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Beale DJ, Pinu FR, Kouremenos KA, Poojary MM, Narayana VK, Boughton BA, Kanojia K, Dayalan S, Jones OAH, Dias DA. Review of recent developments in GC-MS approaches to metabolomics-based research. Metabolomics 2018; 14:152. [PMID: 30830421 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics aims to identify the changes in endogenous metabolites of biological systems in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This is accomplished through untargeted, semi-targeted and targeted based approaches. Untargeted and semi-targeted methods are typically applied in hypothesis-generating investigations (aimed at measuring as many metabolites as possible), while targeted approaches analyze a relatively smaller subset of biochemically important and relevant metabolites. Regardless of approach, it is well recognized amongst the metabolomics community that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most efficient, reproducible and well used analytical platforms for metabolomics research. This is due to the robust, reproducible and selective nature of the technique, as well as the large number of well-established libraries of both commercial and 'in house' metabolite databases available. AIM OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of developments in GC-MS based metabolomics applications, with a focus on sample preparation and preservation techniques. A number of chemical derivatization (in-time, in-liner, offline and microwave assisted) techniques are also discussed. Electron impact ionization and a summary of alternate mass analyzers are highlighted, along with a number of recently reported new GC columns suited for metabolomics. Lastly, multidimensional GC-MS and its application in environmental and biomedical research is presented, along with the importance of bioinformatics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to both highlight and provide an update on GC-MS analytical techniques that are common in metabolomics studies. Specific emphasis is given to the key steps within the GC-MS workflow that those new to this field need to be aware of and the common pitfalls that should be looked out for when starting in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Farhana R Pinu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Konstantinos A Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Pl, Ringwood, 3134, Australia
| | - Mahesha M Poojary
- Chemistry Section, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vinod K Narayana
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Komal Kanojia
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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Lv G, Hu D, Zhao J, Li S. Quality control of sweet medicines based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:94-106. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Dejun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
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Fromentin C, Tomé D, Nau F, Flet L, Luengo C, Azzout-Marniche D, Sanders P, Fromentin G, Gaudichon C. Dietary proteins contribute little to glucose production, even under optimal gluconeogenic conditions in healthy humans. Diabetes 2013; 62:1435-42. [PMID: 23274906 PMCID: PMC3636601 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary proteins are believed to participate significantly in maintaining blood glucose levels, but their contribution to endogenous glucose production (EGP) remains unclear. We investigated this question using multiple stable isotopes. After overnight fasting, eight healthy volunteers received an intravenous infusion of [6,6-²H₂]-glucose. Two hours later, they ingested four eggs containing 23 g of intrinsically, uniformly, and doubly [¹⁵N]-[¹³C]-labeled proteins. Gas exchanges, expired CO₂, blood, and urine were collected over the 8 h following egg ingestion. The cumulative amount of dietary amino acids (AAs) deaminated over this 8-h period was 18.1 ± 3.5%, 17.5% of them being oxidized. The EGP remained stable for 6 h but fell thereafter, concomitantly with blood glucose levels. During the 8 h after egg ingestion, 50.4 ± 7.7 g of glucose was produced, but only 3.9 ± 0.7 g originated from dietary AA. Our results show that the total postprandial contribution of dietary AA to EGP was small in humans habituated to a diet medium-rich in proteins, even after an overnight fast and in the absence of carbohydrates from the meal. These findings question the respective roles of dietary proteins and endogenous sources in generating significant amounts of glucose in order to maintain blood glucose levels in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fromentin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Nau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroCampus, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de L'œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Flet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Pharmacie, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Luengo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Sanders
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail, Fougères Laboratory, Fougères, France
| | - Gilles Fromentin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile-de-France, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behaviour, Paris, France
- Corresponding author: Claire Gaudichon,
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