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Mohammadbaghban E, Taravati A, Najafzadehvarzi H, Khaleghzadeh‐Ahangar H, Tohidi F. Oral administration of encapsulated catechin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles improves cognitive function and neurodegeneration in an aluminum chloride-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16095. [PMID: 38946616 PMCID: PMC11215483 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanoparticles (NPs) on cognitive function in an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanocarriers were synthesized through ionotropic gelation (IG) method. Physio-chemical characterization was conducted with the Zetasizer Nano system, the scanning electron microscope, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments were performed over 21 days on six groups of male Wistar rats. The control group, AlCl3 treated group, Catechin group, nanocarrier group, treatment group 1 (AlCl3 + Catechin), and treatment group 2 (AlCl3 + nanocarrier). A behavioral study was done by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. In addition, the level of oxidative indices and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was determined by standard procedures at the end of the study. AlCl3 induced a significant increase in AChE activity, along with a significant decrease in the level of Catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the significant effect of AlCl3 was observed on the behavioral parameters of the MWM test. Both forms of Catechin markedly improved AChE activity, oxidative biomarkers, spatial memory, and learning. The present study indicated that the administration of Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate NPs is a beneficial therapeutic option against behavioral and chemical alteration of AD in male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Mohammadbaghban
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Student Research CommitteeBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Biomedical and Microbial Advanced Technologies (BMAT) Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Ali Taravati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic SciencesUniversity of MazandaranBabolsarIran
| | - Hossein Najafzadehvarzi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Hossein Khaleghzadeh‐Ahangar
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Fatemeh Tohidi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Biomedical and Microbial Advanced Technologies (BMAT) Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
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2
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Pelletier G, Rigden M, Wang GS, Caldwell D, Siddique S, Leingartner K, Kosarac I, Cakmak S, Kubwabo C. Comparison of tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid toxicities in a rat 28-day oral exposure study. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:600-618. [PMID: 31884710 PMCID: PMC7216891 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP, CAS no. 78-42-2) is a plasticizer and a flame retardant, while di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA, CAS no. 298-07-7) is an oil additive and extraction solvent. Publicly-available information on repeated exposure to these two related organophosphate compounds is fragmentary. Hence, adult male and female Fischer rats were exposed to TEHP (300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight [BW]/day) or DEHPA (20, 60 and 180 mg/kg BW/day) by gavage for 28 consecutive days, to assess and compare their toxicities. Although significantly impaired BW gains and evidence of TEHP enzymatic hydrolysis to DEHPA were observed only in males, exposures to the highest TEHP and DEHPA doses often resulted in similar alterations of hematology, serum clinical chemistry and liver enzymatic activities in both males and females. The squamous epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis observed in the non-glandular forestomach of rats exposed to the middle and high DEHPA doses were most likely caused by the slightly corrosive nature of this chemical. Although tubular degeneration and spermatid retention were observed only in the testes of males exposed to the highest TEHP dose, numerous periodic acid-Schiff stained crystalline inclusions were observed in testis interstitial cells at all TEHP dose levels. No-observed-adverse-effect levels for TEHP and DEHPA are proposed, but the lower serum pituitary hormone levels resulting from TEHP and DEHPA exposures and the perturbations of testicular histology observed in TEHP-treated males deserve further investigation. Improved characterization of the toxicity of flame retardants will contribute to better informed substitution choices for legacy flame retardants phased-out over health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pelletier
- Hazard Identification Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc Rigden
- Hazard Identification Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gen Sheng Wang
- Scientific Service Division, Health Product and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Don Caldwell
- Scientific Service Division, Health Product and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Karen Leingartner
- Hazard Identification Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ivana Kosarac
- Research Division, Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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3
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Martins NO, de Brito IM, Araújo SSO, Negri G, Carlini EDA, Mendes FR. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antifatigue effects of Trichilia catigua (catuaba). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:172. [PMID: 29866157 PMCID: PMC5987406 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichilia catigua A. Juss. (Meliaceae) is a species known as catuaba and used in folk medicine for the treatment of fatigue, stress, impotence and memory deficit. The main phytochemical compounds identified in the barks of T. catigua are flavalignans, flavan-3-ols and flavonoids which are associated with its antioxidant activity. Pre-clinical studies with T. catigua extracts have identified many pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antinociceptive, pro-memory and neuroprotective against ischemia and oxidative stress. This study was designed in order to compare the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of four different polarity extracts and selected the one most active for in vivo studies in rodent models of stress, fatigue and memory. METHODS Hexane, chloroform, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts from bark of Trichilia catigua were analyzed by RPHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and acetylcholinesterase inhibition by Ellman's modified method. In vivo studies (stress, fatigue and memory) were carried out with adult male mice and rats treated with hydroalcoholic extract in doses of 25-300 mg/kg (p.o.). RESULTS We confirmed the presence of cinchonain IIa, Ia and Ib, as main constituents in the four extracts, while procyanidins were detected only in hydroalcoholic extract. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity were observed for all extracts, with most potent activity found on the hydroalcoholic extract (EC50 = 43 μg/mL and IC50 = 142 μg/mL for DPPH scavenger and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, respectively). The treatment of laboratory animals with hydroalcoholic extract did not protect rats from cold immobilization stress and did not prevent the scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. However, the treatment of mice with the hydroalcoholic extract partially reduced the fatigue induced by treadmill, since the highest dose increased the spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced the deficit on grip strength after the forced exercise (p < 0.05), in some observation times. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the hydroalcoholic extract as the most suitable for plant extraction and partially support the folk use of T. catigua as antifatigue drug. . Trichilia catigua hydroalcoholic extract exhibits antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity in vitro and reduces the fatigue induced by forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadini Oliveira Martins
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Isabella Modelli de Brito
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus, 03, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, CEP 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Sandra Syomara O Araújo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus, 03, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, CEP 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Giuseppina Negri
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 740, 4° andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Elisaldo de Araújo Carlini
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 740, 4° andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Fúlvio Rieli Mendes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus, 03, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, CEP 09210-180, Brazil.
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Apland JP, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, Prager EM, Olsen CH, Braga MFM. Susceptibility to Soman Toxicity and Efficacy of LY293558 Against Soman-Induced Seizures and Neuropathology in 10-Month-Old Male Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:694-706. [PMID: 28776308 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute nerve agent exposure causes prolonged status epilepticus (SE), leading to death or long-term brain damage. We have previously demonstrated that LY293558, an AMPA/GluK1 kainate receptor antagonist, terminates SE induced by the nerve agent soman and protects from long-term brain damage, in immature rats and young-adult rats, even if administered with a relatively long latency from the time of exposure. However, susceptibility to the lethal consequences of SE increases with age, and mortality by SE induced by soman is substantially greater in older animals. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the susceptibility to soman toxicity of 10-month-old male rats with that of young-adult male rats (42 to 50 days old) and examined the protective efficacy of LY293558 in the older group. A lower percentage of the 10-month-old rats developed SE after injection of 1.2 × LD50 soman, compared to the young adults, the latency to seizure onset was longer in the older rats, and seizure intensity did not differ between the two age groups. However, mortality rate in the older rats who developed SE was higher than in the young adults. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, and piriform cortex did not differ between the two age groups. Administration of LY293558 at 20 or 60 min post-exposure suppressed SE, increased 24-h survival rate, decreased the long-term risk of death, reduced neuronal degeneration in the amygdala, hippocampus, piriform, and entorhinal cortices, and facilitated recovery from body weight loss. Thus, LY293558 is an effective countermeasure against soman toxicity also in older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Apland
- Neuroscience Program, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Cara H Olsen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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5
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Lin CC, Hung DZ, Chen HY, Hsu KH. The effectiveness of patient-tailored treatment for acute organophosphate poisoning. Biomed J 2016; 39:391-399. [PMID: 28043418 PMCID: PMC6138500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine a new pralidoxime (PAM) treatment guideline based on the severity of acute organophosphate intoxication patients, APACHE II score, and dynamic changes in serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity. METHODS This is a randomization trial. All patients received supportive care measurements and atropinization. Each enrolled patient was treated with 2 gm PAM intravenously as the loading dose. The control group was treated according to the WHO's recommended PAM regimen, and the experimental group was treated according to their APACHE II scores and dynamic changes in BuChE activity. If a patient's APACHE II score was ≧26 or there was no elevation in BuChE activity at the 12th hour when compared to the 6th, doses of 1 g/h PAM (i.e., doubled WHO's recommended PAM regimen) were given. The levels of the serum BuChE and red blood cells acetylcholinesterase and the serum PAM levels were also measured. RESULTS Forty-six organophosphate poisoning patients were enrolled in this study. There were 24 patients in the control group and 22 patients in the experimental group. The hazard ratio of death in the control group to that of the experimental group was 111.51 (95% CI: 1.17-1.613.45; p = 0.04). The RBC acetylcholinesterase level was elevated in the experimental group but was not in the control group. The experimental group did not exhibit a higher PAM blood level than did the control group. CONCLUSION The use of PAM can be guided by patient severity. Thus, may help to improve the outcomes of organophosphate poisoning patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chuan Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Zong Hung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Toxicology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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6
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Wong JC, Dutton SBB, Collins SD, Schachter S, Escayg A. Huperzine A Provides Robust and Sustained Protection against Induced Seizures in Scn1a Mutant Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:357. [PMID: 27799911 PMCID: PMC5065986 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo loss-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) SCN1A (encoding Nav1.1) are the main cause of Dravet syndrome (DS), a catastrophic early-life encephalopathy associated with prolonged and recurrent early-life febrile seizures (FSs), refractory afebrile epilepsy, cognitive and behavioral deficits, and a 15–20% mortality rate. SCN1A mutations also lead to genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which is an inherited disorder characterized by early-life FSs and the development of a range of adult epilepsy subtypes. Current antiepileptic drugs often fail to protect against the severe seizures and behavioral and cognitive deficits found in patients with SCN1A mutations. To address the need for more efficacious treatments for SCN1A-derived epilepsies, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of Huperzine A, a naturally occurring reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In CF1 mice, Hup A (0.56 or 1 mg/kg) was found to confer protection against 6 Hz-, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures. Robust protection against 6 Hz-, MES-, and hyperthermia-induced seizures was also achieved following Hup A administration in mouse models of DS (Scn1a+/−) and GEFS+ (Scn1aRH/+). Furthermore, Hup A-mediated seizure protection was sustained during 3 weeks of daily injections in Scn1aRH/+ mutants. Finally, we determined that muscarinic and GABAA receptors play a role in Hup A-mediated seizure protection. These findings indicate that Hup A might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for increasing seizure resistance in DS and GEFS+, and more broadly, in other forms of refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey B B Dutton
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biology, Agnes Scott CollegeAtlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steven Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Liu JM, Wu PF, Rao J, Zhou J, Shen ZC, Luo H, Huang JG, Liang X, Long LH, Xie QG, Jiang FC, Wang F, Chen JG. ST09, a Novel Thioester Derivative of Tacrine, Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Enhances Glucose Metabolism in Vascular Dementia Rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:220-9. [PMID: 26813743 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chemical entities containing mercapto group have been increasingly attractive in the therapy of central nerve system (CNS) diseases. In the recent study, we screened a series of mercapto-tacrine derivatives with synergistic neuropharmacological profiles in vitro. METHODS We investigated the effect and mechanism of ST09, a thioester derivative of tacrine containing a potential mercapto group, on the vascular dementia (VaD) model of rat induced by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2-VO). RESULTS ST09 and its active metabolite ST10 retained excellent inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. ST09 significantly attenuated the 2-VO-induced impairment in spatial acquisition performance and inhibited the 2-VO-induced rise of AChE activity. In the VaD model, ST09 attenuated the oxidative stress and decreased the apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus. Compared with donepezil, ST09 exhibited a better effect on the regeneration of free thiols in 2-VO rats. Interestingly, ST09, not donepezil, greatly improved glucose metabolism in various brain regions of 2-VO rats using functional imaging of (18) F-labeled fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). CONCLUSIONS ST09 may serve as a more promising agent for the therapy of VaD than tacrine owing to the introduction of a potential mercapto group into the parent skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zu-Cheng Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Geng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hong Long
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Guo Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Chao Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, China
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8
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Miller SL, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, Prager EM, Almeida-Suhett CP, Apland JP, Braga MFM. A rat model of nerve agent exposure applicable to the pediatric population: The anticonvulsant efficacies of atropine and GluK1 antagonists. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:204-16. [PMID: 25689173 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after nerve agent exposure induces status epilepticus (SE), which causes brain damage or death. The development of countermeasures appropriate for the pediatric population requires testing of anticonvulsant treatments in immature animals. In the present study, exposure of 21-day-old (P21) rats to different doses of soman, followed by probit analysis, produced an LD50 of 62μg/kg. The onset of behaviorally-observed SE was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in brain AChE activity; rats who did not develop SE had significantly less reduction of AChE activity in the basolateral amygdala than rats who developed SE. Atropine sulfate (ATS) at 2mg/kg, administered 20 min after soman exposure (1.2×LD50), terminated seizures. ATS at 0.5mg/kg, given along with an oxime within 1 min after exposure, allowed testing of anticonvulsants at delayed time-points. The AMPA/GluK1 receptor antagonist LY293558, or the specific GluK1 antagonist UBP302, administered 1h post-exposure, terminated SE. There were no degenerating neurons in soman-exposed P21 rats, but both the amygdala and the hippocampus were smaller than in control rats at 30 and 90days post-exposure; this pathology was not present in rats treated with LY293558. Behavioral deficits present at 30 days post-exposure, were also prevented by LY293558 treatment. Thus, in immature animals, a single injection of atropine is sufficient to halt nerve agent-induced seizures, if administered timely. Testing anticonvulsants at delayed time-points requires early administration of ATS at a low dose, sufficient to counteract only peripheral toxicity. LY293558 administered 1h post-exposure, prevents brain pathology and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Camila P Almeida-Suhett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - James P Apland
- Neurotoxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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9
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Prager EM, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Almeida-Suhett CP, Figueiredo TH, Apland JP, Rossetti F, Olsen CH, Braga MFM. The recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity and the progression of neuropathological and pathophysiological alterations in the rat basolateral amygdala after soman-induced status epilepticus: relation to anxiety-like behavior. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:64-74. [PMID: 24486384 PMCID: PMC4005290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents are powerful neurotoxins that irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. One of the consequences of AChE inhibition is the generation of seizures and status epilepticus (SE), which cause brain damage, resulting in long-term neurological and behavioral deficits. Increased anxiety is the most common behavioral abnormality after nerve agent exposure. This is not surprising considering that the amygdala, and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in particular, plays a central role in anxiety, and this structure suffers severe damage by nerve agent-induced seizures. In the present study, we exposed male rats to the nerve agent soman, at a dose that induce SE, and determined the time course of recovery of AChE activity, along with the progression of neuropathological and pathophysiological alterations in the BLA, during a 30-day period after exposure. Measurements were taken at 24 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after exposure, and at 14 and 30 days, anxiety-like behavior was also evaluated. We found that more than 90% of AChE is inhibited at the onset of SE, and AChE inhibition remains at this level 24 h later, in the BLA, as well as in the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and prelimbic cortex, which we analyzed for comparison. AChE activity recovered by day 7 in the BLA and day 14 in the other three regions. Significant neuronal loss and neurodegeneration were present in the BLA at 24 h and throughout the 30-day period. There was no significant loss of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA at 24 h post-exposure. However, by day 7, the number of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA was reduced, and at 14 and 30 days after soman, the ratio of GABAergic interneurons to the total number of neurons was lower compared to controls. Anxiety-like behavior in the open-field and the acoustic startle response tests was increased at 14 and 30 days post-exposure. Accompanying pathophysiological alterations in the BLA - studied in in vitro brain slices - included a reduction in the amplitude of field potentials evoked by stimulation of the external capsule, along with prolongation of their time course and an increase in the paired-pulse ratio. Long-term potentiation was impaired at 24 h, 7 days, and 14 days post-exposure. The loss of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA and the decreased interneuron to total number of neurons ratio may be the primary cause of the development of anxiety after nerve agent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Camila P Almeida-Suhett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - James P Apland
- Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Franco Rossetti
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Cara H Olsen
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Williams LR, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Qashu F, Finne H, Pidoplichko V, Bannon DI, Braga MFM. RDX binds to the GABA(A) receptor-convulsant site and blocks GABA(A) receptor-mediated currents in the amygdala: a mechanism for RDX-induced seizures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:357-63. [PMID: 21362589 PMCID: PMC3059999 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a high-energy, trinitrated cyclic compound that has been used worldwide since World War II as an explosive in both military and civilian applications. RDX can be released in the environment by way of waste streams generated during the manufacture, use, and disposal of RDX-containing munitions and can leach into groundwater from unexploded munitions found on training ranges. For > 60 years, it has been known that exposure to high doses of RDX causes generalized seizures, but the mechanism has remained unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the mechanism by which RDX induces seizures. METHODS AND RESULTS By screening the affinity of RDX for a number of neurotransmitter receptors, we found that RDX binds exclusively to the picrotoxin convulsant site of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) ionophore. Whole-cell in vitro recordings in the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) showed that RDX reduces the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents and the amplitude of GABA-evoked postsynaptic currents. In extracellular field recordings from the BLA, RDX induced prolonged, seizure-like neuronal discharges. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that binding to the GABA(A) receptor convulsant site is the primary mechanism of seizure induction by RDX and that reduction of GABAergic inhibitory transmission in the amygdala is involved in the generation of RDX-induced seizures. Knowledge of the molecular site and the mechanism of RDX action with respect to seizure induction can guide therapeutic strategies, allow more accurate development of safe thresholds for exposures, and help prevent the development of new explosives or other munitions that could pose similar health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R. Williams
- U.S. Army Public Health Command (Provisional), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics
- Department of Psychiatry and
- Neuroscience Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Huckelberry Finne
- Neuroscience Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Desmond I. Bannon
- U.S. Army Public Health Command (Provisional), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria F. M. Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics
- Department of Psychiatry and
- Neuroscience Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Goh CW, Aw CC, Lee JH, Chen CP, Browne ER. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Cholinesterase Inhibitors Donepezil, Tacrine, and Galantamine in Aged and Young Lister Hooded Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:402-11. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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