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Howell LM, Gracie NP, Newsome TP. Single-cell analysis of VACV infection reveals pathogen-driven timing of early and late phases and host-limited dynamics of virus production. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012423. [PMID: 39093901 PMCID: PMC11347022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The extent and origin of variation in the replication dynamics of complex DNA viruses is not well-defined. Here, we investigate the vaccinia virus (VACV) infection cycle at the single-cell level, quantifying the temporal dynamics of early and post(dna)-replicative phase gene expression across thousands of infections. We found that viral factors determine the initiation time of these phases, and this is influenced by the multiplicity of infection (MOI). In contrast, virus production dynamics are largely constrained by the host cell. Additionally, between-cell variability in infection start time and virus production rate were strongly influenced by MOI, providing evidence for cooperativity between infecting virions. Blocking programmed cell death by pan-caspase inhibition increased infection frequency but not virus production at the population level due to a concurrent attenuation of per-cell virus yield, suggesting a dual role for caspase signaling in VACV infection. Our findings provide key insights into the pivotal factors influencing heterogeneity in the infection cycle of a large DNA virus at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Michael Howell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas Peter Gracie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy Peter Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Datler J, Hansen JM, Thader A, Schlögl A, Bauer LW, Hodirnau VV, Schur FKM. Multi-modal cryo-EM reveals trimers of protein A10 to form the palisade layer in poxvirus cores. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:1114-1123. [PMID: 38316877 PMCID: PMC11257981 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses are among the largest double-stranded DNA viruses, with members such as variola virus, monkeypox virus and the vaccination strain vaccinia virus (VACV). Knowledge about the structural proteins that form the viral core has remained sparse. While major core proteins have been annotated via indirect experimental evidence, their structures have remained elusive and they could not be assigned to individual core features. Hence, which proteins constitute which layers of the core, such as the palisade layer and the inner core wall, has remained enigmatic. Here we show, using a multi-modal cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) approach in combination with AlphaFold molecular modeling, that trimers formed by the cleavage product of VACV protein A10 are the key component of the palisade layer. This allows us to place previously obtained descriptions of protein interactions within the core wall into perspective and to provide a detailed model of poxvirus core architecture. Importantly, we show that interactions within A10 trimers are likely generalizable over members of orthopox- and parapoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Datler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jesse M Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Thader
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alois Schlögl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lukas W Bauer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Florian K M Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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3
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Seo D, Brito Oliveira S, Rex EA, Ye X, Rice LM, da Fonseca FG, Gammon DB. Poxvirus A51R proteins regulate microtubule stability and antagonize a cell-intrinsic antiviral response. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113882. [PMID: 38457341 PMCID: PMC11023057 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses alter host microtubule (MT) networks during infection, but how and why they induce these changes is unclear in many cases. We show that the vaccinia virus (VV)-encoded A51R protein is a MT-associated protein (MAP) that directly binds MTs and stabilizes them by both promoting their growth and preventing their depolymerization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that A51R-MT interactions are conserved across A51R proteins from multiple poxvirus genera, and highly conserved, positively charged residues in A51R proteins mediate these interactions. Strikingly, we find that viruses encoding MT interaction-deficient A51R proteins fail to suppress a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent antiviral response in macrophages that leads to a block in virion morphogenesis. Moreover, A51R-MT interactions are required for VV virulence in mice. Collectively, our data show that poxviral MAP-MT interactions overcome a cell-intrinsic antiviral ROS response in macrophages that would otherwise block virus morphogenesis and replication in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Seo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabrynna Brito Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Emily A Rex
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuecheng Ye
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Hernandez-Gonzalez M, Calcraft T, Nans A, Rosenthal PB, Way M. Palisade structure in intact vaccinia virions. mBio 2024; 15:e0313423. [PMID: 38171004 PMCID: PMC10865856 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03134-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus assembly in the cytoplasm of infected cells involves the formation of a biconcave viral core inside the maturing viral particle. The boundary of the core is defined by a pseudohexagonal palisade layer, composed of trimers projecting from an inner wall. To understand the assembly of this complex core architecture, we obtained a subnanometer structure of the palisade trimer by cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging of purified intact virions. Using AlphaFold2 structure predictions, we determined that the palisade is formed from trimers of the proteolytically processed form of the viral protein A10. In addition, we found that each A10 protomer associates with an α-helix (residues 24-66) of A4. Cellular localization assays outside the context of infection demonstrate that the A4 N-terminus is necessary and sufficient to interact with A10. The interaction between A4 and A10 provides insights into how the palisade layer might become tightly associated with the viral membrane during virion maturation. Reconstruction of the palisade layer reveals that, despite local hexagonal ordering, the A10/A4 trimers are widely spaced, suggesting that additional components organize the lattice. This spacing would, however, allow the adoption of the characteristic biconcave shape of the viral core. Finally, we also found that the palisade incorporates multiple copies of a hexameric portal structure. We suggest that these portals are formed by E6, a viral protein that is essential for virion assembly and required to release viral mRNA from the core early in infection.IMPORTANCEPoxviruses such as variola virus (smallpox) and monkeypox cause diseases in humans. Other poxviruses, including vaccinia and modified vaccinia Ankara, are used as vaccine vectors. Given their importance, a greater structural understanding of poxvirus virions is needed. We now performed cryo-electron tomography of purified intact vaccinia virions to study the structure of the palisade, a protein lattice that defines the viral core boundary. We identified the main viral proteins that form the palisade and their interaction surfaces and provided new insights into the organization of the viral core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Calcraft
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Pockenvirusinfektionen in der Dermatologie: Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-96. [PMID: 38212918 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Familie Poxviridae umfasst derzeit 22 Gattungen, die Wirbeltiere infizieren können. Humanpathogene Pockenviren gehören den Gattungen Ortho‐, Para‐, Mollusci‐ und Yatapoxvirus an. Bis zur Eradikation der Variola vera im Jahr 1979 waren die Pocken, im Volksmund auch Blattern genannt, eine schwerwiegende Gesundheitsbedrohung für die Bevölkerung. Noch heute sind Dermatologen mit zahlreichen Pockenvirusinfektionen konfrontiert, wie den Bauernhofpocken, die als Zoonosen nach Tierkontakten in ländlichen Gebieten oder nach Massenversammlungen auftreten können. In den Tropen können Erkrankungen durch Tanapox‐ oder Vaccinia‐Viren zu den Differenzialdiagnosen gehören. Dellwarzen sind weltweit verbreitet und werden in bestimmten Fällen als sexuell übertragbare Pockenvirusinfektion angesehen. In jüngster Zeit hatten sich Mpox (Affenpocken) zu einer gesundheitlichen Notlage von internationaler Tragweite entwickelt, die eine rasche Identifizierung und angemessene Behandlung durch Dermatologen und Infektiologen erfordert. Fortschritte und neue Erkenntnisse über Epidemiologie, Diagnose, klinische Manifestationen und Komplikationen sowie Behandlung und Prävention von Pockenvirusinfektionen erfordern ein hohes Maß an Fachwissen und interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit in den Bereichen Virologie, Infektiologie und Dermatologie. Dieser CME‐Artikel bietet einen aktualisierten systematischen Überblick, um praktizierende Dermatologen bei der Identifizierung, Differenzialdiagnose und Behandlung klinisch relevanter Pockenvirusinfektionen zu unterstützen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Konsiliarlabor für Gonokokken, Fachgebiet Sexuell übertragbare bakterielle Krankheitserreger, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
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Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-93. [PMID: 38085140 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae currently comprises 22 genera that infect vertebrates. Of these, members of the Ortho-, Para-, Mollusci- and Yatapoxvirus genera have been associated with human diseases of high clinical relevance in dermatology. Historically, smallpox had been a notorious health threat until it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1979. Today, dermatologists are confronted with a variety of poxviral infections, such as farmyard pox, which occurs as a zoonotic infection after contact with animals. In the tropics, tanapox or vaccinia may be in the differential diagnosis as neglected tropical dermatoses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection accounts for significant disease burden worldwide and is classified as a sexually transmitted infection in certain scenarios. Recently, mpox (monkeypox) has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern, requiring rapid recognition and appropriate management by dermatologists and infectious disease specialists. Advances and new insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and complications, treatment, and prevention of poxviral infections require a high level of expertise and interdisciplinary skills from healthcare professionals linking virology, infectious diseases, and dermatology. This CME article provides a systematic overview and update to assist the practicing dermatologist in the identification, differential diagnosis, and management of poxviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- German Reference Laboratory for Gonococci, Unit Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens, Department for Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Ali SI, Salama A. Natural Immunomodulatory Agents as a Complementary Therapy for Poxviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:337-354. [PMID: 38801589 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses target innate immunity mediators such as tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, interferons, complement, and chemokines. It also targets adaptive immunity such as CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells. Emerging of the recent epidemic of monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic disease native to Central and Western Africa, besides the lack of permitted treatments for poxviruses infections, encouraged researchers to identify effective inhibitors to help in preventing and treating poxviruses infections. Natural bioactive components, particularly polyphenolics, are promising for creating powerful antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, and antiviral agents. As a result, they are potentially effective therapies for preventing and treating viral diseases, such as infections caused by poxviruses including the recent pandemic MPXV. Polyphenolics: rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, quercitrin, myricitrin, gingerol, gallotannin, and propolis-benzofuran A, as well as isoquinoline alkaloids: galanthamine and thalimonine represent prospective antiviral agents against MPXV, they can inhibit MPXV and other poxviruses via targeting different viral elements including DNA Topoisomerase I (TOP1), Thymidine Kinase (TK), serine/threonine protein kinase (Ser/Thr kinase), and protein A48R. The bioactive extracts of different traditional plants including Guiera senegalensis, Larrea tridentata, Sarracenia purpurea, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Quercus infectoria, Rhus chinensis, Prunella vulgaris L., Salvia rosmarinus, and Origanum vulgare also can inhibit the growth of different poxviruses including MPXV, vaccinia virus (VACV), variola virus, buffalopox virus, fowlpox virus, and cowpox virus. There is an urgent need for additional molecular studies to identify and confirm the anti-poxviruses properties of various natural bioactive components, especially those that showed potent antiviral activity against other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami I Ali
- Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Schlosser-Perrin L, Holzmuller P, Fernandez B, Miotello G, Dahmani N, Neyret A, Bertagnoli S, Armengaud J, Caufour P. Constitutive proteins of lumpy skin disease virion assessed by next-generation proteomics. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072323. [PMID: 37737587 PMCID: PMC10617387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00723-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of an economically important cattle disease which is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Over the past decades, the disease has spread at an alarming rate throughout the African continent, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the Russian Federation, and many Asian countries. While multiple LDSV whole genomes have made further genetic comparative analyses possible, knowledge on the protein composition of the LSDV particle remains lacking. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive proteomic analysis of an infectious LSDV particle, prompting new efforts toward further proteomic LSDV strain characterization. Furthermore, this first incursion within the capripoxvirus proteome represents one of very few proteomic studies beyond the sole Orthopoxvirus genus, for which most of the proteomics studies have been performed. Providing new information about other chordopoxviruses may contribute to shedding new light on protein composition within the Poxviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Schlosser-Perrin
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Fernandez
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Noureddine Dahmani
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
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Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible importance of the antioxidants and oxidative stress metabolism in the emerging monkeypox disease: An opinion paper. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1001666. [PMID: 36339207 PMCID: PMC9633114 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey,Duygu Aydemir
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey,*Correspondence: Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
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