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Iyoda A, Azuma Y, Sano A. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: clinicopathological and molecular features. Surg Today 2020; 50:1578-1584. [PMID: 32193632 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-020-01988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1970, neuroendocrine tumors of the lung were classified into three categories: typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). The third edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification in 1999 defined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) as a variant of large cell carcinomas, whereas the fourth edition of the WHO classification redefined LCNEC as a neuroendocrine tumor. Currently, neuroendocrine tumors of the lung are classified into four main categories: TC, AC, LCNEC, and SCLC. Although the treatments for TC, AC, and SCLC have not changed remarkably, the treatment strategy for LCNEC is not yet established because of its reclassification from a variant of "large cell carcinoma" to a new category of "neuroendocrine tumor". In this review article, we discuss the pathological findings, biological behavior, and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Iyoda
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Yoko Azuma
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sano
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
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Mahas A, Potluri K, Kent MN, Naik S, Markey M. Copy number variation in archival melanoma biopsies versus benign melanocytic lesions. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:575-97. [PMID: 27002761 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin melanocytes can give rise to benign and malignant neoplasms. Discrimination of an early melanoma from an unusual/atypical benign nevus can represent a significant challenge. However, previous studies have shown that in contrast to benign nevi, melanoma demonstrates pervasive chromosomal aberrations. OBJECTIVE This substantial difference between melanoma and benign nevi can be exploited to discriminate between melanoma and benign nevi. METHODS Array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is an approach that can be used on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to assess the entire genome for the presence of changes in DNA copy number. In this study, high resolution, genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were utilized to perform comprehensive and detailed analyses of recurrent copy number aberrations in 41 melanoma samples in comparison with 21 benign nevi. RESULTS We found statistically significant copy number gains and losses within melanoma samples. Some of the identified aberrations are previously implicated in melanoma. Moreover, novel regions of copy number alterations were identified, revealing new candidate genes potentially involved in melanoma pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings can help improve melanoma diagnosis and introduce novel melanoma therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Keerti Potluri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael N Kent
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.,Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Sameep Naik
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Ohe C, Kuroda N, Matsuura K, Kai T, Moriyama M, Sugiguchi S, Terahata S, Hosaka N, Hes O, Michal M, Matsuda T, Uemura Y. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation/morphology: A clinicopathological and genetic study of three cases. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Abstract
To elucidate the effect of cigarette smoke on developing lung cancer among individuals, numerous genetic and epigenetic factors related to cigarette smoke-induced lung cancers have been widely investigated and a various genes, loci and pathways have been identified as candidates to date. However, the importance of these molecular alterations in the initiation and progression of lung cancer still remains imprecise and different molecules altered in lung cancer are being used for stratification of patients for targeted therapy. There are a number of molecular pathways involved in the development of lung cancer, and environmental factors related to these alterations are still unclear. Furthermore, various genetic alterations determined by candidate gene approach have not been re-evaluated for their functional significance together with epigenetic alterations in the same population. Accumulated evidence suggested that lung cancer in ever smokers and never smokers follow distinct molecular pathways and may therefore respond to distinct therapy. Therefore, additional studies will be essential to re-evaluate the individual risk of developing lung cancer based on the combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations and to set up a guideline to assess the individual risk for lung cancer and for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Begum
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Chien HT, Liao CT, Huang SF, Chen IH, Liu TY, Jou YS, Wang HM, Hsieh LL. Clinical significance of genome-wide minimally deleted regions in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:358-69. [PMID: 21344537 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has the highest rate of increase among male cancers in Taiwan. An understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease as well as the development of prognostic markers for the clinical management of this disease is very important. Thus, a systematic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was performed to define minimally deleted regions (MDRs) in 63 male OSCCs using 400 polymorphic microsatellite markers. For increasing reliability, genomic DNA was extracted from >90% tumor cells that had been purified by LCM, and only when a microsatellite marker provided LOH information in >30% of the OSCCs was there considered to be successful allelotyping. A correlation of the various MDRs with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was carried out. In total, 32 MDRs were identified and ten were noted as novel. In addition, six MDRs were found to be associated with cigarette smoking. Among these markers, a loss of MDR c7r2 (7q32.2-q35) was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) and ten MDRs were associated with allelic imbalance (AI) in tumors. Among the latter, a loss of MDR c14r1 (14q24.2-q32.12) and c11r1 (11q13.4-q25) had a synergistic effect on poor DFS and were able to reduce further the DFS rate in patients with MDR c7r2 loss. Taken together, the results generated in this study provide new insights that help with exploring the molecular mechanisms associated with OSCC tumorigenesis and cigarette smoking. They also should aid the development of potential prognostic markers for the clinical management of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Tzu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Saelee P, Wongkham S, Bhudhisawasdi V, Sripa B, Chariyalertsak S, Petmitr S. Allelic loss on chromosome 5q34 is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:1135-41. [PMID: 18386060 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify and characterize novel genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS DNA was extracted from 29 HCC and corresponding normal tissues and amplified with 59 different 10-base arbitrary primers. A 550 bp DNA fragment amplified using primer Q-9 and which was present in 19 of 29 cases (66%) was cloned, sequenced, and compared with known nucleotide sequences deposited in Genome database, and quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS DNA alterations were found on chromosomes 5q34, 6p25.2 and 8q12.1 in 11 of 29 cases (38%), 7 of 29 cases (24%), and 12 of 29 cases (41%), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the allelic loss on chromosome 5q34 was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival of HCC patients, with the median survival time of 19 weeks for allelic loss versus 109 weeks for no allelic loss (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that allelic loss on chromosome 5q34 may be involved in the development of HCC and could be used as a prognostic indicator in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saelee
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tseng RC, Hsieh FJ, Hsu HS, Wang YC. Minimal deletion regions in lung squamous cell carcinoma: Association with abnormality of the DNA double-strand break repair genes and their applications on gene identification and prognostic biomarkers. Lung Cancer 2008; 59:332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Iyoda A, Hiroshima K, Nakatani Y, Fujisawa T. Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: its place in the spectrum of pulmonary carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84:702-7. [PMID: 17643676 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1999, the World Health Organization categorized large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) as a variant of large cell carcinoma. The World Health Organization categorization not only classified histologic types of large cell carcinomas of the lung in detail, but also revealed that histologic subtypes of lung carcinomas were closely related to the prognosis of patients with those carcinomas. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are common tumors that are now more frequently diagnosed by pathologists as recognition of LCNEC improves. Since the first report of LCNEC in 1991, many authors have reported that LCNECs are aggressive tumors and that patients with LCNECs have a very poor prognosis. Although LCNEC is categorized as a variant of large cell carcinoma, the biological behaviors of LCNEC tumors resemble those of small cell lung carcinomas, and LCNEC reveals the feature of a high-grade neuroendocrine tumor. Because patients with LCNEC have a poor prognosis, surgery alone is not sufficient. Multimodality therapies (including adjuvant chemotherapy) appear to be promising for the improvement of the prognosis in patients with LCNEC, even if the pathologic stage is IA, and should be evaluated further in larger multi-institutional trials.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/classification
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/classification
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/surgery
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/classification
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/surgery
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/classification
- Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/surgery
- Phenotype
- Prognosis
- Smoking/epidemiology
- World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Iyoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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