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Durcan E, Keskin FE, Ozkaya HM, Sirolu S, Sahin S, Korkmaz OP, Gazioglu N, Tanriover N, Comunoglu N, Oz B, Kizilkilic O, Kadioglu P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-4 Expression in Pituitary Adenomas is Associated with Aggressive Tumor Features. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2021; 130:125-133. [PMID: 34255320 DOI: 10.1055/a-1523-7216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-4 (FGFR-4) expression with radiologic, pathologic, and clinical parameters in pituitary adenomas. METHODS Among 307 patients who underwent pituitary surgery for a pituitary adenoma between 2000 and 2015, we included 161 patients (53 gonadotroph, 26 corticotroph, 25 null cell, 22 lactotroph, 13 somatotroph, 8 adenomas with unusual combination, 7 Pit-1 positive adenomas, and 7 lactosomatotroph) based on availability of pathology specimens. Patients' radiologic, pathologic, and clinical parameters were determined. FGFR-4 immunostaining was evaluated using a semi-quantitative histologic score (H-score). RESULTS The mean follow-up period was 61 (IQR=32-84) months. The median H-scores for FGFR-4 were higher in patients without remission, those with residual lesion, and T2-hyperintense adenoma (p<0.05). Ki-67 level was higher in patients without remission compared to those in remission (p<0.05). The mean Ki-67 levels did not differ between patients with and without residual lesion or T2-hyperintense tumor (p>0.05). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) when the H-score and Ki-67 levels were assessed in terms of sex, sellar-dural invasion, Knosp and a grading system for superior, inferior, parasellar, anterior and posterior tumor extension Classification, tumor function or presence of poor subtype. Adenomas with Ki-67 expression ≥3% had higher FGFR4 expression levels than those with <3% expression (p=0.002). There was a weak positive correlation between H-score and Ki-67 (p=0.011; r=0.201). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of FGFR-4 in pituitary adenomas could be use a marker for more aggressive tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Durcan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ela Keskin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Mefkure Ozkaya
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabri Sirolu
- Department of Radiodiagnostic, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Sahin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Polat Korkmaz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurperi Gazioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Tanriover
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nil Comunoglu
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buge Oz
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Kizilkilic
- Department of Radiodiagnostic, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kadioglu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Li J, Zhan X. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics analyses of post-translational modifications and proteoforms in human pituitary adenomas. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140584. [PMID: 33321259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common intracranial neoplasm, which affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-target organ axis systems, and is hazardous to human health. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, nitration, and sumoylation, are vitally important in the PA pathogenesis. The large-scale analysis of PTMs could provide a global view of molecular mechanisms for PA. Proteoforms, which are used to define various protein structural and functional forms originated from the same gene, are the future direction of proteomics research. The global studies of different proteoforms and PTMs of hypophyseal hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) and the proportion change of different GH proteoforms or PRL proteoforms in human pituitary tissue could provide new insights into the clinical value of pituitary hormones in PAs. Multiple quantitative proteomics methods, including mass spectrometry (MS)-based label-free and stable isotope-labeled strategies in combination with different PTM-peptide enrichment methods such as TiO2 enrichment of tryptic phosphopeptides and antibody enrichment of other PTM-peptides increase the feasibility for researchers to study PA proteomes. This article reviews the research status of PTMs and proteoforms in PAs, including the enrichment method, technical limitation, quantitative proteomics strategies, and the future perspectives, to achieve the goals of in-depth understanding its molecular pathogenesis, and discovering effective biomarkers and clinical therapeutic targets for predictive, preventive, and personalized treatment of PA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- University Creative Research Initiatives Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 P. R. China; State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- University Creative Research Initiatives Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 P. R. China; State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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Jedidi H, Rostomyan L, Potorac L, Depierreux-Lahaye F, Petrossians P, Beckers A. Advances in diagnosis and management of familial pituitary adenomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial pituitary adenomas account for approximately 5–8% of all pituitary adenomas. Besides the adenomas occurring as part of syndromic entities that group several endocrine or nonendocrine disorders (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or 4, Carney complex and McCune–Albright syndrome), 2–3% of familial pituitary adenomas fit into the familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance. About 20% of FIPA cases are due to mutations in the AIP gene and have distinct clinical characteristics. Recent findings have isolated a new non-AIP FIPA syndrome called X-linked acrogigantism, resulting from a microduplication that always includes the GPR101 gene. These new advances in the field of pituitary disease are opening up a new challenging domain to both clinicians and researchers. This review will focus on these recent findings and their contribution to the diagnosis and the management of familial pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Jedidi
- Neurology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - lulia Potorac
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Petrossians
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Wang H, Hastings R, Miller WL, Kumar TR. Fshb-iCre mice are efficient and specific Cre deleters for the gonadotrope lineage. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:124-38. [PMID: 26472536 PMCID: PMC4684453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of development and function of the gonadotrope cell lineage within mouse anterior pituitary has been greatly facilitated by at least three currently available Cre strains in which Cre was either knocked into the Gnrhr locus or expressed as a transgene from Cga and Lhb promoters. However, in each case there are some limitations including CRE expression in thyrotropes within pituitary or ectopic expression outside of pituitary, for example in some populations of neurons or gonads. Hence, these Cre strains often pose problems with regard to undesirable deletion of alleles in non-gonadotrope cells, fertility and germline transmission of mutant alleles. Here, we describe generation and characterization of a new Fshb-iCre deleter strain using 4.7 kb of ovine Fshb promoter regulatory sequences driving iCre expression exclusively in the gonadotrope lineage within anterior pituitary. Fshb-iCre mice develop normally, display no ectopic CRE expression in gonads and are fertile. When crossed onto a loxP recombination-mediated red to green color switch reporter mouse genetic background, in vivo CRE recombinase activity is detectable in gonadotropes at more than 95% efficiency and the GFP-tagged gonadotropes readily purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting. We demonstrate the applicability of this Fshb-iCre deleter strain in a mouse model in which Dicer is efficiently and selectively deleted in gonadotropes. We further show that loss of DICER-dependent miRNAs in gonadotropes leads to profound suppression of gonadotropins resulting in male and female infertility. Thus, Fshb-iCre mice serve as a new genetic tool to efficiently manipulate gonadotrope-specific gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | | | - William L Miller
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - T Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Center for Reproductive Sciences, Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Zhan X, Wang X, Cheng T. Human Pituitary Adenoma Proteomics: New Progresses and Perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 27303365 PMCID: PMC4885873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common intracranial neoplasm that impacts on human health through interfering hypothalamus-pituitary-target organ axis systems. The development of proteomics gives great promises in the clarification of molecular mechanisms of a PA and discovery of effective biomarkers for prediction, prevention, early-stage diagnosis, and treatment for a PA. A great progress in the field of PA proteomics has been made in the past 10 years, including (i) the use of laser-capture microdissection, (ii) proteomics analyses of functional PAs (such as prolactinoma), invasive and non-invasive non-functional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), protein post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and tyrosine nitration, NFPA heterogeneity, and hormone isoforms, (iii) the use of protein antibody array, (iv) serum proteomics and peptidomics, (v) the integration of proteomics and other omics data, and (vi) the proposal of multi-parameter systematic strategy for a PA. This review will summarize these progresses of proteomics in PAs, point out the existing drawbacks, propose the future research directions, and address the clinical relevance of PA proteomics data, in order to achieve our long-term goal that is use of proteomics to clarify molecular mechanisms, construct molecular networks, and discover effective biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xianquan Zhan,
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Wang X, Guo T, Peng F, Long Y, Mu Y, Yang H, Ye N, Li X, Zhan X. Proteomic and functional profiles of a follicle-stimulating hormone positive human nonfunctional pituitary adenoma. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1289-304. [PMID: 25809007 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Tianyao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Ying Long
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Yun Mu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Department of Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology; Hunan Cancer Hospital; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Ningrong Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
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Wang W, Xu Z, Fu L, Liu W, Li X. Pathogenesis analysis of pituitary adenoma based on gene expression profiling. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2423-2430. [PMID: 25360166 PMCID: PMC4214395 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the pathogenesis of pituitary adenoma through screening of the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins in normal pituitary and pituitary adenoma tissues, and analyzing the interactions among them. Following the acquisition of gene expression profiling data from a public functional genomics data repository, Gene Expression Omnibus, DEGs were screened in normal pituitary and pituitary adenoma tissues. Upregulated and downregulated DEGs were further identified through gene ontology functional enrichment analysis. Subsequently, the DEGs were mapped to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the upregulated and downregulated DEGs were constructed. Finally, the functional modules of the PPI network of the downregulated DEGs were analyzed. In total, 211 upregulated and 413 downregulated DEGs were screened between the normal pituitary and pituitary adenoma samples. Downregulated DEGs were associated with certain functions, including the immune response, hormone regulation and cell proliferation. Upregulated genes were associated with cation transport functions. Five modules were acquired from the PPI network of the downregulated DEGs. Transcription factors, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), interleukin 6 (IL-6), B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, early growth response 1, POU1F1, jun B proto-oncogene and FOS were the core nodes in the functional modules. In summary, the DEGs and proteins were identified through screening gene expression profiling and PPI networks. The results of the present study indicated that low expression levels of hormone- and immune-related genes facilitated the occurrence of pituitary adenoma. Low expression levels of IL-6 and STAT3 were significant in the dysimmunity of pituitary adenoma. Furthermore, the low expression level of POU1F1 contributed to the reduction in pituitary hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Di Ieva A, Rotondo F, Syro LV, Cusimano MD, Kovacs K. Aggressive pituitary adenomas--diagnosis and emerging treatments. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:423-35. [PMID: 24821329 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The WHO categorizes pituitary tumours as typical adenomas, atypical adenomas and pituitary carcinomas, with typical adenomas constituting the major class. However, the WHO classification does not provide an accurate correlation between histopathological findings and clinical behaviour. Tumours lacking typical histological features are classified as atypical, but not all are clinically atypical or exhibit aggressive behaviour. Pituitary carcinomas, by definition, have craniospinal or systemic metastases, although not all display classical cytological features of malignancy. Aggressive pituitary adenomas, defined from a clinical perspective, have earlier and more frequent recurrences and can be resistant to conventional treatments. Specific biomarkers have not yet been identified that can distinguish between clinically aggressive and nonaggressive pituitary adenomas, although the antigen Ki-67 proliferation index might be of value. This Review highlights the need to develop new biomarkers to facilitate the early detection of clinically aggressive pituitary adenomas and discusses emerging markers that hold promise for their identification. Defining aggressiveness is of crucial importance for improving the management of patients by enhancing prognostic predictions and effectiveness of treatment. New drugs, such as temozolomide, have potential use in the management of these patients; anti-VEGF therapy, mTOR and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are also potentially useful in managing selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Ieva
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Luis V Syro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe and Clínica Medellín, Calle 54 #46-27, Cons 501, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are benign intracranial neoplasms that present a major clinical concern due to hormone overproduction and/or tumor mass effects. The majority of pituitary adenomas occur sporadically; however, familial cases are increasingly being recognized, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), Carney complex (CNC), and familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA). Familial pituitary tumors appear to differ from their sporadic counterparts both in their genetic basis and in clinical characteristics. Evidence suggests that, especially in MEN1 and FIPA, tumors are more aggressive and affect patients at a younger age, therefore justifying the importance of early diagnosis, while in Carney complex pituitary hyperplasia is common. The genetic alterations responsible for the formation of familial pituitary syndromes include the MEN1 gene, responsible for about 80% of MEN1 cases, the regulatory subunit of the protein kinase A, PRKAR1A, responsible for about 70% of Carney complex cases, and AIP, the gene coding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein, responsible for about 20% of FIPA cases. Rarely other genes have also been found responsible for familial pituitary adenoma cases. McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) also has a genetic origin due to mosaic mutations in the G protein-coupled α subunit coded by the GNAS1 gene. In this chapter, we summarize the genetic and clinical characteristics of these familial pituitary syndromes and MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Alband
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas exhibit a wide range of behaviors. The prediction of aggressive or malignant behavior in pituitary adenomas remains challenging; however, the utility of biomarkers is rapidly evolving. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers as they relate to aggressive behavior in pituitary adenomas. While detailed histological subtyping remains the best independent predictor of aggressive behavior in the majority of cases, evidence suggests that the additional analyses of FGFR4, MMP, PTTG, Ki-67, p53, and deletions in chromosome 11 may contribute to decisions concerning management of aggressive pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Hu X, Zhang P, Shang A, Li Q, Xia Y, Jia G, Liu W, Xiao X, He D. A primary proteomic analysis of serum from patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:95-104. [PMID: 22429349 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The early diagnosis of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is difficult. The objective of this study was to find specific protein biomarkers to aid in the early detection of NFPA. METHODS Serum samples from 34 patients with NFPA and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were analysed using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) technology. The spectra were generated, protein peak clustering was performed and classification analyses were carried out using a decision tree classification algorithm. RESULTS Nine differentially expressed serum proteins were identified in the patients with NFPA compared with the control subjects. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the decision tree classification algorithm were 82.4% for NFPA. CONCLUSIONS Nine new serum protein biomarkers for NFPA were identified. SELDI-TOF-MS coupled with data mining tools might provide a novel approach for the early diagnosis of NFPA and population screening for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Medical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, and Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of the Second Artillery Force, The People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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Grizzi F, Di Ieva A, Di Biccari S, Ceva-Grimaldi G, Colombo P, Tschabitscher M. Sperm Protein 17: Is It a Useful Target Antigen in Human Pituitary Adenomas? PROCEDIA IN VACCINOLOGY 2012; 6:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
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Syro LV, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Toledo RA, Londoño FJ, Ortiz LD, Rotondo F, Horvath E, Uribe H. Pituitary tumors in patients with MEN1 syndrome. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67 Suppl 1:43-8. [PMID: 22584705 PMCID: PMC3328811 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(sup01)09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We briefly review the characteristics of pituitary tumors associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is an autosomal-dominant disorder most commonly characterized by tumors of the pituitary, parathyroid, endocrine-gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. A MEDLINE search for all available publications regarding multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and pituitary adenomas was undertaken. The prevalence of pituitary tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 may vary from 10% to 60% depending on the studied series, and such tumors may occur as the first clinical manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in 25% of sporadic and 10% of familial cases. Patients were younger and the time between initial and subsequent multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 endocrine lesions was significantly longer when pituitary disease was the initial manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Tumors were larger and more invasive and clinical manifestations related to the size of the pituitary adenoma were significantly more frequent in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 than in subjects with non-multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Normalization of pituitary hypersecretion was much less frequent in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 than in subjects with non-multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Pituitary tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome tend to be larger, invasive and more symptomatic, and they tend to occur in younger patients when they are the initial presentation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Syro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinica Medellin, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Medellin, Colombia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The small bones and soft tissues of the hands and feet can be affected by systemic disorders, and frequently, the findings are quite unique and virtually diagnostic for some genetic or metabolic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Photographs and imaging studies for the hands and feet are available in a digitized system, which has been approved by our hospital institutional review board. Examination of these and their description can establish a relationship with some degree of certainty to a series of highly variable and uncommon clinical disorders. RESULTS Description of the clinical, physiologic and genetic characteristics, and illustrations of hand and foot abnormalities are provided for an array of diseases, including Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, achondroplasia, Kniest dysplasia, pseudo- and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism, acromegaly, nail-patella syndrome, Marfan's disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia, and several forms of mucopolysaccharidosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the concept that many genetic disorders can often be diagnosed by clinical and imaging examination of the patient's hands and feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J. Mankin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02169 USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1122A Jackson Building, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Jesse Jupiter
- Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02169 USA
| | - Carol Ann Trahan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02169 USA
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Liu Y, Wu J, Yan G, Hou R, Zhuang D, Chen L, Pang Q, Zhu J. Proteomic analysis of prolactinoma cells by immuno-laser capture microdissection combined with online two-dimensional nano-scale liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:2. [PMID: 20205839 PMCID: PMC2825229 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenomas, the third most common intracranial tumor, comprise nearly 16.7% of intracranial neoplasm and 25%-44% of pituitary adenomas are prolactinomas. Prolactinoma represents a complex heterogeneous mixture of cells including prolactin (PRL), endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other stromal cells, making it difficult to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms of prolactin cells in pituitary tumorigenesis through high-throughout-omics analysis. Our newly developed immuno-laser capture microdissection (LCM) method would permit rapid and reliable procurement of prolactin cells from this heterogeneous tissue. Thus, prolactin cell specific molecular events involved in pituitary tumorigenesis and cell signaling can be approached by proteomic analysis. Results Proteins from immuno-LCM captured prolactin cells were digested; resulting peptides were separated by two dimensional-nanoscale liquid chromatography (2D-nanoLC/MS) and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. All MS/MS spectrums were analyzed by SEQUEST against the human International Protein Index database and a specific prolactinoma proteome consisting of 2243 proteins was identified. This collection of identified proteins by far represents the largest and the most comprehensive database of proteome for prolactinoma. Category analysis of the proteome revealed a widely unbiased access to various proteins with diverse functional characteristics. Conclusions This manuscript described a more comprehensive proteomic profile of prolactinomas compared to other previous published reports. Thanks to the application of immuno-LCM combined with online two-dimensional nano-scale liquid chromatography here permitted identification of more proteins and, to our best knowledge, generated the largest prolactinoma proteome. This enlarged proteome would contribute significantly to further understanding of prolactinoma tumorigenesis which is crucial to the management of prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.,Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Institutes for Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruiping Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Dongxiao Zhuang
- Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Luping Chen
- Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Key Lab for Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Zhou C, Wawrowsky K, Bannykh S, Gutman S, Melmed S. E2F1 induces pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG1) expression in human pituitary tumors. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:2000-12. [PMID: 19837943 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rb/E2F is dysregulated in murine and human pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG1), a securin protein, is required for pituitary tumorigenesis, and PTTG1 deletion attenuates pituitary tumor development in Rb(+/-) mice. E2F1 and PTTG1 were concordantly overexpressed in 29 of 46 Rb(+/-) murine pituitary tissues and also in 45 of 80 human pituitary tumors (P < 0.05). E2F1 specifically bound the hPTTG1 promoter as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and biotin-streptavidin pull-down assay, indicating that hPTTG1 may act as a direct E2F1 target. Transfection of E2F1 and its partner DP1 dose-dependently activated hPTTG1 transcription up to 3-fold in p53-devoid H1299 cells but not in p53-replete HCT116 cells. E2F1 overexpression enhanced endogenous hPTTG1 mRNA and protein levels up to 3-fold in H1299 cells. The presence of endogenous p53/p21 constrained the induction, whereas knocking down either p53 or p21 in HCT116 cells restored E2F1-induced hPTTG1 transactivation and expression. Moreover, suppressing Rb by small interfering RNA concordantly elevated E2F1 and hPTTG1 protein levels. In contrast, transfection of E2F1 small interfering RNA lowered hPTTG1 levels 24 h later in HCT116 than in H1299 cells, indicating that p53 delays E2F1 action on hPTTG1. These results elucidate a mechanism for abundant tumor hPTTG1 expression, whereby Rb inactivation releases E2F1 to induce hPTTG1. This signaling pathway may underlie the requirement of PTTG1 for pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Davis SW, Potok MA, Brinkmeier ML, Carninci P, Lyons RH, MacDonald JW, Fleming MT, Mortensen AH, Egashira N, Ghosh D, Steel KP, Osamura RY, Hayashizaki Y, Camper SA. Genetics, gene expression and bioinformatics of the pituitary gland. HORMONE RESEARCH 2009; 71 Suppl 2:101-15. [PMID: 19407506 PMCID: PMC3140954 DOI: 10.1159/000192447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic cases of congenital pituitary hormone deficiency are common and many are caused by transcription factor defects. Mouse models with orthologous mutations are invaluable for uncovering the molecular mechanisms that lead to problems in organ development and typical patient characteristics. We are using mutant mice defective in the transcription factors PROP1 and POU1F1 for gene expression profiling to identify target genes for these critical transcription factors and candidates for cases of pituitary hormone deficiency of unknown aetiology. These studies reveal critical roles for Wnt signalling pathways, including the TCF/LEF transcription factors and interacting proteins of the groucho family, bone morphogenetic protein antagonists and targets of notch signalling. Current studies are investigating the roles of novel homeobox genes and pathways that regulate the transition from proliferation to differentiation, cell adhesion and cell migration. Pituitary adenomas are a common human health problem, yet most cases are sporadic, necessitating alternative approaches to traditional Mendelian genetic studies. Mouse models of adenoma formation offer the opportunity for gene expression profiling during progressive stages of hyperplasia, adenoma and tumorigenesis. This approach holds promise for the identification of relevant pathways and candidate genes as risk factors for adenoma formation, understanding mechanisms of progression, and identifying drug targets and clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piero Carninci
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama
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Daly AF, Beckers A. Update on the treatment of pituitary adenomas: familial and genetic considerations. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63:418-24. [PMID: 19170361 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2008.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinically-relevant pituitary adenomas occur with a prevalence of approximately 1 per 1000 population in Belgium. Pituitary adenomas that occur in families are likely to have an important genetic pathophysiological basis. Currently about 5% of all pituitary adenoma cases have a family history of pituitary adenomas, classically due to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Carney complex (CNC). Over the last decade we have described non-MEN1/CNC familial pituitary tumours that include all tumour phenotypes, a condition named 'familial isolated pituitary adenoma' (FIPA). Clinical features of FIPA differ from those of sporadic pituitary adenomas in that patients with FIPA are often younger and have larger tumours at diagnosis. Approximately 15% of FIPA patients have mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene (AIP), which indicates that FIPA may have a diverse genetic pathophysiology. In this review we examine new findings on the epidemiology of pituitary adenomas and we review familial causes of pituitary adenomas with a particular emphasis on modern clinical testing. In addition, the clinical and genetic features of FIPA are described as FIPA represents a useful framework to study the features of pituitary adenomas that occur in a familial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Mizokami Y, Egashira N, Takekoshi S, Itoh J, Itoh Y, Osamura RY, Matsumae M. Expression of MSX1 in human normal pituitaries and pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 2008; 19:54-61. [PMID: 18379900 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-008-9021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors play specific roles in the development and differentiation of normal pituitary tissues and pituitary adenoma. The transcription factor, muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1), which belongs to the homeobox gene family, binds the promoter region of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (SU) in TSH-producing cells in the mouse pituitary and regulates alpha-SU expression. The present study investigated MSX1 expression in the normal human pituitary. In addition, 50 pituitary adenomas were examined using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to clarify the role of MSX1 in the development and functional differentiation of pituitary adenoma cells. In the normal pituitary, MSX1 was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of GH-producing cells. Furthermore, MSX1 immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of some alpha-SU-producing cells. It is interesting to note that, in the pituitary adenoma, MSX1 was expressed in the nucleus of GH- and TSH-producing adenomas. RT-PCR using RNA extracted and purified from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pituitary adenoma specimens revealed MSX1 mRNA expressed in GH- and TSH-producing adenomas. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated MSX1 localized at intranuclear heterochromatin and euchromatin, which suggests transcriptional activity. These results suggest that MSX1 plays a specific role in human pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Mizokami
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Daly AF, Vanbellinghen JF, Beckers A. Characteristics of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:725-733. [PMID: 30290472 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.6.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The familial occurrence of pituitary adenomas has been recognized for many years and currently accounts for approximately 5% of all cases. Molecular, genetic and clinical features of familial pituitary adenomas have been well characterized in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and Carney's complex (CNC), which account for the majority of familial pituitary tumor cases. These conditions are caused by MEN1 and PRKAR1A gene mutations, respectively, and the clinical and pathological features of pituitary pathology in these diseases differ from those of sporadic pituitary tumors. Familial acromegaly has been recognized for many years and, more recently, the clinical features of this clinical phenotype, referred to as isolated familial somatotropinoma, have been clarified. Over the past decade, the concept of non-MEN-1/CNC familial pituitary tumors has been expanded significantly to include all phenotypes, a condition known as familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). In FIPA, tumors can present homogeneously (same phenotype) or heterogeneously (different tumor phenotypes) within the same family. Compared with sporadic pituitary adenomas, patients with FIPA have a younger age at diagnosis and have larger tumors. The clinical features of FIPA differ from those of MEN-1 in terms of a higher frequency of somatotropinomas and a lower frequency of prolactinomas. The recent discovery of the involvement of mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene in association with pituitary tumors has provided new information regarding potential mechanisms of tumorigenesis in FIPA patients. While very infrequent in sporadic pituitary tumors, approximately 15% of FIPA patients have AIP mutations, rising to half of patients with familial acromegaly. In this review, we detail the clinical features of FIPA and discuss tumor pathology and genetic findings in this increasingly recognized clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Daly
- a University of Liège, Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Vanbellinghen
- b University of Liège, Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Albert Beckers
- c Chief, Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Melmed S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein and pituitary tumorigenesis: another interesting protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1617-9. [PMID: 17483376 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90048, USA.
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Filippella M, Galland F, Kujas M, Young J, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Colao A, Meduri G, Chanson P. Pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) expression correlates with the proliferative activity and recurrence status of pituitary adenomas: a clinical and immunohistochemical study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65:536-43. [PMID: 16984249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pituitary tumour transforming gene (pttg) plays a central role in pituitary tumorigenesis, but PTTG protein expression is poorly documented and its relationship with tumour cell proliferation and the prognosis of pituitary adenomas is unclear. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PTTG and Ki-67 in 45 human pituitary adenomas according to the tumour histotype, aggressiveness and persistence/recurrence status. PATIENTS AND METHODS The tumours comprised 37 macroadenomas and 8 microadenomas. Twenty patients experienced disease persistence or recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery. Disease recurrence was observed in 16 patients, 8-72 months after surgery. RESULTS No PTTG or Ki-67 expression was detected in normal pituitary tissue. In pituitary adenomas, tumour nuclei were positive for PTTG and Ki-67 in 89 and 98% of samples, respectively, and there was a strong correlation between the expression of the two proteins (P < 0.001). By the ROC curves method, a PTTG score of 3.3% was the best cut-off for distinguishing between recurrent and nonrecurrent pituitary adenomas (P < 0.05; sensitivity 60%; specificity 76%). A 2.9% cut-off was obtained for both PTTG (P < 0.01; sensitivity 77%; specificity 71%) and Ki-67 (P < 0.05; sensitivity 85%; specificity 64%) among patients with more than 1 year of follow-up. Neither PTTG nor Ki-67 expression was influenced by the maximal tumour diameter, tumour grade, age, gender or presurgical medical treatment. Both PTTG and Ki-67 tumour score > 2.9% identified a subgroup of patients with a significantly higher recurrence-free interval (P < 0.01). By multivariate analysis, a > 2.9% Ki-67 tumour score was the best predictor of pituitary tumour persistence/recurrence after surgery (chi(2) = 8.2, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION PTTG is expressed in approximately 90% of pituitary tumours of different histotypes but with a high variability from one case to another. As expected, PTTG expression parallels that of Ki-67 and both are correlated to a more aggressive behaviour. However, a 2.9% Ki-67 cut-off proved to be the most reliable biological marker for predicting the recurrence potential of these tumours, when an adequate postsurgical follow-up is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Filippella
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France
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