1
|
Xu M, Wang T, Li W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Mao Z, Wu R, Liu M, Liu Y. PGE2 facilitates tail regeneration via activation of Wnt signaling in Gekko japonicus. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:551-562. [PMID: 31535259 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tail regeneration is a distinguishing feature of lizards; however, the mechanisms underlying tail regeneration remain elusive. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an arachidonic acid metabolite that has been extensively investigated in the inflammatory response under both physiological and pathological conditions. PGE2 also act as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis by interacting with Wnt signaling molecules. The present study aims to identify the effects of PGE2 on tail regeneration and the molecular mechanisms behind it. We initially found that PGE2 levels increased during the early stages of tail regeneration, accompanied by the up-regulated expression of cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2. Next, we demonstrated that reduced PGE2 production leads to the retardation of tail regeneration. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that this effect is likely mediated by Wnt signaling, which proposing that the activation of the Wnt pathway is essential for the initiation of regeneration. The results showed that inhibition of PGE2 production could suppress Wnt activation and inhibit the proliferation of both epithelial and blastema cells. Furthermore, our findings indicated that forced activation of Wnt signaling could rescue the inhibitory effect of Cox antagonist on regeneration, suggesting a positive role of PGE2 on tail regeneration via a non-inflammatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zuming Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song H, Man L, Wang Y, Bai X, Wei S, Liu Y, Liu M, Gu X, Wang Y. The Regenerating Spinal Cord of Gecko Maintains Unaltered Expression of β-Catenin Following Tail Amputation. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:653-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
3
|
Dong Y, Gu Y, Huan Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Ding F, Gu X, Wang Y. HMGB1 protein does not mediate the inflammatory response in spontaneous spinal cord regeneration: a hint for CNS regeneration. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18204-18. [PMID: 23649623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled, excessive inflammation contributes to the secondary tissue damage of traumatic spinal cord, and HMGB1 is highlighted for initiation of a vicious self-propagating inflammatory circle by release from necrotic cells or immune cells. Several regenerative-competent vertebrates have evolved to circumvent the second damages during the spontaneous spinal cord regeneration with an unknown HMGB1 regulatory mechanism. By genomic surveys, we have revealed that two paralogs of HMGB1 are broadly retained from fish in the phylogeny. However, their spatial-temporal expression and effects, as shown in lowest amniote gecko, were tightly controlled in order that limited inflammation was produced in spontaneous regeneration. Two paralogs from gecko HMGB1 (gHMGB1) yielded distinct injury and infectious responses, with gHMGB1b significantly up-regulated in the injured cord. The intracellular gHMGB1b induced less release of inflammatory cytokines than gHMGB1a in macrophages, and the effects could be shifted by exchanging one amino acid in the inflammatory domain. Both intracellular proteins were able to mediate neuronal programmed apoptosis, which has been indicated to produce negligible inflammatory responses. In vivo studies demonstrated that the extracellular proteins could not trigger a cascade of the inflammatory cytokines in the injured spinal cord. Signal transduction analysis found that gHMGB1 proteins could not bind with cell surface receptors TLR2 and TLR4 to activate inflammatory signaling pathway. However, they were able to interact with the receptor for advanced glycation end products to potentiate oligodendrocyte migration by activation of both NFκB and Rac1/Cdc42 signaling. Our results reveal that HMGB1 does not mediate the inflammatory response in spontaneous spinal cord regeneration, but it promotes CNS regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Wu R, Chen H, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu M. The cloning and characterization of the enolase2 gene of Gekko japonicus and its polyclonal antibody preparation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8787-800. [PMID: 23615470 PMCID: PMC3676756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enolase2 gene is usually expressed in mature neurons and also named neuron specific enolase (NSE). In the present study, we first obtained the NSE gene cDNA sequence by using the RACE method based on the expressed sequence tag (EST) fragment from the cDNA library of Gekko japonicus and identified one transcript of about 2.2 kb in central nervous system of Gekko japonicus by Northern blotting. The open reading frame of NSE is 1305 bp, which encodes a 435 amino-acid protein. We further investigated the multi-tissue expression pattern of NSE by RT-PCR and found that the expression of NSE mRNA was very high in brain, spinal cord and low in heart, while it was not detectable in other tissues. The real-time quantitative PCR was used to investigate the time-dependent change in the expression of the NSE mRNA level after gecko spinal cord transection and found it significantly increased at one day, reaching its highest level three days post-injury and then decreasing at the seventh day of the experiment. The recombinant plasmid of pET-32a-NSE was constructed and induced to express His fused NSE protein. The purified NSE protein was used to immunize rabbits to generate polyclonal antisera. The titer of the antiserum was more than 1:65536 determined by ELISA. Western blotting showed that the prepared antibody could specifically recognize the recombinant and endogenous NSE protein. The result of immunohistochemistry revealed that positive signals were present in neurons of the brain and the spinal cord. This study provided the tools of cDNA and polyclonal antibody for studying NSE function in Gekko japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Clinical Laboratory, the Central Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haijiao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youlang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.L.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-513-8505-1852 (Y.L. & M.L.); Fax: +86-513-8551-1585 (Y.L. & M.L.)
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (R.W.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.L.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-513-8505-1852 (Y.L. & M.L.); Fax: +86-513-8551-1585 (Y.L. & M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Involvement of gecko SNAP25b in spinal cord regeneration by promoting outgrowth and elongation of neurites. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2288-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
6
|
Wang Y, Gu Q, Dong Y, Zhou W, Song H, Liu Y, Liu M, Yuan Y, Ding F, Gu X, Wang Y. Inhibition of gecko GSK-3β promotes elongation of neurites and oligodendrocyte processes but decreases the proliferation of blastemal cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1842-51. [PMID: 22234988 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GSK-3β signaling is involved in regulation of both neuronal and glial cell functions, and interference of the signaling affects central nervous system (CNS) development and regeneration. Thus, GSK-3β was proposed to be an important therapeutic target for promoting functional recovery of adult CNS injuries. To further clarify the regulatory function of the kinase on the CNS regeneration, we characterized gecko GSK-3β and determined the effects of GSK-3β inactivation on the neuronal and glial cell lines, as well as on the gecko tail (including spinal cord) regeneration. Gecko GSK-3β shares 91.7-96.7% identity with those of other vertebrates, and presented higher expression abundance in brain and spinal cord. The kinase strongly colocalized with the oligodendrocytes while less colocalized with neurons in the spinal cord. Phosphorylated GSK-3β (pGSK-3β) levels decreased gradually during the normally regenerating spinal cord ranging from L13 to the 6th caudal vertebra. Lithium injection increased the pGSK-3β levels of the corresponding spinal cord segments, and in vitro experiments on neurons and oligodendrocyte cell line revealed that the elevation of pGSK-3β promoted elongation of neurites and oligodendrocyte processes. In the normally regenerate tails, pGSK-3β kept stable in 2 weeks, whereas decreased at 4 weeks. Injection of lithium led to the elevation of pGSK-3β levels time-dependently, however destructed the regeneration of the tail including spinal cord. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining demonstrated that inactivation of GSK-3β decreased the proliferation of blastemal cells. Our results suggested that species-specific regulation of GSK-3β was indispensable for the complete regeneration of CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
[Molecular cloning of tubulin beta 3 (TUBB3) in Gekko japonicus and preparation of its polyclonal antibody]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 33:395-401. [PMID: 22855447 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin beta III (TUBB3) gene encodes a class III member of the beta tubulin protein family that is primarily expressed in neurons and is considered to play a critical role in proper axon guidance and maintenance. This protein is generally used as a specific marker of neurons in the central nervous system. We obtained the full length cDNA sequence of TUBB3 by using the RACE method based on the EST fragment from the brain and spinal cord cDNA library of Gekko japonicus. We further investigated the multi-tissue expression pattern by RT-PCR and identified one transcript of TUBB3 about 1.8 kb in the central nervous system of Gekko japonicus by Northern blotting. The completed cDNA of gecko TUBB3 is 1 790 bp with an open reading frame of 1 350 bp, encoding a 450 amino-acid protein. The recombinant plasmid of pET-32a-TUBB3 was constructed and induced to express His-tagged TUBB3 protein in prokaryotic BL21 cells. The purified TUBB3 protein was then used to immunize rabbits to generate polyclonal antisera. The titer of the antiserum was more than 1:65 536 determined by ELISA. The result of western blotting showed that the TUBB3 antibody could specifically recognize the recombinant TUBB3 protein and endogenous TUBB3 protein. Our findings provide the tools to further understand the TUBB3 gene and investigate the regeneration of the central nervous system in Gekko japonicas.
Collapse
|
8
|
The cloning of growth associated protein 43 of Gekko japonicus and its effect on cell morphology. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7769-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Wang Y, Wang R, Jiang S, Zhou W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Gu Q, Gu Y, Dong Y, Liu M, Gu X, Ding F, Gu X. Gecko CD59 is implicated in proximodistal identity during tail regeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17878. [PMID: 21464923 PMCID: PMC3065455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several adult reptiles, such as Gekko japonicus, have the ability to precisely re-create a missing tail after amputation. To ascertain the associated acquisition of positional information from blastemal cells and the underlying molecular mechanism of tail regeneration, a candidate molecule CD59 was isolated from gecko. CD59 transcripts displayed a graded expression in the adult gecko spinal cord with the highest level in the anterior segment, with a stable expression along the normal tail. After tail amputation, CD59 transcripts in the spinal cord proximal to the injury sites increased markedly at 1 day and 2 weeks; whereas in the regenerating blastema, strong CD59 positive signals were detected in the blastemal cells anterior to the blastema, with a gradual decrease along the proximodistal (PD) axis. When treated with RA following amputation, CD59 transcripts in the blastema were up-regulated. PD confrontation assays revealed that the proximal blastema engulfed the distal one after in vitro culture, and rabbit-anti human CD59 antibody was able to block this PD engulfment. Overexpression of the CD59 during tail regeneration causes distal blastemal cells to translocate to a more proximal location. Our results suggest that position identity is not restricted to amphibian limb regeneration, but has already been established in tail blastema of reptiles. The CD59, a cell surface molecule, acted as a determinant of proximal–distal cell identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shengjuan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Weijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yingying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xingxing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Zhou YL, Qian YY, Wang YJ, Ding F, Gu XS, Liu M. The noggin2 gene of Gekko japonicus (Gekkonidae) is down-regulated in the spinal cord after tail amputation. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1606-14. [PMID: 20730712 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-3gmr888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding noggin2 protein was obtained from the brain and spinal cord cDNA library of Gekko japonicus. The size of the noggin2 transcript and its expression in different tissues were analyzed by Northern blot analysis. In situ hybridization revealed positive hybridization signals in both gray and white matter of the spinal cord. Changes in noggin2 expression in the spinal cord after tail amputation were examined by real-time PCR. The noggin2 was expressed in the normal spinal cord and down-regulated three days after tail amputation, reaching the lowest level at two weeks, during the time course when we followed the expression levels. We concluded that the expression of noggin2 is affected by the process of spinal cord injury and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The molecular cloning of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Gekko japonicus and its expression changes after spinal cord transection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:582-99. [PMID: 20711818 PMCID: PMC6275668 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an astrocyte-specific member of the class III intermediate filament proteins. It is generally used as a specific marker of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). We isolated a GFAP cDNA from the brain and spinal cord cDNA library of Gekko japonicus, and prepared polyclonal antibodies against gecko GFAP to provide useful tools for further immunochemistry studies. Both the real-time quantitative PCR and western blot results revealed that the expression of GFAP in the spinal cord after transection increased, reaching its maximum level after 3 days, and then gradually decreased over the rest of the 2 weeks of the experiment. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the increase in GFAP-positive labeling was restricted to the white matter rather than the gray matter. In particular, a slight increase in the number of GFAP positive star-shaped astrocytes was detected in the ventral and lateral regions of the white matter. Our results indicate that reactive astrogliosis in the gecko spinal cord took place primarily in the white matter during a short time interval, suggesting that the specific astrogliosis evaluated by GFAP expression might be advantageous in spinal cord regeneration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Establishment and characterization of two cell lines derived from primary cultures of Gekko japonicus cerebral cortex. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:153-61. [PMID: 19947933 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult Gekko japonicus is one of those vertebrates that are able to regenerate their missing or amputated tail. The most interesting feature of this animal lies in the ability of its spinal cord to regrow a functional tail. A fundamental question is whether the neuroglial cells play a different role compared with high vertebrates. Since in vitro studies using primary neuroglial cells are hampered by the limited lifespan and miscellaneous genetic background of these cells, we generated neuroglial cell lines from primary cell cultures of cerebral cortex of G. japonicus. The SV40 (simian-virus-40) T antigen gene was introduced into primary cell cultures. Cell cycle analysis, cell growth and proliferation, cell colony formation and contact inhibition, as well as karyotype assays were investigated. Two cell colonies, Gsn-1 and Gsn-3, were immunochemically characterized as glial fibrillary acidic protein and galactocerebroside-positive respectively. Compared with parental primary cells, the Gsn cells displayed shorter population doubling time, decreased percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, higher cell proliferation index, and increased cell activity. In assays of colony characteristics, Gsn cells showed increased cell activity at the lower cell densities or FBS (fetal bovine serum) supplement. The karyotype of immortalized Gsn cells exhibited transformational characteristics with hyperdiploid and polyploid chromosomes. The cell lines will provide a useful in vitro model for gecko neuroglial cells and facilitate systematic studies investigating the biological functions of specific gene products related to regeneration of the central nervous system.
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Maorong J, Xia C, Zhou Y, Liu M, Ding F, Gu X. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of the Endothelial Differentiation-related Factor-1 (EDF-1) in Gekko japonicus. Mol Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893310010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Molecular cloning and expression of visinin-like protein 1 from Gekko japonicus spinal cord. Biologia (Bratisl) 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
15
|
Wang Y, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gu X, Huan Y, Ren L, Ding F, Gu X. Molecular cloning and altered expression of Pbx4 in the spinal cord during tail regeneration of Gekko japonicus. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:414-21. [PMID: 19712730 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Pbx4 is recruited to form dimeric or trimeric complexes with Hox and/or Meis homeodomain proteins and participates in patterning the hindbrain and retina during vertebrate CNS development. We characterized a Pbx4 cDNA isolated from a Gekko japonicus brain and spinal cord cDNA library. Northern blot and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that gecko Pbx4 was ubiquitously expressed in several tissues. In the spinal cord after tail amputation, in situ hybridization results showed that Pbx4 mRNA staining was present in the gray matter and ependymal cells of the spinal cord but that additional staining was seen in the white matter in regions close to the amputation stump. Both in situ hybridization and real-time PCR methods detected no obvious changes in Pbx4 expression in segment of the cord farthest from the amputation site, however, Pbx4 mRNA expression increased by 2 fold in segment close to the amputation site after 2 wks. The upregulation of Pbx4 was inhibited by an intraperitoneal injection of retinoic acid (RA) (100 microg/g body weight). These results suggest that gecko Pbx4 is possibly involved in spinal cord regeneration at sites of proximal amputation, and that the expression of Pbx4 in the spinal cord is regulated by retinoic acid in a manner different from that of Pbx1, Pbx2 and Pbx3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226007, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Fan Z, Zhou Y, Liu M, Ding F, Gu X. The molecular cloning of platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) gene of Gekko japonicus and its expression change in the spinal cord after tail amputation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 29:263-71. [PMID: 18925432 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) gene of Gekko japonicus was obtained from a brain and spinal cord cDNA library. The results of Northern blot showed that transcript of PDGF-C gene of gecko is 2.8 kb in length, and it was abundantly expressed in tissues of heart, lung, kidney, and ovary. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed that positive hybridization signals were present in both gray matter and white matter of the spinal cord. The change of PDGF-C expression in the spinal cord after tail amputation was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The expression of PDGF-C in the spinal cord showed highest level at 1 day after tail amputation, and gradually decreased until 2 weeks, which indicated that the expression level of PDGF-C might be associated with the process of spinal cord injury and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu province 226001, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
The molecular characterization of the brain protein 44-like (Brp44l) gene of Gekko japonicus and its expression changes in spinal cord after tail amputation. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:215-20. [PMID: 18026869 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding brain protein 44-like (Brp44l) was identified from the brain and spinal cord cDNA library of Gekko japonicus. It contains a 324 bp open reading frame corresponding to a deduced protein of 107 amino acids. The molecular weight of the BRP44L protein is 12.2664 kDa and its theoretical pI is 9.67. At amino acid level, the BRP44L from gecko shares 85-89% similarity with those from other species. Northern blotting showed that Brp44l was ubiquitously expressed in the major organs of Gekko japonicus including brain, spinal cord, heart, lung, liver, and kidney, suggesting a fundamental biological role of this gene. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed that positive hybridization signals were present in gray matter of spinal cord. The change of Brp44l expression in spinal cord after tail amputation was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression level of this gene increased in the spinal cord after tail amputation, and reached the highest value at 1 week after tail amputation, which indicated that the expression level of Brp44l might be associated with the process of spinal cord injury and regeneration.
Collapse
|