1
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Wu B, Liang Z, Lan H, Teng X, Wang C. The role of PKM2 in cancer progression and its structural and biological basis. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:261-275. [PMID: 38329688 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a subtype of pyruvate kinase (PK), has been shown to play an important role in the development of cancer. It regulates the last step of glycolytic pathway. PKM2 has both pyruvate kinase and protein kinase activity, and the conversion of these two functions of PKM2 depends on the mutual change of dimer and tetramer. The dimerization of PKM2 can promote the proliferation and growth of tumor cells, so inhibiting the dimerization of PKM2 is essential to curing cancer. The aggregation of PKM2 is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous cofactors as well as post-translational modification (PTM). Although there are many studies on the different aggregation of PKM2 in the process of tumor development, there are few summaries in recent years. In this review, we first introduce the role of PKM2 in various biological processes of tumor growth. Then, we summarize the aggregation regulation mechanism of PKM2 by various endogenous cofactors such as Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate (FBP), various amino acids, and post-translational modification (PTMs). Finally, the related inhibitors and agonists of PKM2 are summarized to provide reference for regulating PKM2 aggregation in the treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zuhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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2
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Mokoena D, George BP, Abrahamse H. Cannabidiol Combination Enhances Photodynamic Therapy Effects on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2024; 13:187. [PMID: 38247877 PMCID: PMC10814799 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a well-known plant for its psychoactive effects; however, its many derivatives, such as Cannabidiol (CBD), contain several therapeutic applications. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main cannabis derivative responsible for psychoactive properties, while CBD is non-psychotropic. For this reason, CBD has been more exploited in the last decade. CBD has been connected to multiple anticancer properties, and when combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT), it is possible to eradicate tumors more effectively. In this study, CBD was utilized to treat MCF-7 breast cancer cells, followed by in vitro PDT combination therapy. Conventional breast cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. have been reported for inducing a number of undesirable side effects, recurrence of the disease, and low quality of life. In this study, cells were exposed to varying concentrations of CBD (i.e., 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL) and incubated 12 and 24 h after treatment. The optimal doses were then used in combination therapy. Morphology and biochemical assays, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for membrane integrity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for viability, and trypan blue exclusion assay for viability, were used to examine cellular responses after treatments. The optimal concentration was then utilized in Hypericin-Gold nanoparticles mediated PDT combination. The results revealed that, in a dose-dependent manner, conventional morphological characteristics of cell death, such as vacuolization, blebbing, and floating were observed in treated cells. The biochemical responses demonstrated an increase in LDH, a decrease in ATP, and a reduction in viability. This study demonstrated that CBD induces cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells cultured in vitro. The immunofluorescence results of combination therapy indicated that cell death occurred via apoptosis. In conclusion, this study proposes that the CBD and PDT combination therapy is effective in killing MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro by induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (D.M.); (B.P.G.)
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3
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Gómez-Flores M, Regalado-Ceballos A, Franco-Márquez R, Colunga-Pedraza PR, Osorno-Rodríguez KL, Villarreal-Martínez A, Ocampo-Candiani J, Gómez-García LÁ, Chavez-Alvarez S. Orbital Burkitt lymphoma with cutaneous involvement. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:1523-1528. [PMID: 37403212 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Gómez-Flores
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Airam Regalado-Ceballos
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Franco-Márquez
- Pathology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Perla R Colunga-Pedraza
- Hematology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Karen L Osorno-Rodríguez
- Hematology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Villarreal-Martínez
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ocampo-Candiani
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Luis Á Gómez-García
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Sonia Chavez-Alvarez
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina Y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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4
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Sun J, Wang W, Wei C, Zhou D, Zhang W. Serum interleukin-10 as a valuable biomarker for early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e131. [PMID: 32634257 PMCID: PMC7418806 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Wei
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daobin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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6
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The miRNAs Role in Melanoma and in Its Resistance to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030878. [PMID: 32013263 PMCID: PMC7037367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the less common but the most malignant skin cancer. Since the survival rate of melanoma metastasis is about 10–15%, many different studies have been carried out in order to find a more effective treatment. Although the development of target-based therapies and immunotherapeutic strategies has improved chances for patient survival, melanoma treatment still remains a big challenge for oncologists. Here, we collect recent data about the emerging role of melanoma-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) currently available treatments, and their involvement in drug resistance. We also reviewed miRNAs as prognostic factors, because of their chemical stability and resistance to RNase activity, in melanoma progression. Moreover, despite miRNAs being considered small conserved regulators with the limitation of target specificity, we outline the dual role of melanoma-associated miRNAs, as oncogenic and/or tumor suppressive factors, compared to other tumors.
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7
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Chen G, Leng X, Luo J, You L, Qu C, Dong X, Huang H, Yin X, Ni J. In Vitro Toxicity Study of a Porous Iron(III) Metal‒Organic Framework. Molecules 2019; 24:E1211. [PMID: 30925694 PMCID: PMC6480057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A MIL series metal‒organic framework (MOF), MIL-100(Fe), was successfully synthesized at the nanoscale and fully characterized by TEM, TGA, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and BET. A toxicological assessment was performed using two different cell lines: human normal liver cells (HL-7702) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). In vitro cytotoxicity of MIL-100(Fe) was evaluated by the MTT assay, LDH releasing rate assay, DAPI staining, and annexin V/PI double staining assay. The safe dose of MIL-100(Fe) was 80 μg/mL. It exhibited good biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and high cell survival rate (HL-7702 cells' viability >85.97%, HepG2 cells' viability >91.20%). Therefore, MIL-100(Fe) has a potential application as a drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Juyuan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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8
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Braendlein M, Pappa AM, Ferro M, Lopresti A, Acquaviva C, Mamessier E, Malliaras GG, Owens RM. Lactate Detection in Tumor Cell Cultures Using Organic Transistor Circuits. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605744. [PMID: 28134450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A biosensing platform based on an organic transistor circuit for metabolite detection in highly complex biological media is introduced. The sensor circuit provides inherent background subtraction allowing for highly specific, sensitive lactate detection in tumor cell cultures. The proposed sensing platform paves the way toward rapid, label-free, and cost-effective clinically relevant in vitro diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Braendlein
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Marc Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Alexia Lopresti
- INSERM U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Claire Acquaviva
- INSERM U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- INSERM U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
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9
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Jurisic V, Radenkovic S, Konjevic G. The Actual Role of LDH as Tumor Marker, Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 867:115-24. [PMID: 26530363 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) among many biochemical parameters represents a very valuable enzyme in patients with cancer with possibility for easy routine measurement in many clinical laboratories. Previous studies where mostly based on investigated LDH in serum of patients with cancer with aims to estimate their clinical significance. The new directions in investigation of LDH where based on the principle that tumor cells release intracellular enzymes trough damaged cell membrane, that is mostly consequence in intracellular mitochondrial machinery alteration, and apoptosis deregulation. This consideration can be used not only in-vitro assays, but also in respect to clinical characteristics of tumor patients. Based on new techniques of molecular biology it is shown that intracellular characteristics of LDH enzyme are very sensitive indicators of the cellular metabolic state, aerobic or anaerobic direction of glycolysis, activation status and malignant transformation. Using different molecular analyses it is very useful to analyzed intracellular LDH activity in different cell line and tumor tissues obtained from patients, not only to understanding complexity in cancer biochemistry but also in early clinical diagnosis. Based on understandings of the LDH altered metabolism, new therapy option is created with aims to blocking certain metabolic pathways and stop tumors growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jurisic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | | | - Gordana Konjevic
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Deonizio JMD, Ascef RD, Sanches JA. Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: clinical and epidemiological evaluation in a single center in Brazil. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:e256-61. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rogers Diego Ascef
- Department of Dermatology; University of São Paulo Medical School; São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Antonio Sanches
- Department of Dermatology; University of São Paulo Medical School; São Paulo Brazil
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11
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Konjevic G, Jurisic V, Jovic V, Vuletic A, Mirjacic Martinovic K, Radenkovic S, Spuzic I. Investigation of NK cell function and their modulation in different malignancies. Immunol Res 2012; 52:139-56. [PMID: 22442005 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NK cells have become a subject of investigation not only in the field of tumor immunology and infectious diseases, but also within all aspects of immunology, such as transplantation, autoimmunity, and hypersensitivity. Our early studies aside from investigating NK cell activity in experimental animals and humans included studies of perforin expression and modulation in this lymphocyte subset. As NK cell activity is modified by their environment, we showed clinical stage-dependent impairment of their activity and in vitro effect of different sera, Th1 cytokines, and their combination in breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, especially with respect to metabolic and cell membrane changes of peripheral blood lymphocytes evaluated by spontaneous release of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) that led to the correction of the LDH enzyme release assay for natural cytotoxicity. By long-term immuno-monitoring of patients with malignancies, we also showed the kinetics of NK cell modulation during chemo-immunotherapy. In our more recent studies, we give data of NK function and novel families of NK cell receptor expression in healthy individuals that may be of help in NK cell profiling, by giving referent values of basic and cytokine-induced expression of some NK cell receptors either in evaluation of disease or in immuno-monitoring during cytokine therapy of patients with malignancies. Moreover, we give novel aspects of modulation of NK cell activity by cytokines approved for immunotherapy, IFN and IL-2, in melanoma and other malignancies with respect to alterations in new activating (NKG2D and CD161) and inhibitory (CD158a and CD158b) receptor characteristics and signaling molecules in CD16- and CD56-defined NK cells and their small immunoregulatory and large cytotoxic subsets in peripheral blood and lymph nodes, as NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells depends on the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Konjevic
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Jurisic V, Srdic T, Konjevic G, Markovic O, Colovic M. Clinical stage-depending decrease of NK cell activity in multiple myeloma patients. Med Oncol 2008; 24:312-7. [PMID: 17873307 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-007-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells, as an important subpopulation of cells of the innate immune system have an essential role in defense of the rise and spread of malignancy. These cells have a CD3-CD16 + CD56+ phenotype and they are functionally defined by their ability to lyses tumor cells. We here show that decrease of NK cell activity was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), percentage infiltration of bone marrow with plasma cells, and beta-2 microglobulin. The patients with higher NK cell activity at presentation after receiving VAD protocol have better cumulative survival in comparison with those with low NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jurisic
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34 000, Serbia.
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