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Liu F, Zeng M, Zhou X, Huang F, Song Z. Aspergillus fumigatus escape mechanisms from its harsh survival environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:53. [PMID: 38175242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogenic mold and causes several diseases, including mycotoxicosis, allergic reactions, and systemic diseases (invasive aspergillosis), with high mortality rates. In its ecological niche, the fungus has evolved and mastered many reply strategies to resist and survive against negative threats, including harsh environmental stress and deficiency of essential nutrients from natural environments, immunity responses and drug treatments in host, and competition from symbiotic microorganisms. Hence, treating A. fumigatus infection is a growing challenge. In this review, we summarized A. fumigatus reply strategies and escape mechanisms and clarified the main competitive or symbiotic relationships between A. fumigatus, viruses, bacteria, or fungi in host microecology. Additionally, we discussed the contemporary drug repertoire used to treat A. fumigatus and the latest evidence of potential resistance mechanisms. This review provides valuable knowledge which will stimulate further investigations and clinical applications for treating and preventing A. fumigatus infections. KEY POINTS: • Harsh living environment was a great challenge for A. fumigatus survival. • A. fumigatus has evolved multiple strategies to escape host immune responses. • A. fumigatus withstands antifungal drugs via intrinsic escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujiao Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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Li Y, Fu W, Xiang J, Ren Y, Li Y, Zhou M, Yu J, Luo Z, Liu E, Fu Z, Liu B, Ding F. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism and dendritic cell antigen presentation. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:819-839. [PMID: 38472395 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the role of Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) in mediating mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism and dendritic cell (DC) antigen presentation in the immune response associated with asthma. METHODS RNA sequencing was employed to identify key genes associated with mitochondrial function and fatty acid metabolism in DCs. ELISA was employed to assess the levels of fatty acid metabolism in DCs. Mitochondrial morphology was evaluated using laser confocal microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were utilized to detect changes in mitochondrial superoxide generation in DCs, followed by immunofluorescence co-localization analysis of ACSL4 and the mitochondrial marker protein COXIV. Subsequently, pathological changes and immune responses in mouse lung tissue were observed. ELISA was conducted to measure the levels of fatty acid metabolism in lung tissue DCs. qRT-PCR and western blotting were employed to respectively assess the expression levels of mitochondrial-associated genes (ATP5F1A, VDAC1, COXIV, TFAM, iNOS) and proteins (ATP5F1A, VDAC1, COXIV, TOMM20, iNOS) in lung tissue DCs. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze changes in the expression of surface antigens presented by DCs in lung tissue, specifically the MHCII molecule and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86. RESULTS The sequencing results reveal that ACSL4 is a crucial gene regulating mitochondrial function and fatty acid metabolism in DCs. Inhibiting ACSL4 reduces the levels of fatty acid oxidases in DCs, increases arachidonic acid levels, and decreases A-CoA synthesis. Simultaneously, ACSL4 inhibition leads to an increase in mitochondrial superoxide production (MitoSOX) in DCs, causing mitochondrial rupture, vacuolization, and sparse mitochondrial cristae. In mice, ACSL4 inhibition exacerbates pulmonary pathological changes and immune responses, reducing the fatty acid metabolism levels within lung tissue DCs and the expression of mitochondria-associated genes and proteins. This inhibition induces an increase in the expression of MHCII antigen presentation molecules and co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86 in DCs. CONCLUSIONS The research findings indicate that ACSL4-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism and dendritic cell antigen presentation play a crucial regulatory role in the immune response of asthma. This discovery holds promise for enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying asthma pathogenesis and potentially identifying novel targets for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - JinYing Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinying Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyue Yu
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengxia Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong Dis, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Liu B, Wang Y, Han G, Zhu M. Tolerogenic dendritic cells in radiation-induced lung injury. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1323676. [PMID: 38259434 PMCID: PMC10800505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury is a common complication associated with radiotherapy. It is characterized by early-stage radiation pneumonia and subsequent radiation pulmonary fibrosis. However, there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic strategies for radiation-induced lung injury. Recent studies have shown that tolerogenic dendritic cells interact with regulatory T cells and/or regulatory B cells to stimulate the production of immunosuppressive molecules, control inflammation, and prevent overimmunity. This highlights a potential new therapeutic activity of tolerogenic dendritic cells in managing radiation-induced lung injury. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of tolerogenic dendritic cells in the context of radiation-induced lung injury, which will be valuable for researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Earle K, Valero C, Conn DP, Vere G, Cook PC, Bromley MJ, Bowyer P, Gago S. Pathogenicity and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2023; 14:2172264. [PMID: 36752587 PMCID: PMC10732619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2172264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Compromised lung defences arising from immunosuppression, chronic respiratory conditions or more recently, concomitant viral or bacterial pulmonary infections are recognised risks factors for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge of the mechanistic basis of pulmonary aspergillosis with a focus on emerging at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Earle
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clara Valero
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel P. Conn
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - George Vere
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter C. Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael J. Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Goode EJ, Marczylo E. A scoping review: What are the cellular mechanisms that drive the allergic inflammatory response to fungal allergens in the lung epithelium? Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12252. [PMID: 37357550 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway disease (AAD) is a collective term for respiratory disorders that can be exacerbated upon exposure to airborne allergens. The contribution of fungal allergens to AAD has become well established over recent years. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to better understand the mechanisms involved in the allergic response to fungi in airway epithelia, identify knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research. The search resulted in 61 studies for final analysis. Despite heterogeneity in the models and methods used, we identified major pathways involved in fungal allergy. These included the activation of protease-activated receptor 2, the EGFR pathway, adenosine triphosphate and purinergic receptor-dependent release of IL33, and oxidative stress, which drove mucin expression and goblet cell metaplasia, Th2 cytokine production, reduced barrier integrity, eosinophil recruitment, and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, there were several knowledge gaps and therefore we recommend future research should focus on the use of more physiologically relevant methods to directly compare key allergenic fungal species, clarify specific mechanisms of fungal allergy, and assess the fungal allergy in disease models. This will inform disease management and future interventions, ultimately reducing the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Jane Goode
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
| | - Emma Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
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Abstract
The respiratory tree maintains sterilizing immunity against human fungal pathogens. Humans inhale ubiquitous filamentous molds and geographically restricted dimorphic fungal pathogens that form small airborne conidia. In addition, pathogenic yeasts, exemplified by encapsulated Cryptococcus species, and Pneumocystis pose significant fungal threats to the lung. Classically, fungal pneumonia occurs in immune compromised individuals, specifically in patients with HIV/AIDS, in patients with hematologic malignancies, in organ transplant recipients, and in patients treated with corticosteroids and targeted biologics that impair fungal immune surveillance in the lung. The emergence of fungal co-infections during severe influenza and COVID-19 underscores the impairment of fungus-specific host defense pathways in the lung by respiratory viruses and by medical therapies to treat viral infections. Beyond life-threatening invasive syndromes, fungal antigen exposure can exacerbate allergenic disease in the lung. In this review, we discuss emerging principles of lung-specific antifungal immunity, integrate the contributions and cooperation of lung epithelial, innate immune, and adaptive immune cells to mucosal barrier immunity, and highlight the pathogenesis of fungal-associated allergenic disease. Improved understanding of fungus-specific immunity in the respiratory tree has paved the way to develop improved diagnostic, pre-emptive, therapeutic, and vaccine approaches for fungal diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Heung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darin L Wiesner
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Keyi Wang
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Duan J, Li F, Huang R, Wu S, Huang Z, Xu X. CARD9 balances Aspergillus fumigatus-induced anti-fungal immunity and allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2023. [PMID: 36718629 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Duan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Huang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Satala D, Bras G, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. More than Just Protein Degradation: The Regulatory Roles and Moonlighting Functions of Extracellular Proteases Produced by Fungi Pathogenic for Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010121. [PMID: 36675942 PMCID: PMC9865821 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases belong to the main virulence factors of pathogenic fungi. Their proteolytic activities plays a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients from the external environment, destroying host barriers and defenses, and disrupting homeostasis in the human body, e.g., by affecting the functions of plasma proteolytic cascades, and playing sophisticated regulatory roles in various processes. Interestingly, some proteases belong to the group of moonlighting proteins, i.e., they have additional functions that contribute to successful host colonization and infection development, but they are not directly related to proteolysis. In this review, we describe examples of such multitasking of extracellular proteases that have been reported for medically important pathogenic fungi of the Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis genera, as well as dermatophytes and selected endemic species. Additional functions of proteinases include supporting binding to host proteins, and adhesion to host cells. They also mediate self-aggregation and biofilm formation. In addition, fungal proteases affect the host immune cells and allergenicity, understood as the ability to stimulate a non-standard immune response. Finally, they play a role in the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Knowledge about the multifunctionality of proteases, in addition to their canonical roles, greatly contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
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