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Aziz F, Sam R, Lew SQ, Massie L, Misra M, Roumelioti ME, Argyropoulos CP, Ing TS, Tzamaloukas AH. Pseudohyponatremia: Mechanism, Diagnosis, Clinical Associations and Management. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4076. [PMID: 37373769 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudohyponatremia remains a problem for clinical laboratories. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical consequences, and conditions associated with pseudohyponatremia, and future developments for its elimination. The two methods involved assess the serum sodium concentration ([Na]S) using sodium ion-specific electrodes: (a) a direct ion-specific electrode (ISE), and (b) an indirect ISE. A direct ISE does not require dilution of a sample prior to its measurement, whereas an indirect ISE needs pre-measurement sample dilution. [Na]S measurements using an indirect ISE are influenced by abnormal concentrations of serum proteins or lipids. Pseudohyponatremia occurs when the [Na]S is measured with an indirect ISE and the serum solid content concentrations are elevated, resulting in reciprocal depressions in serum water and [Na]S values. Pseudonormonatremia or pseudohypernatremia are encountered in hypoproteinemic patients who have a decreased plasma solids content. Three mechanisms are responsible for pseudohyponatremia: (a) a reduction in the [Na]S due to lower serum water and sodium concentrations, the electrolyte exclusion effect; (b) an increase in the measured sample's water concentration post-dilution to a greater extent when compared to normal serum, lowering the [Na] in this sample; (c) when serum hyperviscosity reduces serum delivery to the device that apportions serum and diluent. Patients with pseudohyponatremia and a normal [Na]S do not develop water movement across cell membranes and clinical manifestations of hypotonic hyponatremia. Pseudohyponatremia does not require treatment to address the [Na]S, making any inadvertent correction treatment potentially detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Aziz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ramin Sam
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Susie Q Lew
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Larry Massie
- Department of Pathology, Raymond G. Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Madhukar Misra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Maria-Eleni Roumelioti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Christos P Argyropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Todd S Ing
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Antonios H Tzamaloukas
- Research Service, Department of Medicine, Raymond G. Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Loane SC, Castillo DA, Peschard ALDM, Hall HR, Kortum AJ. Spurious laboratory results associated with immunoglobulin M gammopathy in a dog with multiple myeloma. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:2181-2186. [PMID: 36125290 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11 year old female-neutered Labrador presented for facial swelling. Clinicopathological abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, hypercalcemia, nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and spurious hypoglycemia. Normoglycemia was subsequently confirmed using a cage-side analyzer (AlphaTRAK, Zoetis, UK). Serum and urine protein electrophoresis documented monoclonal (immunoglobulin M) gammopathy with Bence-Jones proteinuria. Computed tomography imaging revealed a monostotic osteolytic bone-lesion, and bone marrow cytology and histopathology documented plasmacytosis with multiple myeloma oncogene 1 / interferon regulatory factor 4 positivity, consistent with multiple myeloma. Infectious disease testing initially indicated seropositivity for Leishmania, Borrelia, and Anaplasma spp.; however, Leishmania PCR (splenic and bone marrow aspirates), and paired serological titers for Borrelia and Anaplasma were negative. Consequently, initial serological results were considered to be false positive because of paraproteinemia-associated assay interference. Chemotherapy (prednisolone and melphalan combination therapy) was initiated, but the dog was euthanased 30 days later because of the development of pericardial effusion. This is a report of spurious serological (and other laboratory) results occurring secondary to monoclonal gammopathy in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Loane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Madingley Road, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Castillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Madingley Road, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harriet R Hall
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Madingley Road, United Kingdom
| | - Andre J Kortum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Madingley Road, United Kingdom
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Yilmaz NS, Sen B, Gulbahar O. Contribution of the laboratory to a diagnosis process by sequential reflective testing: Paraprotein interference on a direct bilirubin assay. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2021; 31:020801. [PMID: 33927558 PMCID: PMC8047781 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2021.020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Errors in laboratory medicine occur in the preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical phases. The errors are mostly detected in the preanalytical period. However, analytical errors are still an important source of error, despite their frequency is reduced significantly in years thanks to developments in laboratories. In this case, an analytical error was noticed during the verification of a patient’s results. The direct bilirubin of a 66-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department was higher than the total bilirubin. The patient’s symptoms were fatigue and dyspnoea. Albumin and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations of the patient were significantly low. After considering the patient’s demographics and laboratory results, the laboratory specialist suspected a paraproteinemia interference. Total protein was performed as a reflective test. The albumin/globulin ratio was reversed. Thereafter, serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) were performed as another reflective tests, respectively. SPEP and IFE results were in favour of monoclonal gammopathy. The patient was directed to a haematologist, underwent a bone marrow biopsy, and the result was reported as Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia with plasma cell differentiation expressing IgM-Kappa. The patient went on a chemotherapy protocol, and his condition has been improved in subsequent months. Detection of analytical errors is of great importance, like in our case, and may be used as a tool to identify patients who have not yet been diagnosed. The laboratory specialist must dominate the entire process of each test in the laboratory, be aware of the limitations of tests, and turn these disadvantages into advantages when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Samet Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Polatli Duatepe State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bayram Sen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Research and Training Hospital, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Gulbahar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Francis ER, Chen F, Kidacki M, Miller R, Alkhasoneh M, Talamo G, Straub M, Klinefelter K, Kodali N, Zhu Y. Pseudohyperphosphatemia in a patient with incidentally identified progression of smoldering myeloma. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:306-308. [PMID: 30315756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudohyperphosphatemia is a rare laboratory finding in MM, especially in patients with smoldering myeloma (SMM) progressing to symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM). Laboratorians and clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon and take necessary actions to avoid misdiagnosis. METHODS Specimens from a monoclonal IgG kappa SMM patient with extremely high serum phosphorus concentrations measured by the Roche phosphomolybdate assay were re-evaluated using serial dilutions and the ORTHO VITROS assay free from monoclonal gammaglobulin interference. Serum free kappa/lambda chain ratio was also assessed. RESULTS Both serial dilutions and the ORTHO VITROS assay normalized serum phosphorus concentrations, suggesting the extremely high serum phosphorus concentrations measured by the Roche assay is due to interference from monoclonal gammaglobulin. Additionally, the patient's serum free kappa/lambda ratio was >100. Based on serum free kappa/lambda ratio, disease progression from SMM to MM was diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Prompt and appropriate laboratory investigations ensure correct diagnosis of pseudohyperphosphatemia and help clinicians properly manage patients. To our knowledge, this patient is the first reported case of pseudohyperphosphatemia in patients with progression from SMM to MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Francis
- College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Fengming Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Michal Kidacki
- College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ronald Miller
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Mo'tasem Alkhasoneh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Giampaolo Talamo
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Monica Straub
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Kristin Klinefelter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Namratha Kodali
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yusheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.
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Platzer V, Hebraud B, Caussé E. Alternative process for quantifying Na + and K + electrolytes in plasma with high paraprotein concentration using an automated analyzer. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:544-545. [PMID: 28438460 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Platzer
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, TSA 40031 Toulouse, France
| | - B Hebraud
- Hematology Department, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - E Caussé
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, TSA 40031 Toulouse, France.
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Langelaan MLP, Kamp L, Zandijk E, Raijmakers MTM. Prevalence of pseudonatremia in a clinical laboratory - role of the water content. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:546-553. [PMID: 27676606 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium concentration is a frequently used marker to discriminate between differential diagnoses or for clinical follow-up. Pseudonatremia, as a result of indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) measurements in automated chemistry analyzers, can lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment. We investigated whether the estimated water content, based on total protein and lipid concentrations, can be used to reduce diagnoses of pseudonatremia. METHODS Indirect and direct ISE measurements of sodium were compared in blood samples from intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 98) and random non-ICU patients (n = 100). Differences between direct measurements using whole blood and lithium-heparin plasma were also determined. Water content, estimated by a linear combination of total protein and lipid concentrations, was used to correct indirectly measured sodium concentrations. The prevalence of pseudonatremia was evaluated in the ICU patient group. RESULTS An absolute difference of 3 mmol/L was observed between direct measurements using lithium-heparin plasma and whole blood, with higher concentrations in plasma. Additionally, we observed that differences between indirect and direct measurements displayed a linear relationship with the estimated water content. The prevalence of pseudohypernatremia after indirect measurements (32%) was reduced when measurements were corrected for water content (19%). CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients, sodium concentrations should be preferably measured by direct measurements. Whole blood is the preferred material for these measurements. For routine sodium analyses in other patients, correction using the estimated water content appears promising in reducing the prevalence of pseudohypernatremia by indirect measurements.
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García-González E, González-Tarancón R, Aramendía M, Rello L. Analytical interference by monoclonal immunoglobulins on the direct bilirubin AU Beckman Coulter assay: the benefit of unsuspected diagnosis from spurious results. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:1329-35. [PMID: 26677886 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal (M) components can interfere with the direct bilirubin (D-Bil) assay on the AU Beckman Coulter instrumentation and produce spurious results, such as D-Bil values greater than total bilirubin (T-Bil) or very low/negative D-Bil values. If properly detected, this interference may uncover undiagnosed patients with monoclonal gammopathy (MG). METHODS We investigated the interference rate on the D-Bil AU assay in serum samples known to contain M proteins along with their isotype and described the protocol set up in our laboratory to help with the diagnosis of MG based on D-Bil spurious results as first indication. RESULTS During a period of 4 years, 15.4% (345 of 2235) of serum samples containing M immunoglobulins produced erroneous D-Bil results, although no clear relationship between the magnitude or isotype of the M component and interference could be found. In total 22 new patients were diagnosed with MG based on the analytical artefact with the D-Bil as first indication. CONCLUSIONS The D-Bil interference from MG on the Beckman AU analysers needs to be made known to laboratories in order to prevent clinical confusion and/or additional workup to explain the origin of anomalous results. Although this information may not add to the management of existing patients with serum paraproteins, it can benefit patients that have not been diagnosed with MG by triggering follow up testing to determine if M components are present.
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Saad M, Moussaly E, Ibrahim U, Atallah JP, Forte F, Odaimi M. Quiz Page September 2016. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:A17-20. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Han K, Xu X, Xu Z, Chen G, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Cao B, Kong Y, Tang X, Mao X. SC06, a novel small molecule compound, displays preclinical activity against multiple myeloma by disrupting the mTOR signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12809. [PMID: 26329846 PMCID: PMC4556980 DOI: 10.1038/srep12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is extensively involved in multiple myeloma (MM) pathophysiology. In the present study, we reported a novel small molecule SC06 that induced MM cell apoptosis and delayed MM xenograft growth in vivo. Oral administration of SC06 to mice bearing human MM xenografts resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth at doses that were well tolerated. Mechanistic studies revealed that SC06 selectively inhibited the mTOR signaling pathway but had no effects on other associated kinases, such as AKT, ERK, p38, c-Src and JNK. Further studies showed that SC06-decreased mTOR activation was associated with the downregulation of Raptor, a key component of the mTORC1 complex. SC06 also suppressed the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and P70S6K, two typical substrates in the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Notably, expression of Raptor, phosphorylation of mTOR and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 was also decreased in the tumor tissues from SC06-treated mice, which was consistent with the cellular studies. Therefore, given the potency and low toxicity, SC06 could be developed as a potential anti-MM drug candidate by disrupting the mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanying Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, China
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VanDuijn MM, Jacobs JFM, Wevers RA, Engelke UF, Joosten I, Luider TM. Quantitative Measurement of Immunoglobulins and Free Light Chains Using Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8268-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn M. VanDuijn
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology and Clinical & Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joannes F. M. Jacobs
- Laboratory
of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Translational
Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Udo F. Engelke
- Translational
Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory
of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Luider
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology and Clinical & Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Measurement of serum-phosphate concentration in immunoglobulin G monoclonal gammopathy after PEG-precipitation. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 440:211-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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