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Wang X, Cui L, Ji X. Cognitive impairment caused by hypoxia: from clinical evidences to molecular mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:51-66. [PMID: 34618295 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of reduced oxygen supply and excessive oxygen consumption. According to the duration of hypoxic period, it can be classified as acute and chronic hypoxia. Both acute and chronic hypoxia could induce abundant neurological deficits. Although there have been significant advances in the pathophysiological injuries, few studies have focused on the cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we focused on the clinical evidences and molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment under acute and chronic hypoxia. Hypoxia can impair several cognitive domains such as attention, learning and memory, procession speed and executive function, which are similar in acute and chronic hypoxia. The severity of cognitive deficit correlates with the duration and degree of hypoxia. Recovery can be achieved after acute hypoxia, while sequelae or even dementia can be observed after chronic hypoxia, perhaps due to the different molecular mechanisms. Cardiopulmonary compensatory response, glycolysis, oxidative stress, calcium overload, adenosine, mitochondrial disruption, inflammation and excitotoxicity contribute to the molecular mechanisms of cognitive deficit after acute hypoxia. During the chronic stage of hypoxia, different adaptive responses, impaired neurovascular coupling, apoptosis, transcription factors-mediated inflammation, as well as Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation account for the neurocognitive deficit. Moreover, brain structural changes with hippocampus and cortex atrophy, ventricle enlargement, senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle deposition can be observed under chronic hypoxia rather than acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, No 45, Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, Xicheng District, China.
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2
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Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, Erlandsson A. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:38. [PMID: 27176225 PMCID: PMC4865996 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clear physical association between activated astrocytes and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, the importance of astrocytes and their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease remain elusive. Soluble Aβ aggregates, such as protofibrils, have been suggested to be responsible for the widespread neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s disease, but the mechanisms behind this remain unclear. Moreover, ineffective degradation is of great interest when it comes to the development and progression of neurodegeneration. Based on our previous results that astrocytes are extremely slow in degrading phagocytosed material, we hypothesized that astrocytes may be an important player in these processes. Hence, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of astrocytes in clearance, spreading and neuronal toxicity of Aβ. Results To examine the role of astrocytes in Aβ pathology, we added Aβ protofibrils to a co-culture system of primary neurons and glia. Our data demonstrates that astrocytes rapidly engulf large amounts of Aβ protofibrils, but then store, rather than degrade the ingested material. The incomplete digestion results in a high intracellular load of toxic, partly N-terminally truncated Aβ and severe lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, secretion of microvesicles containing N-terminally truncated Aβ, induce apoptosis of cortical neurons. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that astrocytes play a central role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, by accumulating and spreading toxic Aβ species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Söllvander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Nikitidou
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Brolin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Söderberg
- BioArctic Neuroscience AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Pogue AI, Dua P, Hill JM, Lukiw WJ. Progressive inflammatory pathology in the retina of aluminum-fed 5xFAD transgenic mice. J Inorg Biochem 2015. [PMID: 26213226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
At least 57 murine transgenic models for Alzheimer's disease (Tg-AD) have been developed to overexpress the 42 amino acid amyloid-beta (Aβ42) peptide in the central nervous system (CNS). These 'humanized murine Tg-AD models' have greatly expanded our understanding of the contribution of Aβ42 peptide-mediated pro-inflammatory neuropathology to the AD process. A number of independent laboratories using different amyloid-overexpressing Tg-AD models have shown that supplementation of murine Tg-AD diets and/or drinking water with aluminum significantly enhances Aβ42 peptide-mediated inflammatory pathology and AD-type cognitive change compared to animals receiving control diets. In humans AD-type pathology appears to originate in the limbic system and progressively spreads into primary processing and sensory regions such as the retina. In these studies, for the first time, we assess the propagation of Aβ42 and inflammatory signals into the retina of 5xFAD Tg-AD amyloid-overexpressing mice whose diets were supplemented with aluminum. The two most interesting findings were (1) that similar to other Tg-AD models, there was a significantly accelerated development of Aβ42 and inflammatory pathology in 5xFAD Tg-AD mice fed aluminum; and (2) in aluminum-supplemented animals, markers for inflammatory pathology appeared in both the brain and the retina as evidenced by an evolving presence of Aβ42 peptides, and accompanied by inflammatory markers - cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The results indicate that in the 5xFAD Tg-AD model aluminum not only enhances an Aβ42-mediated inflammatory degeneration of the brain but also appears to induce AD-type pathology in an anatomically-linked primary sensory area that involves vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Pogue
- Alchem Biotech, Toronto ON M5S 1A8 CANADA
| | - P Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University, Ruston, LA, USA
| | - J M Hill
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - W J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotech, Toronto ON M5S 1A8 CANADA; Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Hill JM, Dua P, Clement C, Lukiw WJ. An evaluation of progressive amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory change in the primary visual cortex and retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Neurosci 2014; 8:347. [PMID: 25429256 PMCID: PMC4228830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University Ruston, LA, USA
| | - Christian Clement
- Department of Natural Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Experimental Therapeutics and Human Toxicology Lab, Southern University at New Orleans New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Alexandrov PN, Dua P, Lukiw WJ. Up-Regulation of miRNA-146a in Progressive, Age-Related Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Human CNS. Front Neurol 2014; 5:181. [PMID: 25324823 PMCID: PMC4179622 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University , Ruston, LA , USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, LA , USA ; LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, LA , USA
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Pogue AI, Hill JM, Lukiw WJ. MicroRNA (miRNA): sequence and stability, viroid-like properties, and disease association in the CNS. Brain Res 2014; 1584:73-9. [PMID: 24709119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a relatively recently-discovered class of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that are gaining considerable attention in the molecular-genetic regulatory mechanisms that contribute to human health and disease. As highly soluble and mobile entities, emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs posess a highly selected ribonucleotide sequence structure, are part of an evolutionary ancient genetic signaling system, resemble the plant pathogens known as viroids in their structure, mode of generation and function, and are very abundant in the physiological fluids that surround cells and tissues. Persistence and altered abundance of miRNAs in the extracellular fluid (ECF) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may play a role in the intercellular spreading of disease systemically, and throughout functionally-linked cellular and tissue systems such as the central nervous system (CNS). This short communication will review some of the more fascinating features of these highly structured single stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) with emphasis on their presence and function in the human CNS, with particular reference to Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Hill
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotek, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Pogue AI, Clement C, Hill JM, Lukiw WJ. Evolution of microRNA (miRNA) Structure and Function in Plants and Animals: Relevance to Aging and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2. [PMID: 26146648 PMCID: PMC4489142 DOI: 10.4172/2329-8847.1000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James M Hill
- Departments of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Microbiology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Pharmacology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotek, Toronto ON, M5S 1A8, Canada ; Departments of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA
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8
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Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Alzheimer's disease and the microbiome. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:153. [PMID: 24062644 PMCID: PMC3775450 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Bhattacharjee S, Zhao Y, Hill JM, Culicchia F, Kruck TPA, Percy ME, Pogue AI, Walton J, Lukiw WJ. Selective accumulation of aluminum in cerebral arteries in Alzheimer's disease (AD). J Inorg Biochem 2013; 126:35-7. [PMID: 23764827 PMCID: PMC3720708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Once biologically available aluminum bypasses gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers, this environmentally-abundant neurotoxin has an exceedingly high affinity for the large pyramidal neurons of the human brain hippocampus. This same anatomical region of the brain is also targeted by the earliest evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. The mechanism for the selective targeting and transport of aluminum into the hippocampus of the human brain is not well understood. In an effort to improve our understanding of a pathological aluminum entry system into the brain, this study examined the aluminum content of 8 arteries that supply blood to the hippocampus, including the aorta and several cerebral arteries. In contrast to age-matched controls, in AD patients we found a gradient of increasing aluminum concentration from the aorta to the posterior cerebral artery that supplies blood to the hippocampus. Primary cultures of human brain endothelial cells were found to have an extremely high affinity for aluminum when compared to other types of brain cells. Together, these results suggest for the first time that endothelial cells that line the cerebral vasculature may have biochemical attributes conducive to binding and targeting aluminum to selective anatomical regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, with potential downstream pro-inflammatory and pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - James M. Hill
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Frank Culicchia
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Theodore P. A. Kruck
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Surrey Place Centre & Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA
| | - Maire E. Percy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Surrey Place Centre & Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA
| | | | - J.R. Walton
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2204 AUSTRALIA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
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10
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that develops within the limbic system, spreading radially into anatomically linked brain association areas as the disease progresses. Analysis of temporal-lobe association of neocortex-derived extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer's disease patients shows an abundant presence of micro-RNA (miRNA), including the proinflammatory miRNA-146a and miRNA-155. Using a novel and highly sensitive LED-Northern dot-blot focusing technique, we detected the secretion of potentially pathogenic amounts of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 from stressed human primary neural cells. A conditioned medium containing miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 was found to induce Alzheimer-type gene expression changes in control brain cells. These included downregulation in the expression of an important repressor of the innate immune response, complement factor H (CFH). These effects were neutralized using anti-miRNA strategies. Anti-miRNA-based therapeutics may provide a novel and efficacious treatment to stem the miRNA-mediated spreading of inflammatory signaling involved in Alzheimer's disease.
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11
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Lukiw WJ, Andreeva TV, Grigorenko AP, Rogaev EI. Studying micro RNA Function and Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Genet 2013; 3:327. [PMID: 23390425 PMCID: PMC3565163 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a tragic, progressive, age-related neurological dysfunction, representing one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders in industrialized societies. Globally, 5 million new cases of AD are diagnosed annually, with one new AD case being reported every 7 s. Most recently there has been a surge in the study of the regulatory mechanisms of the AD process, and the particular significance of small non-coding ∼22 ribonucleotide RNAs called micro RNAs (miRNAs). Abundant data have profiled miRNA patterns in healthy, aging brain, in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and in the moderate- and late-stages of AD. The major mode of action of miRNA is to interact, via base-pair complementarity, with ribonucleotides located within the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of multiple target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and in doing so decrease the capability of that specific mRNA to be expressed. Many miRNAs are highly cell- and tissue-specific. The human brain appears to use only a highly specific fraction of all known human miRNAs, whose speciation and complexity are defined as a discrete subset of all known small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in the brain. In general, in contrast to normally, aging human brain, in AD a family of pathogenically up-regulated miRNAs appear to be down-regulating the expression certain brain-essential mRNA targets, including key regulatory genes involved interactively in neuroinflammation, synaptogenesis, neurotrophic functions, and amyloidogenesis. These up-regulated, NF-kB-sensitive miRNAs, involved in the innate immune and inflammatory response and synaptic, neurotrophic, and amyloidogenic functions include miRNA-9, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-155. Other miRNAs of the miRNA-15/107 family, miRNA-153 and miRNA-190, and others, will be discussed. Overall, this manuscript will review the known contribution of miRNAs to aging brain function and the role they appear to play in the incidence and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Abstract
Abundant neurochemical, neuropathological, and genetic evidence suggests that a critical number of proinflammatory and innate immune system-associated factors are involved in the underlying pathological pathways that drive the sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) process. Most recently, a series of epigenetic factors - including a select family of inducible, proinflammatory, NF-κB-regulated small noncoding RNAs called miRNAs - have been shown to be significantly elevated in abundance in AD brain. These upregulated miRNAs appear to be instrumental in reshaping the human brain transcriptome. This reorganization of mRNA speciation and complexity in turn drives proinflammatory and pathogenic gene expression programs. The ensuing, progressively altered immune and inflammatory signaling patterns in AD brain support immunopathogenetic events and proinflammatory features of the AD phenotype. This report will briefly review what is known concerning NF-κB-inducible miRNAs that are significantly upregulated in AD-targeted anatomical regions of degenerating human brain cells and tissues. Quenching of NF-κB-sensitive inflammatory miRNA signaling using NF-κB-inhibitors such as the polyphenolic resveratrol analog trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene (CAY10512) may have some therapeutic value in reducing inflammatory neurodegeneration. Antagonism of NF-κB-inducing, and hence proinflammatory, epigenetic and environmental factors, such as the neurotrophic herpes simplex virus-1 and exposure to the potent neurotoxin aluminum, are briefly discussed. Early reports further indicate that miRNA neutralization employing anti-miRNA (antagomir) strategies may hold future promise in the clinical management of this insidious neurological disorder and expanding healthcare concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Metal-sulfate induced generation of ROS in human brain cells: detection using an isomeric mixture of 5- and 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA) as a cell permeant tracer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9615-9626. [PMID: 22949820 PMCID: PMC3431818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during the patho-physiological stress of nervous tissue, has been implicated in the etiology of several progressive human neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this brief communication we used mixed isomers of 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA; C25H14Cl2O9; MW 529.3), a novel fluorescent indicator, to assess ROS generation within human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary co-culture. We introduced pathological stress using the sulfates of 12 environmentally-, industrially- and agriculturally-relevant divalent and trivalent metals including Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn. In this experimental test system, of all the metal sulfates analyzed, aluminum sulfate showed by far the greatest ability to induce intracellular ROS. These studies indicate the utility of using isomeric mixtures of carboxy-H2DCFDA diacetates as novel and highly sensitive, long-lasting, cell-permeant, fluorescein-based tracers for quantifying ROS generation in intact, metabolizing human brain cells, and in analyzing the potential epigenetic contribution of different metal sulfates to ROS-generation and ROS-mediated neurological dysfunction.
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Lukiw WJ, Alexandrov PN. Regulation of complement factor H (CFH) by multiple miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:11-9. [PMID: 22302353 PMCID: PMC3703615 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human brain cells rely on a specific subset of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) to shape their gene expression patterns, and this is mediated through microRNA effects on messenger RNA (mRNA) speciation and complexity. In recent studies (a) in short post-mortem interval Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissues versus age-matched controls, and (b) in pro-inflammatory cytokine- and Aβ42 peptide-stressed human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary culture, we have identified several brain-abundant miRNA species found to be significantly up-regulated, including miR-125b and miR-146a. Both of these nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-activated, 22 nucleotide small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) target the mRNA of the key, innate-immune- and inflammation-related regulatory protein, complement factor-H (CFH; chr 1q32), resulting in significant decreases in CFH expression (p < 0.01, ANOVA). Our results further indicate that HNG cells respond to IL-1β + Aβ42-peptide-induced stress by significant NF-κB-modulated up-regulation of miRNA-125b- and miRNA-146a. The complex interactive signaling of NF-κB, miR-125b, miR-146a, and perhaps other miRNAs, further illustrate interplay between inducible transcription factors and multiple pro-inflammatory sncRNAs that regulate CFH expression. The novel concept of miRNA actions involving mRNA target convergence and divergence are proposed and discussed. The combinatorial use of NF-кB inhibitors with anti-miRNAs (AMs; antagomirs) may have potential against CFH-driven pathogenic signaling in neurodegenerative disease, and may redirect our therapeutic perspectives to novel treatment strategies that have not yet been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 7011-2272, USA.
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Lukiw WJ. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide modulators and other current treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:10.1517/14728214.2012.672559. [PMID: 22439907 PMCID: PMC3399957 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.672559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common, progressive neurological disorder whose incidence is reaching epidemic proportions. The prevailing "amyloid cascade hypothesis," which maintains that the aberrant proteolysis of beta-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) into neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides is central to the etiopathology of AD, continues to dominate pharmacological approaches to the clinical management of this insidious disorder. This review is a compilation and update on current pharmacological strategies designed to down-regulate Aβ42 peptide generation in an effort to ameliorate the tragedy of AD. Areas covered: This review utilized online data searches at various open online-access websites including the Alzheimer Association, Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Medline; Pharmaprojects database; Scopus; inter-University research communications; and unpublished research data. Expert opinion: Anti-acetylcholinesterase-, chelation-, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist-, statin-, Aβ immunization-, β-secretase-, γ-secretase-based, and other strategies to modulate βAPP processing, have dominated pharmacological approaches directed against AD-type neurodegenerative pathology. Cumulative clinical results of these efforts remain extremely disappointing, and have had little overall impact on the clinical management of AD. While a number of novel approaches are in consideration and development, to date there is still no effective treatment or cure for this expanding healthcare concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, , 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112-2272 , USA +1 504 599 0842 ; +1 504 568 5801 ;
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Chadwick W, Boyle JP, Zhou Y, Wang L, Park SS, Martin B, Wang R, Becker KG, Wood WH, Zhang Y, Peers C, Maudsley S. Multiple oxygen tension environments reveal diverse patterns of transcriptional regulation in primary astrocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21638. [PMID: 21738745 PMCID: PMC3124552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system normally functions at O2 levels which would be regarded as hypoxic by most other tissues. However, most in vitro studies of neurons and astrocytes are conducted under hyperoxic conditions without consideration of O2-dependent cellular adaptation. We analyzed the reactivity of astrocytes to 1, 4 and 9% O2 tensions compared to the cell culture standard of 20% O2, to investigate their ability to sense and translate this O2 information to transcriptional activity. Variance of ambient O2 tension for rat astrocytes resulted in profound changes in ribosomal activity, cytoskeletal and energy-regulatory mechanisms and cytokine-related signaling. Clustering of transcriptional regulation patterns revealed four distinct response pattern groups that directionally pivoted around the 4% O2 tension, or demonstrated coherent ascending/decreasing gene expression patterns in response to diverse oxygen tensions. Immune response and cell cycle/cancer-related signaling pathway transcriptomic subsets were significantly activated with increasing hypoxia, whilst hemostatic and cardiovascular signaling mechanisms were attenuated with increasing hypoxia. Our data indicate that variant O2 tensions induce specific and physiologically-focused transcript regulation patterns that may underpin important physiological mechanisms that connect higher neurological activity to astrocytic function and ambient oxygen environments. These strongly defined patterns demonstrate a strong bias for physiological transcript programs to pivot around the 4% O2 tension, while uni-modal programs that do not, appear more related to pathological actions. The functional interaction of these transcriptional ‘programs’ may serve to regulate the dynamic vascular responsivity of the central nervous system during periods of stress or heightened activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John P. Boyle
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Zhou
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liyun Wang
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rui Wang
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William H. Wood
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Peers
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SM); (CP)
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SM); (CP)
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18
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Cui JG, Li YY, Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Differential regulation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and IRAK-2 by microRNA-146a and NF-kappaB in stressed human astroglial cells and in Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38951-60. [PMID: 20937840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that support homeostatic gene expression, are significantly altered in abundance in human neurological disorders. In monocytes, increased expression of an NF-κB-regulated miRNA-146a down-regulates expression of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1), an essential component of Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling. Here we extend those observations to the hippocampus and neocortex of Alzheimer disease (AD) brain and to stressed human astroglial (HAG) cells in primary culture. In 66 control and AD samples we note a significant up-regulation of miRNA-146a coupled to down-regulation of IRAK-1 and a compensatory up-regulation of IRAK-2. Using miRNA-146a-, IRAK-1-, or IRAK-2 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs, we observe decreases in IRAK-1 and increases in miRNA-146a and IRAK-2 expression in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and amyloid-β-42 (Aβ42) peptide-stressed HAG cells. NF-κB-mediated transcriptional control of human IRAK-2 was localized to between -119 and +12 bp of the immediate IRAK-2 promoter. The NF-κB inhibitors curcumin, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or CAY10512 abrogated both IRAK-2 and miRNA-146a expression, whereas IRAK-1 was up-regulated. Incubation of a protected antisense miRNA-146a was found to inhibit miRNA-146a and restore IRAK-1, whereas IRAK-2 remained unaffected. These data suggest a significantly independent regulation of IRAK-1 and IRAK-2 in AD and in IL-1β+Aβ42 peptide-stressed HAG cells and that an inducible, NF-κB-sensitive, miRNA-146a-mediated down-regulation of IRAK-1 coupled to an NF-κB-induced up-regulation of IRAK-2 expression drives an extensively sustained inflammatory response. The interactive signaling of NF-κB and miRNA-146a further illustrate interplay between inducible transcription factors and pro-inflammatory miRNAs that regulate brain IRAK expression. The combinatorial use of NF-κB inhibitors with miRNA-146a or antisense miRNA-146a may have potential as a bi-pronged therapeutic strategy directed against IRAK-2-driven pathogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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19
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Palacios-Pelaez R, Lukiw WJ, Bazan NG. Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids Modulate Initiation and Progression of Neurodegenerative Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:367-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Lukiw WJ, Bazan NG. Inflammatory, Apoptotic, and Survival Gene Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 42:10-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Yin X, Wright J, Wall T, Grammas P. Brain endothelial cells synthesize neurotoxic thrombin in Alzheimer's disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1600-6. [PMID: 20150433 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal death; thus, identifying neurotoxic proteins and their source is central to understanding and treating AD. The multifunctional protease thrombin is neurotoxic and found in AD senile plaques. The objective of this study was to determine whether brain endothelial cells can synthesize thrombin and thus be a source of this neurotoxin in AD brains. Microvessels were isolated from AD patient brains and from age-matched controls. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that thrombin message was highly expressed in microvessels from AD brains but was not detectable in control vessels. Similarly, Western blot analysis of microvessels showed that the thrombin protein was highly expressed in AD- but not control-derived microvessels. In addition, high levels of thrombin were detected in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from AD but not control patients, and sections from AD brains showed reactivity to thrombin antibody in blood vessel walls but not in vessels from controls. Finally, we examined the ability of brain endothelial cells in culture to synthesize thrombin and showed that oxidative stress or cell signaling perturbations led to increased expression of thrombin mRNA in these cells. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that brain endothelial cells can synthesize thrombin, and suggest that novel therapeutics targeting vascular stabilization that prevent or decrease release of thrombin could prove useful in treating this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Yin
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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22
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Muller M. Cellular senescence: molecular mechanisms, in vivo significance, and redox considerations. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:59-98. [PMID: 18976161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is recognized as a critical cellular response to prolonged rounds of replication and environmental stresses. Its defining characteristics are arrested cell-cycle progression and the development of aberrant gene expression with proinflammatory behavior. Whereas the mechanistic events associated with senescence are generally well understood at the molecular level, the impact of senescence in vivo remains to be fully determined. In addition to the role of senescence as an antitumor mechanism, this review examines cellular senescence as a factor in organismal aging and age-related diseases, with particular emphasis on aberrant gene expression and abnormal paracrine signaling. Senescence as an emerging factor in tissue remodeling, wound repair, and infection is considered. In addition, the role of oxidative stress as a major mediator of senescence and the role of NAD(P)H oxidases and changes to intracellular GSH/GSSG status are reviewed. Recent findings indicate that senescence and the behavior of senescent cells are amenable to therapeutic intervention. As the in vivo significance of senescence becomes clearer, the challenge will be to modulate the adverse effects of senescence without increasing the risks of other diseases, such as cancer. The uncoupled relation between cell-cycle arrest and the senescent phenotype suggests that this is an achievable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muller
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord RG Hospital, Concord, Sydney, Australia.
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23
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Abstract
The dietary essential PUFA docosahexaenoic acid [DHA; 22:6(n-3)] is a critical contributor to cell structure and function in the nervous system, and deficits in DHA abundance are associated with cognitive decline during aging and in neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies underscore the importance of DHA-derived neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) in the homeostatic regulation of brain cell survival and repair involving neurotrophic, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that NPD1 synthesis is activated by growth factors and neurotrophins. Evolving research indicates that NPD1 has important determinant and regulatory interactions with the molecular-genetic mechanisms affecting beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) and amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide neurobiology. Deficits in DHA or its peroxidation appear to contribute to inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD), a common and progressive age-related neurological disorder unique to structures and processes of the human brain. This article briefly reviews our current understanding of the interactions of DHA and NPD1 on betaAPP processing and Abeta peptide signaling and how this contributes to oxidative and pathogenic processes characteristic of aging and AD pathology.
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Lukiw WJ, Zhao Y, Cui JG. An NF-kappaB-sensitive micro RNA-146a-mediated inflammatory circuit in Alzheimer disease and in stressed human brain cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31315-22. [PMID: 18801740 PMCID: PMC2581572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805371200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brains retain discrete populations of micro RNA (miRNA) species that support homeostatic brain gene expression functions; however, specific miRNA abundance is significantly altered in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD) when compared with age-matched controls. Here we provide evidence in AD brains of a specific up-regulation of an NF-kappaB-sensitive miRNA-146a highly complementary to the 3'-untranslated region of complement factor H (CFH), an important repressor of the inflammatory response of the brain. Up-regulation of miRNA-146a coupled to down-regulation of CFH was observed in AD brain and in interleukin-1beta, Abeta42, and/or oxidatively stressed human neural (HN) cells in primary culture. Transfection of HN cells using an NF-kappaB-containing pre-miRNA-146a promoter-luciferase reporter construct in stressed HN cells showed significant up-regulation of luciferase activity that paralleled decreases in CFH gene expression. Treatment of stressed HN cells with the NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrollidine dithiocarbamate or the resveratrol analog CAY10512 abrogated this response. Incubation of an antisense oligonucleotide to miRNA-146a (anti-miRNA-146a; AM-146a) was found to restore CFH expression levels. These data indicate that NF-kappaB-sensitive miRNA-146a-mediated modulation of CFH gene expression may in part regulate an inflammatory response in AD brain and in stressed HN cell models of AD and illustrate the potential for anti-miRNAs as an effective therapeutic strategy against pathogenic inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2272, USA.
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25
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Up-regulation of micro-RNA-221 (miRNA-221; chr Xp11.3) and caspase-3 accompanies down-regulation of the survivin-1 homolog BIRC1 (NAIP) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). J Neurooncol 2008; 91:27-32. [PMID: 18759060 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents a class of malignant gliomas which rapidly proliferate, invade and destroy surrounding brain tissues. This study examined micro-RNA (miRNA) speciation and miRNA effects on gene expression in six ATCC glioma and GBM cell lines and in 14 glioma and GBM samples obtained from human brain biopsy. We observed selective up-regulation of miRNA-221 and down-regulation of a miRNA-221 messenger RNA target encoding the survivin-1 homolog BIRC1, a neuronal inhibitor of apoptosis protein (NIAP) and marker for neurodegeneration. The expression of BIRC5 (survivin-1) and caspase-3 were found to be significantly up-regulated, particularly in stage IV GBM. These studies suggest that the abundance and speciation of the BIRC family of neural cell fate regulators are differentially regulated in glioma and GBM, and may contribute to progressive changes in apoptotic signaling and altered neural cell cycling functions.
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26
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Lukiw WJ. Emerging amyloid beta (Ab) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:255-71. [PMID: 18537520 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' of Alzheimer's disease (AD), abnormal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) into toxic amyloid beta (Abeta)-peptides is central to the etiopathology of this uniquely human brain disorder. OBJECTIVE To review current AD drugs, pharmacological approaches and strategies aimed at modulating Abeta-peptide generation and/or aggregation in the treatment of AD. METHODS Data searches at various websites: Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; Medline; Pharmaprojects database; unpublished research; inter-University research communications. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Considerable research effort has focused on secretase-mediated mechanisms of betaAPP processing, and the latest pharmacological strategies have used selective Abeta-peptide-lowering agents (SALA) to provide therapeutic benefit against Abeta-initiated neurodegenerative pathology. Currently, dedicated anticholinesterase, glutamatergic agonist and Abeta-peptide immunization have had little impact in the clinical treatment of AD. One unexpected benefit of statins (HMG-CoA inhibitors), besides their cholesterol lowering abilities, has been their ancillary effects in potentiating the enzymatic mechanisms that generate Abeta-peptides. The long-term benefits or complications of statin-based therapies for use in the clinical management of AD are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 8B8, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.
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27
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Zhao Y, Cui JG, Lukiw WJ. Reduction of sortilin-1 in Alzheimer hippocampus and in cytokine-stressed human brain cells. Neuroreport 2007; 18:1187-91. [PMID: 17589324 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32821c56c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin 1 (SORL1) is a transmembrane sorting receptor that regulates the intracellular trafficking of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP). Interactions between SORL1 and betaAPP result in the decreased processing of betaAPP into toxic amyloid-beta42 (Abeta42) peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease brain. Here, we report selectively decreased levels of SORL1 in limbic and occipital regions of Alzheimer brain that inversely correlate with amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle density. Reduced SORL1, coupled to elevated beta-amyloid cleaving enzyme, presenilin-1 and increased Abeta42 peptide secretion, was observed after incubation of cultured human neural cells with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta. The results suggest that SORL1 deficits may not only promote the pathogenic processing of betaAPP but may also contribute to Abeta42-mediated inflammatory signaling in stressed human brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center, LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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29
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Cui JG, Hill JM, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Expression of inflammatory genes in the primary visual cortex of late-stage Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2007; 18:115-9. [PMID: 17301674 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32801198bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with progressively dysfunctional gene expression in the limbic system of the brain. The thalamus and primary visual cortex are thought to be initially spared of Alzheimer-type changes that ravage the association neocortex. In this study, using DNA arrays and Western immunoassay, gene expression patterns were examined in the thalamus and primary visual cortex of moderate-stage and late-stage Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls using a set of proinflammatory genes known to be upregulated in the temporal lobe neocortex and hippocampus of moderate-stage Alzheimer's disease. The data indicate that, in late-stage Alzheimer's disease, proinflammatory and proapoptotic gene expression spreads into the primary visual sensory cortex. This upregulation of pathological gene expression could be, in part, responsible for the visual disturbances associated with end-stages of the Alzheimer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Cui
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2272, USA
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