1
|
Eriguchi Y, Kuwabara H, Inai A, Kawakubo Y, Nishimura F, Kakiuchi C, Tochigi M, Ohashi J, Aoki N, Kato K, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Tsuji S, Doi K, Yoshimura J, Morishita S, Shimada T, Furukawa M, Umekage T, Sasaki T, Kasai K, KanoMD PhD Y. Identification of candidate genes involved in the etiology of sporadic Tourette syndrome by exome sequencing. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:712-723. [PMID: 28608572 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. Although there is a large genetic contribution, the genetic architecture of TS remains unclear. Exome sequencing has successfully revealed the contribution of de novo mutations in sporadic cases with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Here, using exome sequencing, we investigated de novo mutations in individuals with sporadic TS to identify novel risk loci and elucidate the genetic background of TS. Exome analysis was conducted for sporadic TS cases: nine trio families and one quartet family with concordant twins were investigated. Missense mutations were evaluated using functional prediction algorithms, and their population frequencies were calculated based on three public databases. Gene expression patterns in the brain were analyzed using the BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome. Thirty de novo mutations, including four synonymous and four missense mutations, were identified. Among the missense mutations, one in the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (RICTOR)-coding gene (rs140964083: G > A, found in one proband) was predicted to be hazardous. In the three public databases analyzed, variants in the same SNP locus were absent, and variants in the same gene were either absent or present at an extremely low frequency (3/5,008), indicating the rarity of hazardous RICTOR mutations in the general population. The de novo variant of RICTOR may be implicated in the development of sporadic TS, and RICTOR is a novel candidate factor for TS etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Eriguchi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sakura Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Disability Services Office, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Inai
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumichika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Aoki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sakura Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kato
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Genome Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Doi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshimura
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimada
- Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Furukawa
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Umekage
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko KanoMD PhD
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Attempts to find genes contribution to complex diseases, such as cancer, require new study designs which incorporate an efficient use of population resources and modern genotyping technologies. We describe here two approaches, used by us for the study of breast cancer, both of which take the use of biobanks. One uses a cancer registry as a source of case information, which is then linked to a biobank on blood DNA. The biobank provides also samples from matched controls. After genotyping, clinical data are retrieved from hospital records, and the results can be presented for genotype-specific cancer risks, or similarly for genotype-specific clinical and survival parameters. The second approach uses registered data on cancer in families or among twins. On defined groups of patients, paraffin tissue is collected by contacting the pathology departments of the hospitals where the patients were diagnosed. Tumor and healthy tissue is prepared and used for mutation, the loss of heterozygosity, or copy number analysis. We believe that in the era of whole-genome genotyping technologies, the importance of well-characterized sample sets cannot be overemphasized. Samples rather than technologies limit the rate of gene discovery in complex diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin Q, Hemminki K, Enquist K, Lenner P, Grzybowska E, Klaes R, Henriksson R, Chen B, Pamula J, Pekala W, Zientek H, Rogozinska-Szczepka J, Utracka-Hutka B, Hallmans G, Försti A. Vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms in relation to breast cancer development and prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3647-53. [PMID: 15897560 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis is a necessary step in tumor growth and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of breast cancer angiogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the association of polymorphisms in the VEGF gene with breast cancer risk and prognostic characteristics of the tumors in a large case-control study. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined three polymorphisms in the VEGF gene (-2578C/A, -1154G/A, and +936C/T) in 571 familial breast cancer cases from Poland and Germany and -2578C/A, -634G/C, and +936C/T polymorphisms in 974 unselected breast cancer cases from Sweden together with ethnically and geographically selected controls. RESULTS None of the polymorphisms or any haplotype was significantly associated with either familial or unselected breast cancers. Our study suggests that the +936C/T polymorphism is unlikely to be associated with breast cancer. We also analyzed the unselected cases for genotypes or haplotypes that associated with tumor characteristics. The -634CC genotype and the -2578/-634 CC haplotype were significantly associated with high tumor aggressiveness (large tumor size and high histologic grade, P < 0.01) and the -2578AA genotype and the -2578/-634 AG haplotype with low histologic grade tumors (P = 0.04). The genotypes and haplotypes were not related with other tumor characteristics such as regional or distant metastasis, stage at diagnosis, or estrogen or progesterone receptor status. CONCLUSIONS Although none of the polymorphisms studied in the VEGF gene was found to influence susceptibility to breast cancer significantly, some of the VEGF genotypes and haplotypes may influence tumor growth through an altered expression of VEGF and tumor angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianren Jin
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Twin studies have been a valuable source of information about the genetic basis of complex traits. To maximize the potential of twin studies, large, worldwide registers of data on twins and their relatives have been established. Here, we provide an overview of the current resources for twin research. These can be used to obtain insights into the genetic epidemiology of complex traits and diseases, to study the interaction of genotype with sex, age and lifestyle factors, and to study the causes of co-morbidity between traits and diseases. Because of their design, these registers offer unique opportunities for selected sampling for quantitative trait loci linkage and association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorret Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|