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Ligi D, Maniscalco R, Mannello F. MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Human Peripheral Blood: Optimizing Gelatinase Calibrator for Degradome Research and Discovering a Novel Gelatinolytic Enzyme. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:525-536. [PMID: 31612719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-2 and -9 (gelatinase A and B, respectively) are enzymes crucially involved in a plethora of physiopathological conditions. Gelatin zymography is considered one of the major qualitative/semiquantitative assays for simultaneously determining zymogenic, active, and complexed forms of gelatinases. Critical steps are represented by variations in sample collection methods, molecular weight standard calibrators, and different zymography assay protocols. A normalization of these aspects is required for reducing discrepancies in technical procedures and interpreting results among different laboratories. In this study, we describe a novel protocol for gelatin zymography with increased pore size, which improves the separation of gelatinases with different molecular weights. A new method for obtaining gelatinase calibrator for gelatin zymography, by extracting MMP-2 and MMP-9 from peripheral blood, is also reported. Our method provides a gelatinase calibrator with enhanced stability both at room temperature and during multiple freeze-thaw cycles. This calibrator preparation is also suitable for in vitro post-translational modifications. For the first time, the improved zymography protocol allowed us to reveal in human peripheral blood samples new gelatinolytic bands resolved at very high molecular weight, likely complexes of MMP-9, undetectable with classical zymography protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , via O. Ubaldini 7 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
| | - Rosanna Maniscalco
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , via O. Ubaldini 7 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , via O. Ubaldini 7 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
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Mohammad G, Vandooren J, Siddiquei MM, Martens E, Abu El-Asrar AM, Opdenakker G. Functional links between gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 and prominin-1/CD133 in diabetic retinal vasculopathy and neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:76-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Prescimone T, Tognotti D, Caselli C, Cabiati M, D'Amico A, Del Ry S, Giannessi D. Reappraisal of quantitative gel zymography for matrix metalloproteinases. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:374-80. [PMID: 24648291 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) is relevant in many pathophysiological conditions, especially if associated with extracellular matrix remodeling; however, the results obtained are closely linked to the method used and are not directly comparable. The aim of this study was to perform a reappraisal of quantitative gel zymography technique for MMPs in human plasma, to use for comparison with commercially available ELISA and in those experimental conditions where the MMP active form needs to be revealed. METHODS The critical methodological parameters of zymography were checked and a comparison with a routinely used ELISA was performed. RESULTS Sensitivity and reproducibility levels of zymography are suitable for detection of MMP-9 in human plasma, providing results closely related to those obtained by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Analytical parameters of zymography were suitable for detection of MMPs in human plasma. Quantitative zymography for MMPs is an alternative method for comparing the results of ELISA widely employed for MMP determination, thus reducing the discrepancies between laboratories regarding gelatinase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Prescimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Pisa, Italy
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Szarvas T, vom Dorp F, Ergün S, Rübben H. Matrix metalloproteinases and their clinical relevance in urinary bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2011; 8:241-54. [PMID: 21487384 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2011.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have important roles in several cancer-supporting cellular processes, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis, apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell proliferation. This broad range of activity has led to considerable interest in the use of MMPs in the clinical setting as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and as therapeutic targets. Levels of the different MMPs can be measured in several sample types, including paraffin-embedded or fresh frozen tissue, serum, plasma and urine, and by various analytical methodologies, such as immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, western and northern blot analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and zymography. Several MMPs have been identified as having potential diagnostic or prognostic utility, whether alone or in combination with currently available diagnostic tests or imaging modalities. Although the early broad-spectrum anti-MMP agents showed a lack of efficacy, our continually improving understanding of the complex physiologic and pathologic roles of MMPs might enable the development of new MMP-specific and tumor-specific therapies. Accordingly, MMPs will continue to be the subjects of intensive research in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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Fontana V, Silva PS, Belo VA, Antonio RC, Ceron CS, Biagi C, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Consistent alterations of circulating matrix metalloproteinases levels in untreated hypertensives and in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a relevant pharmacological target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:130-7. [PMID: 21401887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) levels have been reported in hypertension, with higher, similar and lower MMPs levels reported in hypertensives compared with normotensives. Differences between studies may reflect lack of control of drug effects, accompanying diseases and pre-analytical issues. We compared MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels in 38 untreated hypertensive patients (with no other diseases) with those found in 33 normotensive controls. We also studied endogenous MMPs inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and alpha-2-macroglobulin-A2M). Additionally, we assessed MMPs and A2M levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We hypothesized that similar MMPs/endogenous inhibitors' profiles would be found in this animal model of hypertension and in clinical hypertension. MMPs, TIMPs and A2M were measured in plasma samples with commercially available ELISA and gelatin zymography. We found unaltered MMP-2, MMP-8, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and A2M levels in hypertension. However, hypertensives had higher MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/A2M ratios than normotensives. Moreover, while we found similar MMP-2 and A2M levels in SHR and WKY rats, we found higher MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/A2M ratios in SHR versus WKY rats. These findings show consistent abnormal net plasma MMP-9 (but not MMP-2) activity in clinical and experimental hypertension. These parallel alterations in clinical hypertension and in SHR suggest an important role for MMPs in hypertension. While MMPs may be a relevant pharmacological target, antihypertensive drugs that down-regulate MMPs may offer advantages in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Sørensen LT, Toft BG, Rygaard J, Ladelund S, Paddon M, James T, Taylor R, Gottrup F. Effect of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine patch on wound dimension, vitamin C, and systemic markers of collagen metabolism. Surgery 2010; 148:982-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Jung K, Mannello F, Lein M. Translating molecular medicine into clinical tools: doomed to fail by neglecting basic preanalytical principles. J Transl Med 2009; 7:87. [PMID: 19828023 PMCID: PMC2765947 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary discusses a study on measurements of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in serum of pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients recently published in Journal of Molecular Medicine. This study can be considered the typical "obstacle" to effective translational medicine as previously documented in JTM journal. Although serum has been frequently proven as inappropriate sample for determining numerous circulating MMPs, among them MMP-9, there are over and over again studies, as in this case, that measure MMP-9 in serum. Comparative measurements in serum and plasma samples demonstrated higher concentrations for MMP-9 in serum due to the additional release from leukocytes and platelets following the coagulation/fibrinolysis process. From this example it can be concluded that translating basic research discoveries into clinical tools needs a more intensive exchange between basic biomedical research and clinical scientists already in an early stage. Otherwise a lost of translation, as discussed in JTM journal, seems to be inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Jung K, Lein M. By mistakes we learn: determination of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in serum yields doubtful results. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:34-5; author reply 36-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jung K. Measurement of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Serum Produces Doubtful Results. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1722-3; author reply 1723-4. [DOI: 10.1086/593070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Jung K. Is serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 a useful biomarker in detection of colorectal cancer? Considering pre-analytical interference that may influence diagnostic accuracy. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:553-4; author reply 555. [PMID: 18648367 PMCID: PMC2527787 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Jung K, Klotzek S, Stephan C, Mannello F, Lein M. Impact of blood sampling on the circulating matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9. Clin Chem 2008; 54:772-3. [PMID: 18375496 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.099937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jung K. Serum samples are inappropriate for use in measuring circulating matrix metalloproteinases: comment on the article by Young-Min et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2008; 58:1557-1559. [PMID: 18438823 DOI: 10.1002/art.23424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Mannello F. Serum or plasma samples? The "Cinderella" role of blood collection procedures: preanalytical methodological issues influence the release and activity of circulating matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors, hampering diagnostic trueness and leading to misinterpretation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:611-4. [PMID: 18354094 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.159608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jung K. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in Serum Do Not Reflect the Analytes Circulating in Blood. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:e15-6; author reply e17. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.158790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Research Division, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Mannello F, Tanus-Santos JE, Meschiari CA, Tonti GA. Differences in both matrix metalloproteinase 9 concentration and zymographic profile between plasma and serum with clot activators are due to the presence of amorphous silica or silicate salts in blood collection devices. Anal Biochem 2007; 374:56-63. [PMID: 18082127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are promising diagnostic tools, and blood sampling/handling alters MMP concentrations between plasma and serum and between serum with and without clot activators. To explain the higher MMP-9 expression in serum collected with clot accelerators relative to serum with no additives and to plasma, we analyzed the effects of increasing amounts of silica and silicates (components of clot activators) in citrate plasma, serum, and buffy coats collected in both plastic and glass tubes from 50 healthy donors, and we analyzed the effects of silica and silicate on cultured leukemia cells. The levels of MMP-2 did not show significant changes between glass and plastic tubes, between serum and plasma, between serum with and without clot accelerators, or between silica and silicate treatments. No modification of MMP-9 expression was obtained by the addition of silica or silicate to previously separated plasma and serum. Increasing the amounts of nonsoluble silica and soluble silicate added to citrate and empty tubes prior to blood collection resulted in increasing levels of MMP-9 relative to citrate plasma and serum. Silica and silicate added to buffy coats and leukemia cells significantly induced MMP-9 release/secretion, demonstrating that both silica and silicate induce the release of pro- and complexed MMP-9 forms. We recommend limiting the misuse of serum and avoiding the interfering effects of clot activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Institute of Histology and Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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