducing end pertussis pentasaccharide is discussed. The conjugate of the synthetic glycan with a powerful immunogenic carrier, bacteriophage Qβ, results in high levels and long-lasting anti-glycan IgG antibodies, paving the way for the development of a new generation of anti-pertussis vaccines with high bactericidal activities and biocompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya 13518, Egypt
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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8
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Bps polysaccharide of Bordetella pertussis resists antimicrobial peptides by functioning as a dual surface shield and decoy and converts Escherichia coli into a respiratory pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010764. [PMID: 35969621 PMCID: PMC9410548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections and disease caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) are increasing, despite widespread vaccinations. The current acellular pertussis vaccines remain ineffective against nasopharyngeal colonization, carriage, and transmission. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Bordetella polysaccharide (Bps), a member of the poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG/PGA) family of polysaccharides promotes respiratory tract colonization of Bp by resisting killing by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Genetic deletion of the bpsA-D locus, as well as treatment with the specific glycoside hydrolase Dispersin B, increased susceptibility to AMP-mediated killing. Bps was found to be both cell surface-associated and released during laboratory growth and mouse infections. Addition of bacterial supernatants containing Bps and purified Bps increased B. pertussis resistance to AMPs. By utilizing ELISA, immunoblot and flow cytometry assays, we show that Bps functions as a dual surface shield and decoy. Co-inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with a Bps-proficient strain enhanced respiratory tract survival of the Bps-deficient strain. In combination, the presented results highlight the critical role of Bps as a central driver of B. pertussis pathogenesis. Heterologous production of Bps in a non-pathogenic E. coli K12 strain increased AMP resistance in vitro, and augmented bacterial survival and pathology in the mouse respiratory tract. These studies can serve as a foundation for other PNAG/PGA polysaccharides and for the development of an effective Bp vaccine that includes Bps.
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Characterization of Bordetella pertussis Strains Isolated from India. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070794. [PMID: 35890038 PMCID: PMC9322502 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high level vaccination and the availability of two different types of vaccines, whole cell (wP) and acellular vaccines (aP), the resurgence of pertussis has been reported in many countries. Antigenic variation within circulating and vaccine strains is the most documented reason reported for the resurgence of pertussis. Research on genetic divergence among circulating and vaccine strains has largely been reported in countries using aP vaccines. There are inadequate data available for antigenic variation in B. pertussis from wP-using countries. India has used wP for more than 40 years in their primary immunization program. The present study reports five clinical isolates of B. pertussis from samples of pediatric patients with pertussis symptoms observed in India. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clinical isolates were performed by serotyping, genotyping, whole genome analyses and comparative genomics. All clinical isolates showed serotype 1, 2 and 3 based on the presence of fimbriae 2 and 3. Genotyping showed genetic similarities in allele types for five aP genes within vaccine strains and clinical isolates reported from India. The presence of the ptxP3 genotype was observed in two out of five clinical isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for clinical isolates using the hybrid strategy of combining Illumina (short reads) and oxford nanopore (long reads) sequencing strategies. Clinical isolates (n = 5) and vaccine strains (n = 7) genomes of B. pertussis from India were compared with 744 B. pertussis closed genomes available in the public databases. The phylogenomic comparison of B. pertussis genomes reported from India will be advantageous in better understanding pertussis resurgence reported globally with respect to pathogen adaptation.
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10
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Raihan MO, Espelien BM, Hanson C, McGregor BA, Velaris NA, Alvine TD, Al Golovko S, Bradley DS, Nilles M, Glovko MY, Hur J, Porter JE. Characterization of prostanoids response to Bordetella pertussis antigen BscF and Tdap in LPS-challenged monocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 182:102452. [PMID: 35690004 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids are potent inflammatory mediators that play a regulatory role in the innate immune activation of the adaptive immune response to determine the duration of protection against infection. We aim to quantify the modulation of prostanoids profiles in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells treated with the novel pertussis antigen BscF. We compared the effect with pertussis antigens present in the current Tdap vaccine to understand the immunomodulatory effect that might contribute to the diminished Tdap vaccine effectiveness. The inflammatory challenge with LPS induced a robust elevation of most prostanoid family members compared to the control treatment. Treatment with BscF and Tdap significantly reduced the LPS-stimulated elevation of prostaglandins (PGs) D2, E2, and F2α, as well as thromboxane (TX) A2 levels. An opposite trend was observed for PGI2, as both antigens accelerated the LPS-stimulated upregulation. Further, we quantified cyclooxygenases (COXs) that catalyze the biosynthesis of prostanoids and found that both antigens significantly reduced LPS-stimulated COX-1 and COX-2, demonstrating that the waning of acellular pertussis vaccines' protective immunity may be due to other downstream enzymes not related to COXs. Our present study validates the potential role of BscF as an adjuvant, resulting in the next-generation pertussis vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Obayed Raihan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Brenna M Espelien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Courtney Hanson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Brett A McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Nathan A Velaris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Travis D Alvine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Svetlana Al Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - David S Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Matthew Nilles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Glovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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11
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Tahar djebbar K, Allouache M, Kezzal S, Benguerguoura F, TouilBoukoffa C, Zidi I, Raache R, Ouzari HI. Evaluation of the Potency of the Pertussis Vaccine in Experimental Infection Model with Bordetella pertussis: Study of the Case of the Pertussis Vaccine Used in the Expanded Vaccination Program in Algeria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060906. [PMID: 35746514 PMCID: PMC9230502 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Algeria, vaccination against pertussis is carried out using the whole-cell pertussis vaccine combined with the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTwp). The quality control of vaccines locally produced or imported is carried out before the batch release. The aim of our work was to evaluate the potency of pertussis vaccines. In the present study, five consecutive trials of potency were conducted on samples of the same batch of (DTwp) using the mouse protection test (MPT) against experimental infection of Bordetella pertussis strain 18323, based on the Kendrick test. The virulence of B. pertussis strain 18–323 was verified by the mortality of mice, with an average LD50 of 338.92, as well as the dose of the lethal test containing a mean number of LD50 of 324.43. The (MPT) test recorded a relative potency of 8.02 IU/human dose, with 95% CL of (3.56–18.05) IU/human dose. The development of the (MPT) at the laboratory of quality control of vaccines and sera at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria was effective in evaluating the potency of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Interestingly, our study indicates that this potency is necessary for the vaccine quality assurance. Further validation is needed to strengthen the application and routine use of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Tahar djebbar
- Laboratoire de Contrôle de Qualité des Vaccins et Sérums, Département de Contrôle des Produits Biologiques, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route du Petit Staouel, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria; (M.A.); (S.K.); (F.B.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire-Equipe Cytokines et NO Synthase, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la TechnologieHouariBoumedienne (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algeria;
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives (LR03ES03), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis (FST), Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (I.Z.); (H.-I.O.)
- Correspondence: (K.T.d.); (C.T.)
| | - Mounia Allouache
- Laboratoire de Contrôle de Qualité des Vaccins et Sérums, Département de Contrôle des Produits Biologiques, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route du Petit Staouel, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria; (M.A.); (S.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Salim Kezzal
- Laboratoire de Contrôle de Qualité des Vaccins et Sérums, Département de Contrôle des Produits Biologiques, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route du Petit Staouel, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria; (M.A.); (S.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Fouzia Benguerguoura
- Laboratoire de Contrôle de Qualité des Vaccins et Sérums, Département de Contrôle des Produits Biologiques, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route du Petit Staouel, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria; (M.A.); (S.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Chafia TouilBoukoffa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire-Equipe Cytokines et NO Synthase, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la TechnologieHouariBoumedienne (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algeria;
- Correspondence: (K.T.d.); (C.T.)
| | - Ines Zidi
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives (LR03ES03), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis (FST), Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (I.Z.); (H.-I.O.)
| | - Rachida Raache
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire-Equipe Cytokines et NO Synthase, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la TechnologieHouariBoumedienne (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algeria;
- Département D’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route du Petit Staoueli, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria
| | - Hadda-Imene Ouzari
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives (LR03ES03), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis (FST), Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (I.Z.); (H.-I.O.)
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12
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Genomic, morphological, and biochemical analyses of a multi-metal resistant but multi-drug susceptible strain of Bordetella petrii from hospital soil. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8439. [PMID: 35589928 PMCID: PMC9120033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of soil by antibiotics and heavy metals originating from hospital facilities has emerged as a major cause for the development of resistant microbes. We collected soil samples surrounding a hospital effluent and measured the resistance of bacterial isolates against multiple antibiotics and heavy metals. One strain BMCSI 3 was found to be sensitive to all tested antibiotics. However, it was resistant to many heavy metals and metalloids like cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, arsenic, and others. This strain was motile and potentially spore-forming. Whole-genome shotgun assembly of BMCSI 3 produced 4.95 Mb genome with 4,638 protein-coding genes. The taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis revealed it, to be a Bordetella petrii strain. Multiple genomic islands carrying mobile genetic elements; coding for heavy metal resistant genes, response regulators or transcription factors, transporters, and multi-drug efflux pumps were identified from the genome. A comparative genomic analysis of BMCSI 3 with annotated genomes of other free-living B. petrii revealed the presence of multiple transposable elements and several genes involved in stress response and metabolism. This study provides insights into how genomic reorganization and plasticity results in evolution of heavy metals resistance by acquiring genes from its natural environment.
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13
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Bbvac: A Live Vaccine Candidate That Provides Long-Lasting Anamnestic and Th17-Mediated Immunity against the Three Classical Bordetella spp. mSphere 2022; 7:e0089221. [PMID: 35196124 PMCID: PMC8865921 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00892-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pathogens such as Bordetella pertussis can cause severe disease but are ultimately cleared by the immune response. This has led to the accepted paradigm that convalescent immunity is optimal and therefore broadly accepted as the “gold standard” against which vaccine candidates should be compared. However, successful pathogens like B. pertussis have evolved multiple mechanisms for suppressing and evading host immunity, raising the possibility that disruption of these mechanisms could result in substantially stronger or better immunity. Current acellular B. pertussis vaccines, delivered in a 5-dose regimen, induce only short-term immunity against disease and even less against colonization and transmission. Importantly, they provide modest protection against other Bordetella species that cause substantial human disease. A universal vaccine that protects against the three classical Bordetella spp. could decrease the burden of whooping cough-like disease in humans and other animals. Our recent work demonstrated that Bordetella spp. suppress host inflammatory responses and that disrupting the regulation of immunosuppressive mechanisms can allow the host to generate substantially stronger sterilizing immunity against the three classical Bordetella spp. Here, we identify immune parameters impacted by Bordetella species immunomodulation, including the generation of robust Th17 and B cell memory responses. Disrupting immunomodulation augmented the immune response, providing strong protection against the prototypes of all three classical Bordetella spp. as well as recent clinical isolates. Importantly, the protection in mice lasted for at least 15 months and was associated with recruitment of high numbers of B and T cells in the lungs as well as enhanced Th17 mucosal responses and persistently high titers of antibodies. These findings demonstrate that disrupting bacterial immunomodulatory pathways can generate much stronger and more protective immune responses to infection, with important implications for the development of better vaccines. IMPORTANCE Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, accounting for over 40 million hospitalizations since 1998. Therefore, novel vaccine strategies are imperative, which can be improved with a better understanding of the mechanisms that bacteria utilize to suppress host immunity, a key mechanism for establishing colonization. Bordetella spp., the causative agents of whooping cough, suppress host immunity, which allows for persistent colonization. We discovered a regulator of a bacterial immunosuppressive pathway, which, when mutated in Bordetella spp., allows for rapid clearance of infection and subsequent generation of protective immunity for at least 15 months. After infection with the mutant strain, mice exhibited sterilizing immunity against the three classical Bordetella spp., suggesting that the immune response can be both stronger and cross-protective. This work presents a strategy for vaccine development that can be applied to other immunomodulatory pathogens.
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14
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Hoyos MC, Hincapié-Palacio D, Ochoa J, León A. Impact of childhood and maternal vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in Colombia. J Public Health Res 2021; 11. [PMID: 34751533 PMCID: PMC8883552 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Latin America, there are few studies of the impact of vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. We estimate the impact of infant and maternal vaccination on the incidence of these diseases in Colombia. Design and methods: an interrupted time series study analyzing the incidence before and after of vaccination with DwPT (1975-2018) and with Tdap in pregnant women (2008-2018). A segmented regression model with negative binomial distribution estimated the change in level and trend of the predicted incidence ratio after vaccination in relation to the incidence if vaccination had not been started (IRR), using a Prais Winsten regression. Results: The pertussis IRR decreased immediately after the start of childhood vaccination (0.91, p=0.51), but this was only significant (1.01, p<0.001) along with the trend per year, after the start of maternal vaccination (0.98, p<0.001). In the absence of vaccination, the incidence would not have been reduced. Neonatal tetanus had the highest rate of change with significant reduction - 1.69 - CI 95%: -2.91, -0.48). The trend after vaccination was the highest with an annual reduction of 19% (0.81, p=0.001). The change in incidence of diphtheria was significant, although slow (- 0.02 - CI 95%: -0.04, -0.004). The sustained effect in the post-vaccination period was smaller (0.95, p=0.79). Conclusion: Childhood and maternal vaccination markedly reduced the incidence of pertussis and neonatal tetanus. It is necessary to maintain optimal vaccination coverage and surveillance, within an integrated elimination plan, which prevents the resurgence of these diseases. Significance for public health Immunization and control of diseases in the process of elimination, such as neonatal tetanus and with a recent resurgence such as diphtheria and pertussis constitute a challenge for Colombia, the region, and the world. The impact of infant and maternal vaccination on reducing the incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in Colombia, has been reported in this study. Childhood and maternal vaccination markedly reduced the incidence of neonatal pertussis and tetanus. The change in incidence of diphtheria was significant before and after immunization, although slow. Public health efforts should focus on improving and sustaining maternal and child vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. Development of an integrated elimination plan is recommended for the three diseases based on the experience of neonatal tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Hoyos
- National School of Public Health "Héctor Abad Gómez", University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia.
| | | | - Jesus Ochoa
- National School of Public Health "Héctor Abad Gómez", University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia.
| | - Alba León
- School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia.
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15
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Keizner D, Ghaffari S, Beheshti S, Newman E, Tulumello D, Kirkitadze M, Leach M. Quantitative microcapillary electrophoresis immunoassay (mCE IA) for end-to-end analysis of pertactin within in-process samples and Quadracel® vaccine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114284. [PMID: 34332308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein concentration is an important attribute in the production of subunit or component-based vaccine antigens. Rigorous monitoring of protein concentration is required to identify potential areas for yield improvement. The current GMP method for quantitation is the plate-based ELISA which requires numerous hands-on steps and has low sensitivity in comparison to new microfluidic systems. To address this issue, a sensitive automated microCapillary Electrophoresis ImmunoAssay (mCE IA) method was developed to accurately separate and quantitate pertactin (PRN), an important antigen of the modern acellular Pertussis (aP) vaccine. PRN is reported to be a low-yielding antigen; thus, it is critical to observe its concentration throughout its manufacturing process. First, a primary antibody for PRN was identified to establish suitable immunoprobing conditions for detection of PRN over a wide linear dynamic range that spans 3 orders of magnitude. Next, the pre-adsorbed PRN Drug Substance (DS) was used as a reference standard to quantitate PRN samples against a calibration curve with adequate accuracy and precision. Four representative samples including three in-process steps and final adjuvanted drug product: Quadracel®, were examined to demonstrate the capability of mCE IA to quantitate PRN with high sensitivity and specificity. The matrices of the selected samples contain additional components (e.g. other proteins, growth factors, cell culture media, residual ammonium sulfate, and aluminum adjuvant) often making the quantitation of PRN challenging. The specificity and method linearity were demonstrated by spiking pre-adsorbed PRN DS into the four representative samples. In addition, it was shown that reportable concentrations of PRN for nine downstream process steps as analyzed by our method is comparable to concentrations obtained with ELISA. Most importantly, this study demonstrated that our method's quantitative accuracy is independent of matrix components, as each sample undergoes extensive dilution. This allows for seamless end-to-end analysis of PRN from fermenter harvest, through to complex downstream process samples to adjuvanted drug products. Finally, for the first time the developed and qualified mCE IA method was shown to quantify PRN throughout the entire manufacturing process to provide rapid feedback for process optimizations allowing for accurate yield and step-loss calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Keizner
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Shakiba Ghaffari
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Samaneh Beheshti
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada; SGS Life Science Services, Mississauga, ON, L5T 1X8, Canada
| | - Elena Newman
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - David Tulumello
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Michael Leach
- Analytical Sciences Toronto, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada.
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16
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Shortening the Lipid A Acyl Chains of Bordetella pertussis Enables Depletion of Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxic Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040594. [PMID: 33050234 PMCID: PMC7712016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Whole-cell vaccines, which were introduced in the fifties of the previous century and proved to be effective, showed considerable reactogenicity and were replaced by subunit vaccines around the turn of the century. However, there is a considerable increase in the number of cases in industrialized countries. A possible strategy to improve vaccine-induced protection is the development of new, non-toxic, whole-cell pertussis vaccines. The reactogenicity of whole-cell pertussis vaccines is, to a large extent, derived from the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria. Here, we engineered B. pertussis strains with altered lipid A structures by expressing genes for the acyltransferases LpxA, LpxD, and LpxL from other bacteria resulting in altered acyl-chain length at various positions. Whole cells and extracted LPS from the strains with shorter acyl chains showed reduced or no activation of the human Toll-like receptor 4 in HEK-Blue reporter cells, whilst a longer acyl chain increased activation. Pyrogenicity studies in rabbits confirmed the in vitro assays. These findings pave the way for the development of a new generation of whole-cell pertussis vaccines with acceptable side effects.
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