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Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Dentistry. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020286. [PMID: 36830822 PMCID: PMC9953492 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is one of the fastest-developing methods in analytical instrumentation. As a highly sensitive, universal detector, it can identify known and unknown compounds, which can indeed be found in a minimal concentration. This review aims to highlight the significant milestones in MS applications in dentistry during recent decades. MS can be applied in three different fields of dentistry: (1) in research of dental materials and chemical agents, (2) in laboratory analysis of biospecimens, and (3) as a real-time diagnostic tool in service of oral surgery and pathology. MS applications on materials and agents may focus on numerous aspects, such as their clinical behavior, possible toxicity, or antimicrobial properties. MS is also a valuable, non-invasive tool for biomarkers' detection in saliva and has found great application in -omics technologies as it achieves efficient structure-finding in metabolites. As metabolites are located beyond the central dogma, this technique can provide a complete understanding of cellular functions. Thus, it is possible to determine the biological profile in normal and pathological conditions, detect various oral or systematic diseases and conditions, and predict their course. Lastly, some promising advances concerning the surgical approach to potentially oral malignant or malignant disorders exist. This breakthrough method provides a comprehensive approach to dental materials research and biomarker discovery in dental and craniofacial tissues. The current availability of various 'OMIC' approaches paves the way for individualized dentistry and provides suggestions for clinical applications in the point-of-care hubs.
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Pérez-Ros P, Navarro-Flores E, Julián-Rochina I, Martínez-Arnau FM, Cauli O. Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030453. [PMID: 33800850 PMCID: PMC8001770 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term disease which can be related with salivary amylase levels. DM has recently been associated with salivary amylase diagnostics that could further impair diagnoses in the diabetic population, as well as being an interesting alternative to traditional methods of determine glucose levels. The main advantage of this method is related to the fact that it is a fast diagnostic method. The DM population experiences changes to their metabolism which affects their salivary parameters, making this an alternative procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of the illness due to the non-invasive nature of salivary analyzes. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the changes in salivary amylase and glucose levels, and their relationship with blood markers of glycemic control used in clinical settings such as blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting or non-fasting conditions. The changes in salivary amylase depends on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or the quality of glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS Salivary amylase concentration is increased in diabetic patients in most of the studies and salivary glucose concentration in all studies in both fasting and non-fasting (post-prandial) conditions. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, although it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pérez-Ros
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Navarro-Flores
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ivan Julián-Rochina
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Miguel Martínez-Arnau
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Omar Cauli
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Salivary Biomarkers in Systemic Sclerosis Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3921247. [PMID: 29721505 PMCID: PMC5867662 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3921247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc) is frequently detected at an advanced stage due to diagnosis difficulties. Salivary biomarkers, if existing, could be used for predictive diagnosis of this disease. Human saliva contains a large number of proteins that can be used for diagnosis and are of great potential in clinical research. The use of proteomic analysis to characterize whole saliva (WS) in SSc has gained an increasing attention in the last years and the identification of salivary proteins specific for SSc could lead to early diagnosis or new therapeutic targets. This review will present an overview about the use of WS in SSc studies. The proteomic technologies currently used for global identification of salivary proteins in SSc, as well as the advantages and limitations for the use of WS as a diagnostic tool, will be presented.
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Hassaneen M, Maron JL. Salivary Diagnostics in Pediatrics: Applicability, Translatability, and Limitations. Front Public Health 2017; 5:83. [PMID: 28473973 PMCID: PMC5397421 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, technological advances, combined with an improved appreciation of the ability of saliva to inform caregivers about both oral health and systemic disease, have led to the emergence of salivary diagnostic platforms. However, the majority of these assays have targeted diseases that more commonly affect the adult population, largely neglecting infants and children who arguably could benefit the most from non-invasive assessment tools for health monitoring. Gaining access into development, infection, and disease through comprehensive "omic" analyses of saliva could significantly improve care and enhance health access. In this review, we will highlight novel applications of salivary diagnostics in pediatrics across the "omic" spectrum, including at the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, microbiomic, and metabolomic level. The challenges to implementing salivary platforms into care, including the effects of age, diet, and developmental stage on salivary components, will be reviewed. Ultimately, large-scale, multicenter trials must be performed to establish normative biomarker values across the age spectrum to accurately discriminate between health and disease. Only then can salivary diagnostics truly translate into pediatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hassaneen
- Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill L. Maron
- Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Arba M, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Manconi B, Vento G, Tirone C, Cabras T, Castagnola M, Messana I, Sanna MT. Proteomic characterization of the acid-insoluble fraction of whole saliva from preterm human newborns. J Proteomics 2016; 146:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abrão ALP, Falcao DP, de Amorim RFB, Bezerra ACB, Pombeiro GAN, Guimarães LJ, Fregni F, Silva LP, da Mota LMH. Salivary proteomics: A new adjuvant approach to the early diagnosis of familial juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Med Hypotheses 2016; 89:97-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Q, Yu Q, Lin Q, Duan Y. Emerging salivary biomarkers by mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Top-down analytical platforms for the characterization of the human salivary proteome. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:563-81. [PMID: 24568357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the human salivary proteome is an important step towards the possible use of saliva for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The contribution of the different sources to whole saliva, and the evaluation of individual variability and physiological modifications have been investigated by top-down proteomic approaches, disclosing the faceted and complex profile of the human salivary proteome. All this information is essential to develop saliva protein biomarkers. In this Review the major results obtained in the field by top-down platforms, and the improvements required to allow a more complete picture, will be discussed.
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Comparative evaluation of 5-15-kDa salivary proteins from patients with different oral diseases by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:729-37. [PMID: 25078551 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the potential use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) for analyzing specific patterns of mass signals of low-molecular-weight proteins in saliva from patients with different oral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with oral diseases including oral cancer (n = 30), oral lichen planus (n = 30), and chronic periodontitis (n = 30). Proteomic profiles of 5,000-15,000-Da salivary proteins were evaluated by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Quantification of mass signals was performed by FlexAnalysis and ClinProTool software. RESULTS In oral cancer, the percentages of mass signals at 5,592.26 and 8,301.46 Da were significantly increased as compared with other groups (p = 0.002 and p = 0.030, respectively). In oral lichen planus, the percentages of mass signals at 12,964.55 and 13,279.08 Da were significantly increased as compared with other groups (p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In chronic periodontitis, the percentages of mass signals at 5,835.73 and 9,801.83 Da were significantly decreased as compared with other groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated a potential use of MALDI-TOF/TOF as a rapid screening method to differentiate one oral disease from others by identifying specific patterns of mass signals in saliva from patients. However, MALDI-TOF/TOF has several limitations regarding the identification of the candidate mass signals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MALDI-TOF/TOF MS can be used as a rapid screening method to differentiate one oral disease from others with a caution concerning peptide identity.
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Bencharit S, Baxter SS, Carlson J, Byrd WC, Mayo MV, Border MB, Kohltfarber H, Urrutia E, Howard-Williams EL, Offenbacher S, Wu MC, Buse JB. Salivary proteins associated with hyperglycemia in diabetes: a proteomic analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2785-97. [PMID: 24056972 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective monitoring of glucose levels is necessary for patients to achieve greater control over their diabetes. However, only about a quarter of subjects with diabetes who requires close serum glucose monitoring, regularly check their serum glucose daily. One of the potential barriers to patient compliance is the blood sampling requirement. Saliva and its protein contents can be altered in subjects with diabetes, possibly due to changes in glycemic control. We propose here that salivary proteomes of subjects with diabetes may be different based on their glycemic control as reflected in A1C levels. A total of 153 subjects with type 1 or 2 diabetes were recruited. Subjects in each type of diabetes were divided into 5 groups based on their A1C levels; <7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, >10. To examine the global proteomic changes associated with A1C, the proteomic profiling of pooled saliva samples from each group was created using label-free quantitative proteomics. Similar proteomic analysis for individual subjects (N=4, for each group) were then applied to examine proteins that may be less abundant in pooled samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (p<0.01 and p<0.001) were used to define the proteomic differences. We, therefore, defined the salivary proteomic changes associated with A1C changes. This study demonstrates that differences exist between salivary proteomic profiles in subjects with diabetes based on the A1C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Bencharit
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Isabel Padrão A, Ferreira R, Vitorino R, Amado F. Proteome-base biomarkers in diabetes mellitus: progress on biofluids' protein profiling using mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 6:447-66. [PMID: 22997208 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide number of individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) has been projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Identification of specific biomarkers for prediction and monitoring of DM is needed not only for the adequate screening diagnosis but also to assist the design of interventions to prevent or delay progression of this pathology and its attendant complications. Proteomic methods based on MS hold special promise for the identification of novel biomarkers that might form the foundation for new clinical tests, but to date, their contribution has been somehow unfruitful. Indeed, from more than 300 proteins found differently modulated in body fluids from diabetic patients, approximately 50 were validated with other approaches like ELISA or Western blotting and the clinical trials are being initiated to employ biofluids' proteomics (specifically urinary proteomics) in clinical decision. This review provides an overview of MS-based applications in the identification of potential biomarkers for DM, emphasizing the methodological challenges involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Padrão
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Caseiro A, Ferreira R, Padrão A, Quintaneiro C, Pereira A, Marinheiro R, Vitorino R, Amado F. Salivary Proteome and Peptidome Profiling in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using a Quantitative Approach. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1700-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Caseiro
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- College of Health Technology of Coimbra, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Padrão
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Amélia Pereira
- Figueira da Foz Hospital, Internal Medicine Service, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Border MB, Schwartz S, Carlson J, Dibble CF, Kohltfarber H, Offenbacher S, Buse JB, Bencharit S. Exploring salivary proteomes in edentulous patients with type 2 diabetes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1304-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dsamou M, Palicki O, Septier C, Chabanet C, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Chagnon MC, Morzel M. Salivary protein profiles and sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine. Chem Senses 2011; 37:87-95. [PMID: 21873273 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interindividual variation in the sensitivity to bitterness is attributed in part to genetic polymorphism at the taste receptor level, but other factors, such as saliva composition, might be involved. In order to investigate this, 2 groups of subjects (hyposensitive, hypersensitive) were selected from 29 healthy male volunteers based on their detection thresholds for caffeine, and their salivary proteome composition was compared. Abundance of 26 of the 255 spots detected on saliva electrophoretic patterns was significantly different between hypo- and hypersensitive subjects. Saliva of hypersensitive subjects contained higher levels of amylase fragments, immunoglobulins, and serum albumin and/or serum albumin fragments. It also contained lower levels of cystatin SN, an inhibitor of protease. The results suggest that proteolysis occurring within the oral cavity is an important perireceptor factor associated to the sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Dsamou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, 17 rue Sully, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Al-Tarawneh SK, Border MB, Dibble CF, Bencharit S. Defining salivary biomarkers using mass spectrometry-based proteomics: a systematic review. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:353-61. [PMID: 21568728 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in mass spectrometric proteomics provide a promising result in utilizing saliva to explore biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. However, the issues of specificity or redundancy of disease-associated salivary biomarkers have not been described. This systematic review was therefore aimed to define and summarize disease-related salivary biomarkers identified by mass spectrometry proteomics. Peer-reviewed articles published through July 2009 within three databases were reviewed. Out of 243 articles, 21 studies were selected in this systematic review with conditions including Sjögren's syndrome, squamous cell carcinoma, dental caries, diabetes, breast cancer, periodontitis, gastric cancer, systemic sclerosis, oral lichen planus, bleeding oral cavity, and graft-versus-host disease. The sample size ranged from 3-41 in both diseased and control subjects, with no consensus on sample collection protocol. One hundred eighty biomarkers were identified in total; 87 upregulated, 63 downregulated, and 30 varying based on disease. Except for Sjögren's syndrome, the majority of studies with the same disease produce inconsistent biomarkers. Larger sample size and standardization of sample collection/treatment protocol may improve future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Al-Tarawneh
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Chevalier F, Hirtz C, Chay S, Cuisinier F, Sommerer N, Rossignol M, de Périère DD. Proteomic Studies of Saliva: A Proposal for a Standardized Handling of Clinical Samples. Clin Proteomics 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12014-007-9000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In recent years, differential analysis of proteins from human saliva, i.e., proteomic analysis, has received much attention mainly due to its unstressful sampling and its great potential for biomarker research. It is widely considered that saliva is a highly stable medium for proteins thanks to a large amount of antiprotease agents, even at ambient and physiological temperatures.
Objective
To find the best protocol for the handling of samples, we have investigated the stability of saliva proteins stored at different temperatures (from −80 to 20°C) by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis.
Results
At 20°C, no major changes were observed on protein one-dimensional profiles following 1 day of storage; however, between 7 days and 30 days, the native alpha-amylase band decreased slightly to give several bands with molecular weight between 35 and 25 kDa. The same phenomenon appeared after 30 days of storage at 4°C. Two-dimensional analysis of salivary maps revealed degradation from day 7 of several protein groups for samples stored at 20°C.
Conclusion
All these findings have to be carefully considered when saliva is collected for clinical proteomic analysis. We can conclude that, to maintain the optimum stability of saliva proteins, saliva samples should be collected on ice followed by the addition of protease inhibitor cocktail, centrifuged to remove insoluble material, and stored at −20 or −80°C.
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