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Chen YT, Tseng TT, Tsai HP, Kuo SH, Huang MY, Wang JY, Chai CY. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) promotes proliferation, migration, invasion and radiation resistance in rectal cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy: a potential target for precision medicine. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1912-1927. [PMID: 36053457 PMCID: PMC9515043 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type-1 (SPINK1), a trypsin kinase inhibitor, is known to be associated with inflammation and pathogenesis. The aim in this study was to demonstrate the clinicopathological role and progression of SPINK1 in rectal cancer (RC) patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Immunohistochemical staining for SPINK1 protein expression in 111 RC cases revealed high SPINK1 expression was significantly associated with perineural invasion and poor CCRT response in pre-CCRT specimens. In addition, multivariable analyses showed that pre-CCRT SPINK1 expression was a significant prognostic marker of both overall and disease-free survival in RC patients receiving pre-operative CCRT; furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated SPINK1 interacted with EGFR to promote the abilities of proliferation, migration and invasion attenuated by SPINK1 si-RNA via ERK, p38, and JNK pathways. SPINK1 was also found to regulate radio-resistance in CRC cell lines. In conclusion, SPINK1 expression is an independent prognostic marker in patients receiving pre-operative CCRT, and SPINK1 regulates proliferation, migration and invasion via EGFR-downstream ERK, p38 and JNK pathways. The phenotypes of radiosensitivity that could be reversed with attenuation of SPINK1 levels suggest that targeting SPINK1 might offer a strategy for optimal precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pei Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsun Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Guo M, Zhou X, Han X, Zhang Y, Jiang L. SPINK1 is a prognosis predicting factor of non-small cell lung cancer and regulates redox homeostasis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6899-6908. [PMID: 31788129 PMCID: PMC6865551 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1) is a trypsin kinase inhibitor, which is involved in the development of inflammation, cell proliferation and cancer development and progression. However, the prognostic value of SPINK1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its ability to regulate intrinsic redox homeostasis have, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously investigated. In the present study, it was revealed that SPINK1 is highly expressed in NSCLC tissue samples compared with normal tissue samples, and may be a potential prognostic marker of NSCLC. Functional analyses demonstrated that SPINK1 promoted tumor cell growth and inhibited apoptosis through maintaining redox homeostasis by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathways. It has been proposed that SPINK1 could be a prognostic marker of NSCLC and a novel antioxidant promoter under oxidative stress conditions in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Luning Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
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A TMEFF2-regulated cell cycle derived gene signature is prognostic of recurrence risk in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:423. [PMID: 31060542 PMCID: PMC6503380 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical behavior of prostate cancer (PCa) is variable, and while the majority of cases remain indolent, 10% of patients progress to deadly forms of the disease. Current clinical predictors used at the time of diagnosis have limitations to accurately establish progression risk. Here we describe the development of a tumor suppressor regulated, cell-cycle gene expression based prognostic signature for PCa, and validate its independent contribution to risk stratification in several radical prostatectomy (RP) patient cohorts. Methods We used RNA interference experiments in PCa cell lines to identify a gene expression based gene signature associated with Tmeff2, an androgen regulated, tumor suppressor gene whose expression shows remarkable heterogeneity in PCa. Gene expression was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Correlation of the signature with disease outcome (time to recurrence) was retrospectively evaluated in four geographically different cohorts of patients that underwent RP (834 samples), using multivariate logistical regression analysis. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for standard clinicopathological variables. Performance of the signature was compared to previously described gene expression based signatures using the SigCheck software. Results Low levels of TMEFF2 mRNA significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated with reduced disease-free survival (DFS) in patients from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) dataset. We identified a panel of 11 TMEFF2 regulated cell cycle related genes (TMCC11), with strong prognostic value. TMCC11 expression was significantly associated with time to recurrence after prostatectomy in four geographically different patient cohorts (2.9 ≤ HR ≥ 4.1; p ≤ 0.002), served as an independent indicator of poor prognosis in the four RP cohorts (1.96 ≤ HR ≥ 4.28; p ≤ 0.032) and improved the prognostic value of standard clinicopathological markers. The prognostic ability of TMCC11 panel exceeded previously published oncogenic gene signatures (p = 0.00017). Conclusions This study provides evidence that the TMCC11 gene signature is a robust independent prognostic marker for PCa, reveals the value of using highly heterogeneously expressed genes, like Tmeff2, as guides to discover prognostic indicators, and suggests the possibility that low Tmeff2 expression marks a distinct subclass of PCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5592-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mehner C, Oberg AL, Kalli KR, Nassar A, Hockla A, Pendlebury D, Cichon MA, Goergen KM, Maurer MJ, Goode EL, Keeney GL, Jatoi A, Sahin-Tóth M, Copland JA, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) drives proliferation and anoikis resistance in a subset of ovarian cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35737-54. [PMID: 26437224 PMCID: PMC4742138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents the most lethal tumor type among malignancies of the female reproductive system. Overall survival rates remain low. In this study, we identify the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) as a potential therapeutic target for a subset of ovarian cancers. We show that SPINK1 drives ovarian cancer cell proliferation through activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, and that SPINK1 promotes resistance to anoikis through a distinct mechanism involving protease inhibition. In analyses of ovarian tumor specimens from a Mayo Clinic cohort of 490 patients, we further find that SPINK1 immunostaining represents an independent prognostic factor for poor survival, with the strongest association in patients with nonserous histological tumor subtypes (endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous). This study provides novel insight into the fundamental processes underlying ovarian cancer progression, and also suggests new avenues for development of molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mehner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aziza Nassar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Devon Pendlebury
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Krista M Goergen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gary L Keeney
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Chen YT, Tsao SC, Tsai HP, Wang JY, Chai CY. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) as a prognostic marker in stage IV colon cancer patients receiving cetuximab based targeted therapy. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:jclinpath-2016-203638. [PMID: 27107100 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type-1 (SPINK1), a trypsin kinase inhibitor, has well established associations with inflammation, cancer cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. However, the role of SPINK1 has not been investigated in stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients receiving cetuximab based targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of SPINK1 as a biomarker for predicting how patients with end stage CRC respond to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used for semiquantitative analysis of SPINK1 protein expression in 51 CRC cases. Expression of SPINK1 protein was then analysed to identify correlations with clinicopathological variables. RESULTS High SPINK1 expression was significantly associated with males (p=0.018). Kaplan-Meier analyses also showed that patients with high SPINK1 expression had significantly longer overall survival compared with controls (p=0.004). Multivariable analyses showed that SPINK1 expression and tumour size were significantly associated with prognosis (HR 0.416 and 0.437; 95% CI 0.217 to 0.797 and 0.236 to 0.810; p=0.008 and p=0.009, respectively) in these stage IV CRC cases. CONCLUSIONS High SPINK1 expression is associated with a good prognosis in stage IV CRC cases receiving cetuximab based targeted therapy. As SPINK1 expression is also an independent prognostic marker in these patients, it has potential use as a biomarker for clinical decision making and for designing personalised targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Tsao
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Division of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
This review describes studies performed by our group and other laboratories in the field aimed at development of biomarkers not only for cancer but also for other diseases. The markers covered include tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), tumor-associated trypsin (TAT), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and their various molecular forms, their biology and diagnostic use. The discovery of TATI was the result of a hypothesis-driven project aimed at finding new biomarkers for ovarian cancer among urinary peptides. TATI has since proved to be a useful prognostic marker for several cancers. Recently, it has been named Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) after being rediscovered by several groups as a tumor-associated peptide by gene expression profiling and proteomic techniques and shown to promote tumor development by stimulating the EGF receptor. To explain why a trypsin inhibitor is strongly expressed in some cancers, research focused on the protease that it inhibited led to the finding of tumor-associated trypsin (TAT). Elevated serum concentrations of TAT-2 were found in some cancer types, but fairly high background levels of pancreatic trypsinogen-2 limited the use of TAT-2 for cancer diagnostics. However, trypsinogen-2 and its complex with α1-protease inhibitor proved to be very sensitive and specific markers for pancreatitis. Studies on hCG were initiated by the need to develop more rapid and sensitive pregnancy tests. These studies showed that serum from men and non-pregnant women contains measurable concentrations of hCG derived from the pituitary. Subsequent development of assays for the subunits of hCG showed that the β subunit of hCG (hCGβ) is expressed at low concentrations by most cancers and that it is a strong prognostic marker. These studies led to the formation of a working group for standardization of hCG determinations and the development of new reference reagents for several molecular forms of hCG. The preparation of intact hCG has been adopted as the fifth international standard by WHO. Availability of several well-defined forms of hCG made it possible to characterize the epitopes of nearly 100 monoclonal antibodies. This will facilitate design of immunoassays with pre-defined specificity. Finally, the discovery of different forms of immunoreactive PSA in serum from a prostate cancer patient led to identification of the complex between PSA and α1-antichymotrypsin, and the use of assays for free and total PSA in serum for improved diagnosis of prostate cancer. Epitope mapping of PSA antibodies and establishment of PSA standards has facilitated establishment well-standardized assays for the various forms of PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Biomedicum, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) , Helsinki , Finland
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7
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Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) Promotes Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Through the Epidermal Growth Factor as a Prognostic Marker. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1201-8. [PMID: 26037168 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-1 (SPINK1), a trypsin kinase inhibitor, is involved in inflammation, cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. The role and association between SPINK1, EGFR and Ki-67 in colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are still unknown. In this study, we used immunohistochemical stain to evaluate expression of SPINK1, EGFR and Ki-67 proteins in 30 CRA and 53 CRC patients semiquantitatively, and then analyzed their correlation with clinicopathologic parameters. Our results revealed that SPINK1 expression was noted in the upper and basal parts of the crypts in CRA and was more intensely related with cellular atypia. EGFR expression was found in 13 out of 30 adenomas, including 9 out of 15 adenomas with dysplasia or synchronous CRC (60 %), and 4 out of 15 adenomas without dysplasia (26.7 %). In CRC, high SPINK1 expression was significantly associated with males (p = 0.041) and advanced disease stage (p = 0.015). EGFR positivity was significantly correlated with higher T stage (p = 0.004) and disease stage (stage I-IV, p = 0.017; early vs. late, p = 0.015). Pearson's correlation showed positive correlation between the SPINK1 intensity and EGFR immunoreactivity (p = 0.011), and Ki-67 and SPINK1 intensity or percentage (p = 0.017 and p = 0.039 respectively). In Kaplan-Meier analyses, patients with high SPINK1 intensity tended to have shorter overall survival (p = 0.03). Concomitant expression of high SPINK1 intensity and EGFR was also identified as being associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.015). In conclusion, high SPINK1 expression is associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis. There is positive correlation between high SPINK1 expression, EGFR immunoreactivity, and high Ki-67 labeling index. The SPINK1 protein seems to play a role in tumor proliferation and malignant transformation through the EGFR pathway. SPINK1 may serve as a prognostic biomarker in therapeutic targeting in the future.
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Veitonmäki T, Murtola TJ, Määttänen L, Taari K, Stenman UH, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A. Prostate cancer risk and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1421-31. [PMID: 25010865 PMCID: PMC4183838 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostate cancer risk remains controversial. We examined the risk among NSAID users in 78 615 men in the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial. Methods: We obtained information on NSAID prescription usage from Finnish nationwide prescription database and on over-the-counter use by a questionnaire. Prostate cancer cases were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Results: Prostate cancer risk was elevated among current NSAID prescription users irrespective of screening (hazard ratio (HR)=1.45, confidence interval (95% CI)=1.33–1.59 and HR=1.71, 95% CI=1.58–1.86 in the screening and control arm, respectively), but not for previous use of NSAIDs. The risk increase was similar among coxib and acetaminophen current users, and stronger for metastatic prostate cancer (HR=2.41, 95% CI=1.59–3.67 and HR=3.44, 95% CI=2.60–4.55 in the screening and control arm, respectively). Previous use of NSAIDs, aspirin use and over-the-counter NSAID usage were not associated with prostate cancer. Conclusions: Differing association for current and previous use suggests that the risk increase is unlikely to be directly caused by the medication, but may be due to the conditions indicating NSAID prescription usage, such as symptoms of undiagnosed prostate cancer. To reduce inconsistency between the study outcomes, future epidemiological studies on NSAID use and prostate cancer risk should assess the indications for NSAID usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Veitonmäki
- 1] Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland [2] School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - T J Murtola
- 1] Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland [2] School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - L Määttänen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Pieni Roobertinkatu 9, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Taari
- 1] Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Sairaalakatu 1, 01400 Vantaa, Finland [2] School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8 B, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - U-H Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T L J Tammela
- 1] Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland [2] School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - A Auvinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Itkonen O, Stenman UH. TATI as a biomarker. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Larkin S, Kyprianou N. Molecular signatures in urologic tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18421-36. [PMID: 24018887 PMCID: PMC3794787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urologic tumors continue to represent a huge fraction of cancer cases in the United States, with over 376,310 estimated new diagnoses in 2013. As with many types of tumors, urologic tumors vary greatly in their phenotype, ranging from minimally invasive to malignancies possessing great metastatic potential. The increasing need for more efficient and less invasive methods of cancer detection, as well as the ability to predict severity of the disease phenotype is readily evident--yet reliable methods remain elusive in a clinical setting today. Comprehensive panels of gene clusters are being developed toward the generation of molecular signatures in order to better diagnose urologic malignancies, and identify effective treatment strategies in the emerging era of personalized medicine. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the credibility and biomarker value of such molecular signatures in the context of clinical significance relating to the pathological aggressiveness of urologic tumors (prostate, bladder and renal cancer)--also exploiting their predictive potential in the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Larkin
- Departments of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Departments of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-859-323-9812; Fax: +1-859-323-1944
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Marshall A, Lukk M, Kutter C, Davies S, Alexander G, Odom DT. Global gene expression profiling reveals SPINK1 as a potential hepatocellular carcinoma marker. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59459. [PMID: 23527199 PMCID: PMC3601070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but the role of liver disease aetiology in cancer development remains under-explored. We investigated global gene expression profiles from HCC arising in different liver diseases to test whether HCC development is driven by expression of common or different genes, which could provide new diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Global gene expression profiling was performed for 4 normal (control) livers as well as 8 background liver and 7 HCC from 3 patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) undergoing surgery. In order to investigate different disease phenotypes causing HCC, the data were compared with public microarray repositories for gene expression in normal liver, hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis, HCV-related HCC (HCV-HCC), hepatitis B virus (HBV) cirrhosis and HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC). Principal component analysis and differential gene expression analysis were carried out using R Bioconductor. Liver disease-specific and shared gene lists were created and genes identified as highly expressed in hereditary haemochromatosis HCC (HH-HCC) were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Selected genes were investigated further using immunohistochemistry in 86 HCC arising in liver disorders with varied aetiology. Using a 2-fold cut-off, 9 genes were highly expressed in all HCC, 11 in HH-HCC, 270 in HBV-HCC and 9 in HCV-HCC. Six genes identified by microarray as highly expressed in HH-HCC were confirmed by RT qPCR. Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) mRNA was very highly expressed in HH-HCC (median fold change 2291, p = 0.0072) and was detected by immunohistochemistry in 91% of HH-HCC, 0% of HH-related cirrhotic or dysplastic nodules and 79% of mixed-aetiology HCC. CONCLUSION HCC, arising from diverse backgrounds, uniformly over-express a small set of genes. SPINK1, a secretory trypsin inhibitor, demonstrated potential as a diagnostic HCC marker and should be evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Marshall
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Lukk
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Alexander
- Cambridge Hepatobiliary Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan T. Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Stenman UH. Words of wisdom. Re: Therapeutic targeting of SPINK1-positive prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2013; 62:733-4. [PMID: 22939424 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helskinki, Finland.
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Martin SK, Vaughan TB, Atkinson T, Zhu H, Kyprianou N. Emerging biomarkers of prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2012; 28:409-17. [PMID: 22641253 PMCID: PMC3693823 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression involves activation of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, anoikis, angiogenesis and metastasis. The current PSA-based test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer lacks sensitivity and specificity, resulting in missed diagnoses and unnecessary biopsies. Intense research efforts to identify serum and tissue biomarkers will expand the opportunities to understand the functional activation of cancer-related pathways and consequently lead to molecular therapeutic targeting towards inhibition of tumor growth. Current literature describes multiple biomarkers that indicate the properties of prostate cancer including its presence, stage, metastatic potential and prognosis. Used singly, assays detecting these biomarkers have their respective shortcomings. Several recent studies evaluating the clinical utilization of multiple markers show promising results in improving prostate cancer profiling. This review discusses the current understanding of biomarker signature cluster-based approaches for the diagnosis and therapeutic response of prostate cancer derived from panels of biomarker tests that provide a selective molecular signature characteristic of the tumor. As these signatures are robustly defined and their pathways are exhaustively dissected, prostate cancer can be more accurately diagnosed, characterized, staged and targeted with inhibitory antitumor agents. The growing promise surrounding the recent evidence in identifying and utilizing such biomarker panels, will lead to improvement in cancer prognosis and management of the therapeutic response of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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