1
|
Kühn S, Williams ME, Dercksen M, Sass JO, van der Sluis R. The glycine N-acyltransferases, GLYAT and GLYATL1, contribute to the detoxification of isovaleryl-CoA - an in-silico and in vitro validation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1236-1248. [PMID: 36817957 PMCID: PMC9932296 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Isovaleric acidemia (IVA), due to isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) deficiency, results in the accumulation of isovaleryl-CoA, isovaleric acid and secondary metabolites. The increase in these metabolites decreases mitochondrial energy production and increases oxidative stress. This contributes to the neuropathological features of IVA. A general assumption in the literature exists that glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) plays a role in alleviating the symptoms experienced by IVA patients through the formation of N-isovalerylglycine. GLYAT forms part of the phase II glycine conjugation pathway in the liver and detoxifies excess acyl-CoA's namely benzoyl-CoA. However, very few studies support GLYAT as the enzyme that conjugates isovaleryl-CoA to glycine. Furthermore, GLYATL1, a paralogue of GLYAT, conjugates phenylacetyl-CoA to glutamine. Therefore, GLYATL1 might also be a candidate for the formation of N-isovalerylglycine. Based on the findings from the literature review, we proposed that GLYAT or GLYATL1 can form N-isovalerylglycine in IVA patients. To test this hypothesis, we performed an in-silico analysis to determine which enzyme is more likely to conjugate isovaleryl-CoA with glycine using AutoDock Vina. Thereafter, we performed in vitro validation using purified enzyme preparations. The in-silico and in vitro findings suggested that both enzymes could form N-isovaleryglycine albeit at lower affinities than their preferred substrates. Furthermore, an increase in glycine concentration does not result in an increase in N-isovalerylglycine formation. The results from the critical literature appraisal, in-silico, and in vitro validation, suggest the importance of further investigating the reaction kinetics and binding behaviors between these substrates and enzymes in understanding the pathophysiology of IVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kühn
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Monray E. Williams
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Marli Dercksen
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jörn Oliver Sass
- Research Group Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zang Y, Yu M, Shi Z, Chen C, Liu J, Wang J, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Two pairs of undescribed enantiomers isolated from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113140. [PMID: 35245524 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two pairs of undescribed enantiomers including a 2,5-diketopiperazine namely (±)-janthinolide G and a related analogue (±)-janthinolide H, were isolated from the crude extract of the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum together with five known compounds. Both two structures were determined by spectroscopic method and HRESIMS, whereas absolute stereochemistry was elucidated by using theoretical NMR calculation and ECD calculation. Janthinolide G is the first example of 2,5-diketopiperazine enantiomers with a cleavage diketopiperazine ring and comprises a terminal oxime group rarely seen in natural products. Biological screening of selected compounds found that 4 and 7 both exhibited weak α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, and a potential correlation was afforded by docking studies of α-glucosidase protein (PDB: 3TOP) and bioactive molecules. The plausible biosynthetic pathways of two unreported isolates are proposed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Center, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muyuan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhandari S, Bisht KS, Merkler DJ. The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of the N-Acylated Aromatic Amino Acids: N-Acylphenylalanine, N-Acyltyrosine, N-Acyltryptophan, and N-Acylhistidine. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:801749. [PMID: 35047560 PMCID: PMC8762209 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.801749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid amides are a family of lipids composed of two chemical moieties, a fatty acid and a biogenic amine linked together in an amide bond. This lipid family is structurally related to the endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and, thus, is frequently referred to as a family of endocannabinoid-related lipids. The fatty acid amide family is divided into different classes based on the conjugate amine; anandamide being a member of the N-acylethanolamine class (NAE). Another class within the fatty acid amide family is the N-acyl amino acids (NA-AAs). The focus of this review is a sub-class of the NA-AAs, the N-acyl aromatic amino acids (NA-ArAAs). The NA-ArAAs are not broadly recognized, even by those interested in the endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related lipids. Herein, the NA-ArAAs that have been identified from a biological source will be highlighted and pathways for their biosynthesis, degradation, enzymatic modification, and transport will be presented. Also, information about the cellular functions of the NA-ArAAs will be placed in context with the data regarding the identification and metabolism of these N-acylated amino acids. A review of the current state-of-knowledge about the NA-ArAAs is to stimulate future research about this underappreciated sub-class of the fatty acid amide family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzeeta Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kirpal S Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCalley S, Pirman D, Clasquin M, Johnson K, Jin S, Vockley J. Metabolic analysis reveals evidence for branched chain amino acid catabolism crosstalk and the potential for improved treatment of organic acidurias. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:57-61. [PMID: 31133529 PMCID: PMC6864255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism occurs within the mitochondrial matrix and is comprised of multiple enzymes, some shared, organized into three pathways for the catabolism of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (LEU, ILE, and VAL respectively). Three different acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) are active in each catabolic pathway and genetic deficiencies in each have been identified. While characteristic metabolites related to the enzymatic block accumulate in each deficiency, for reasons that are not clear, clinical symptoms are only seen in the context of deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVDH) in the leucine pathway. Metabolism of fibroblasts derived from patients with mutations in each of the BCAA ACADs were characterized using metabolomics to better understand the flux of BCAA through their respective pathways. Stable isotope labeled LEU, ILE, and VAL in patient and control cell lines revealed that mutations in isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBDH in the valine pathway) lead to a significant increase in isobutyrylcarnitine (a surrogate for the enzyme substrate isobutyryl-CoA) leading to metabolism by short-branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCADH in the isoleucine pathway) and production of the pathway end product propionylcarnitine (a surrogate for propionyl-CoA). Similar cross activity was observed for SBCADH deficient patient cells, leading to a significant increase in propionylcarnitine, presumably by metabolism of 2 methylbutyryl-CoA via IBDH activity. Labeled BCAA studies identified that the majority of the intracellular propionyl-CoA pool in fibroblasts is generated from isoleucine, but heptanoic acid (a surrogate for odd-chain fatty acids) is also efficiently converted to propionate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McCalley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - David Pirman
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sydney St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kendall Johnson
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sydney St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shengfang Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sydney St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Venter L, Loots DT, Mienie LJ, Jansen van Rensburg PJ, Mason S, Vosloo A, Lindeque JZ. Uncovering the metabolic response of abalone (Haliotis midae) to environmental hypoxia through metabolomics. Metabolomics 2018; 14:49. [PMID: 30830330 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxygen is essential for metabolic processes and in the absence thereof alternative metabolic pathways are required for energy production, as seen in marine invertebrates like abalone. Even though hypoxia has been responsible for significant losses to the aquaculture industry, the overall metabolic adaptations of abalone in response to environmental hypoxia are as yet, not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To use a multiplatform metabolomics approach to characterize the metabolic changes associated with energy production in abalone (Haliotis midae) when exposed to environmental hypoxia. METHODS Metabolomics analysis of abalone adductor and foot muscle, left and right gill, hemolymph, and epipodial tissue samples were conducted using a multiplatform approach, which included untargeted NMR spectroscopy, untargeted and targeted LC-MS spectrometry, and untargeted and semi-targeted GC-MS spectrometric analyses. RESULTS Increased levels of anaerobic end-products specific to marine animals were found which include alanopine, strombine, tauropine and octopine. These were accompanied by elevated lactate, succinate and arginine, of which the latter is a product of phosphoarginine breakdown in abalone. Primarily amino acid metabolism was affected, with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism assisting with anaerobic energy production to a lesser extent. Different tissues showed varied metabolic responses to hypoxia, with the largest metabolic changes in the adductor muscle. CONCLUSIONS From this investigation, it becomes evident that abalone have well-developed (yet understudied) metabolic mechanisms for surviving hypoxic periods. Furthermore, metabolomics serves as a powerful tool for investigating the altered metabolic processes in abalone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Venter
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lodewyk Japie Mienie
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Peet J Jansen van Rensburg
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Andre Vosloo
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Jeremie Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pinto A, Daly A, Evans S, Almeida MF, Assoun M, Belanger-Quintana A, Bernabei S, Bollhalder S, Cassiman D, Champion H, Chan H, Dalmau J, de Boer F, de Laet C, de Meyer A, Desloovere A, Dianin A, Dixon M, Dokoupil K, Dubois S, Eyskens F, Faria A, Fasan I, Favre E, Feillet F, Fekete A, Gallo G, Gingell C, Gribben J, Kaalund-Hansen K, Horst N, Jankowski C, Janssen-Regelink R, Jones I, Jouault C, Kahrs GE, Kok IL, Kowalik A, Laguerre C, Le Verge S, Lilje R, Maddalon C, Mayr D, Meyer U, Micciche A, Robert M, Rocha JC, Rogozinski H, Rohde C, Ross K, Saruggia I, Schlune A, Singleton K, Sjoqvist E, Stolen LH, Terry A, Timmer C, Tomlinson L, Tooke A, Vande Kerckhove K, van Dam E, van den Hurk T, van der Ploeg L, van Driessche M, van Rijn M, van Teeffelen-Heithoff A, van Wegberg A, Vasconcelos C, Vestergaard H, Vitoria I, Webster D, White FJ, White L, Zweers H, MacDonald A. Dietary practices in isovaleric acidemia: A European survey. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 12:16-22. [PMID: 28275552 PMCID: PMC5328917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Europe, dietary management of isovaleric acidemia (IVA) may vary widely. There is limited collective information about dietetic management. Aim To describe European practice regarding the dietary management of IVA, prior to the availability of the E-IMD IVA guidelines (E-IMD 2014). Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire was sent to all European dietitians who were either members of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism Dietitians Group (SSIEM-DG) or whom had responded to previous questionnaires on dietetic practice (n = 53). The questionnaire comprised 27 questions about the dietary management of IVA. Results Information on 140 patients with IVA from 39 centres was reported. 133 patients (38 centres) were given a protein restricted diet. Leucine-free amino acid supplements (LFAA) were routinely used to supplement protein intake in 58% of centres. The median total protein intake prescribed achieved the WHO/FAO/UNU [2007] safe levels of protein intake in all age groups. Centres that prescribed LFAA had lower natural protein intakes in most age groups except 1 to 10 y. In contrast, when centres were not using LFAA, the median natural protein intake met WHO/FAO/UNU [2007] safe levels of protein intake in all age groups. Enteral tube feeding was rarely prescribed. Conclusions This survey demonstrates wide differences in dietary practice in the management of IVA across European centres. It provides unique dietary data collectively representing European practices in IVA which can be used as a foundation to compare dietary management changes as a consequence of the first E-IMD IVA guidelines availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pinto
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Daly
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Evans
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - M F Almeida
- Centro de Genética Médica, Centro Hospitalar do Porto - CHP, Porto, Portugal; Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto-UMIB/ICBAS/UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Assoun
- Centre de référence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, hôpital Necker enfants Malades, Paris
| | - A Belanger-Quintana
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabolicas, Servicio de Pediatria, Hospital Ramon y Cajal Madrid, Spain
| | - S Bernabei
- Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Division of Metabolism, Rome, Italy
| | | | - D Cassiman
- Metabolic Center, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - H Chan
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Dalmau
- Unit of Nutrition and Metabolopathies, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - F de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
| | - C de Laet
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Reine Fabiola, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - A de Meyer
- Center of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - A Dianin
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Borgo Roma Verona, Italy
| | - M Dixon
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K Dokoupil
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - S Dubois
- Centre de référence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, hôpital Necker enfants Malades, Paris
| | - F Eyskens
- Center of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Faria
- Hospital Pediatrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Portugal
| | - I Fasan
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Padova, Italy
| | - E Favre
- Reference center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - F Feillet
- Reference center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - A Fekete
- Metabolic Centre of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Gallo
- Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Division of Metabolism, Rome, Italy
| | | | - J Gribben
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K Kaalund-Hansen
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit National Hospital for Neurology and Surgery, London, UK
| | - N Horst
- Emma Children's Hospital, AMC Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Jankowski
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - I Jones
- Center of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - G E Kahrs
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - I L Kok
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A Kowalik
- Institute of Mother & Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C Laguerre
- Centre de Compétence de L'Hôpital des Enfants de Toulouse, France
| | - S Le Verge
- Centre de référence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, hôpital Necker enfants Malades, Paris
| | - R Lilje
- Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - C Maddalon
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Mayr
- Ernährungsmedizinische Beratung, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Salzburg, Austria
| | - U Meyer
- Clinic of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - A Micciche
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Robert
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Reine Fabiola, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - J C Rocha
- Centro de Genética Médica, Centro Hospitalar do Porto - CHP, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal; Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Portugal
| | - H Rogozinski
- Bradford Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - C Rohde
- Hospital of Children's & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Ross
- Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Scotland
| | - I Saruggia
- Centre de Reference des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme du Pr. B. Chabrol CHU Timone Enfant, Marseille, France
| | - A Schlune
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - E Sjoqvist
- Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - A Terry
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, UK
| | - C Timmer
- Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L Tomlinson
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - A Tooke
- Nottingham University Hospitals, UK
| | - K Vande Kerckhove
- Metabolic Center, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - E van Dam
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
| | - T van den Hurk
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L van der Ploeg
- Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC +), Netherlands
| | | | - M van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - A van Wegberg
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Vasconcelos
- Centro Hospitalar São João - Unidade de Doenças Metabólicas, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - I Vitoria
- Unit of Nutrition and Metabolopathies, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - D Webster
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - F J White
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - L White
- Sheffield Children's Hospital, UK
| | - H Zweers
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A MacDonald
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Villani GRD, Gallo G, Scolamiero E, Salvatore F, Ruoppolo M. “Classical organic acidurias”: diagnosis and pathogenesis. Clin Exp Med 2016; 17:305-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-016-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Badenhorst CPS, van der Sluis R, Erasmus E, van Dijk AA. Glycine conjugation: importance in metabolism, the role of glycine N-acyltransferase, and factors that influence interindividual variation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1139-53. [PMID: 23650932 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.796929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycine conjugation of mitochondrial acyl-CoAs, catalyzed by glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT, E.C. 2.3.1.13), is an important metabolic pathway responsible for maintaining adequate levels of free coenzyme A (CoASH). However, because of the small number of pharmaceutical drugs that are conjugated to glycine, the pathway has not yet been characterized in detail. Here, we review the causes and possible consequences of interindividual variation in the glycine conjugation pathway. AREAS COVERED The authors review the importance of CoASH in metabolism, formation and toxicity of xenobiotic acyl-CoAs, and mechanisms for restoring levels of CoASH. They focus on GLYAT, glycine conjugation, how genetic variation in the GLYAT gene could influence glycine conjugation, and the emerging roles of glycine metabolism in cancer and musculoskeletal development. EXPERT OPINION The substrate selectivity of GLYAT and its variants needs to be further characterized, as organic acids can be toxic if the corresponding acyl-CoA is not a substrate for glycine conjugation. GLYAT activity affects mitochondrial ATP production, glycine availability, CoASH availability, and the toxicity of various organic acids. Therefore, variation in the glycine conjugation pathway could influence liver cancer, musculoskeletal development, and mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dercksen M, Duran M, Ijlst L, Mienie LJ, Reinecke CJ, Ruiter JPN, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Clinical variability of isovaleric acidemia in a genetically homogeneous population. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:1021-9. [PMID: 22350545 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is one of the most common organic acidemias found in South Africa. Since 1983, a significant number of IVA cases have been identified in approximately 20,000 Caucasian patients screened for metabolic defects. IVA is caused by an autosomal recessive deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) resulting in the accumulation of isovaleryl-CoA and its metabolites. In total, 10 IVA patients and three carriers were available for phenotypic and genotypic investigation in this study. All patients were found to be homozygous for a single c.367 G > A (p.G123R) mutation. The amino acid substitution of a glycine to arginine resulted in a markedly reduced steady-state level of the IVD protein, which explains the nearly complete lack of IVD enzyme activity as assessed in fibroblast homogenates. Despite the genetic homogeneity of this South African IVA group, the clinical presentation varied widely, ranging from severe mental handicap and multiple episodes of metabolic derangement to an asymptomatic state. The variation may be due to poor dietary intervention, delayed diagnosis or even epigenetic and polygenetic factors of unknown origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dercksen
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knerr I, Weinhold N, Vockley J, Gibson KM. Advances and challenges in the treatment of branched-chain amino/keto acid metabolic defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:29-40. [PMID: 21290185 PMCID: PMC4136412 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of branched-chain amino/keto acid metabolism encompass diverse entities, including maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), the 'classical' organic acidurias isovaleric acidemia (IVA), propionic acidemia (PA), methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and, among others, rarely described disorders such as 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MBDD) or isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IBDD). Our focus in this review is to highlight the biochemical basis underlying recent advances and ongoing challenges of long-term conservative therapy including precursor/protein restriction, replenishment of deficient substrates, and the use of antioxidants and anaplerotic agents which refill the Krebs cycle. Ongoing clinical assessments of affected individuals in conjunction with monitoring of disease-specific biochemical parameters remain essential. It is likely that mass spectrometry-based 'metabolomics' may be a helpful tool in the future for studying complete biochemical profiles and diverse metabolic phenotypes. Prospective studies are needed to test the effectiveness of adjunct therapies such as antioxidants, ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) or creatine in addition to specialized diets and to optimize current therapeutic strategies in affected individuals. With the individual life-time risk and degree of severity being unknown in asymptomatic individuals with MBDD or IBDD, instructions regarding risks for metabolic stress and fasting avoidance along with clinical monitoring are reasonable interventions at the current time. Overall, it is apparent that carefully designed prospective clinical investigations and multicenter cohort-controlled trials are needed in order to leverage that knowledge into significant breakthroughs in treatment strategies and appropriate approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Knerr
- Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, Otto-Heubner Centrum, Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Loots DT. Abnormal tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in isovaleric acidaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:403-11. [PMID: 19343532 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a number of abnormal diagnostic metabolites have previously been described in the urine of patients with isovaleric acidaemia (IVA), they do not fully explain the clinical symptoms associated with this disease. METHODS On the basis of our current understanding of the TCA cycle and IVA, we predicted a number of abnormal methylated TCA cycle metabolites, initiated by methylsuccinic acid. We subsequently obtained characteristic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry elution times and mass spectra of the chemically synthesized predicted compounds and screened the urine of 6 IVA patients and 24 age-matched controls. Further proof for our findings was generated from a series of in vitro enzyme reactions using the chemically synthesized standards as substrates to their respective TCA cycle enzymes. RESULTS Apart from the previously described methylsuccinic and methylfumaric acid, 3-methylmalic acid, (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-methylcitric acid and 2-methyl-cis-aconitic acid were detected in the urine of all 6 IVA patients in increased amounts. Additionally, although not directly determined, the in vitro enzyme reaction using of 3-methylmalic acid and malate dehydrogenase, in conjunction with the detection of 2-ketobutyric acid in the urine of all 6 IVA patients, strongly suggests an additional synthesis of 3-methyloxaloacetic acid by the same cycle. CONCLUSION Not only do these newly identified metabolites serve as additional diagnostic markers to those previously identified in IVA, but due to the structural arrangements of the (2R,3R)-methylcitric acid and 2-methyl-cis-aconitinic acid-derived 2-methylisocitric acid, inhibition of normal TCA cycle metabolism results at citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, respectively. SYNOPSIS Methylsuccinic acid acts as the initiating substrate to a series of abnormal, potentially harmful, methylated tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in isovaleric acidaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Loots
- School for Physical and Chemical Sciences, Centre of Metabolomics, Division of Biochemistry, North-West University, Hoffman Street, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Farrell EK, Merkler DJ. Biosynthesis, degradation and pharmacological importance of the fatty acid amides. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:558-68. [PMID: 18598910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of two biologically active fatty acid amides, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and oleamide, has generated a great deal of excitement and stimulated considerable research. However, anandamide and oleamide are merely the best-known and best-understood members of a much larger family of biologically occurring fatty acid amides. In this review, we will outline which fatty acid amides have been isolated from mammalian sources, detail what is known about how these molecules are made and degraded in vivo, and highlight their potential for the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Loots DT, Mienie LJ, Erasmus E. Amino-acid depletion induced by abnormal amino-acid conjugation and protein restriction in isovaleric acidemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:1323-7. [PMID: 17299485 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we detected 19 'new' amino-acid conjugates in the urine of patients with isovaleric acidemia. There is currently a poor understanding of the relationship between the clinical symptoms and the excreted metabolites occurring in these patients, owing to insufficient metabolite characterization and quantification. Consequently, controversial treatment protocols exist, particularly pertaining to dietary protein restriction. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the previously identified amino-acid conjugates and conventional dietary protein restriction therapy, on the free amino-acid concentrations in isovaleric acidemia patients, to better explain the clinical symptoms and develop more effective therapy. DESIGN Free amino-acid quantification via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) was performed on pre- and post-treatment urine or serum samples collected from six isovaleric acidemia patients, previously investigated for the presence of new induced N-isovaleryl and N-acetyl-amino-acid conjugates. RESULTS Depleted amino-acid concentrations were detected in varying degrees in all six patients and did not recover after conventional treatment. CONCLUSIONS The 19 potentially toxic metabolites previously identified and the consequent amino-acid depletions detected in this study, may explain many of the clinical symptoms associated with isovaleric acidemia. Furthermore, the occurrence of amino-acid depletions in these patients, steers away from the controversial dietary protein restriction treatment protocols, and towards dietary leucine restriction alone with essential amino-acid supplementation, in combination with glycine and L-carnitine supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Loots
- Department of Nutrition, School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumers Science, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vockley J, Ensenauer R. Isovaleric acidemia: new aspects of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 142C:95-103. [PMID: 16602101 PMCID: PMC2652706 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of leucine metabolism caused by a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) resulting in the accumulation of derivatives of isovaleryl-CoA. It was the first organic acidemia recognized in humans and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment with a protein restricted diet and supplementation with carnitine and glycine are effective in promoting normal development in severely affected individuals. Both intra- and interfamilial variability have been recognized. Initially, two phenotypes with either an acute neonatal or a chronic intermittent presentation were described. More recently, a third group of individuals with mild biochemical abnormalities who can be asymptomatic have been identified through newborn screening of blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry. IVD is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isovaleryl-CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and transfers electrons to the electron transfer flavoprotein. Human IVD has been purified from tissue and recombinant sources and its biochemical and physical properties have been extensively studied. Molecular analysis of the IVD gene from patients with IVA has allowed characterization of different types of mutations in this gene. One missense mutation, 932C>T (A282V), is particularly common in patients identified through newborn screening with mild metabolite elevations and who have remained asymptomatic to date. This mutation leads to a partially active enzyme with altered catalytic properties; however, its effects on clinical outcome and the necessity of therapy are still unknown. A better understanding of the heterogeneity of this disease and the relevance of genotype/phenotype correlations to clinical management of patients are among the challenges remaining in the study of this disorder in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|