Adverse drug reaction and toxicity caused by commonly used antimicrobials in canine practice

Enhanced synthesis of chloramphenicol intermediate L-threo-p-nitrophenylserine using engineered L-threonine transaldolase and by-product elimination

L-threo-p-nitrophenylserine (component 2) is an important intermediate during synthesis of chloramphenicol. However, its biosynthesis is limited by enzyme activity and stereoselectivity. In this study, we achieved a breakthrough in the high-efficiency production of 2 by employing engineered Chitiniphilus shinanonensis L-threonine transaldolase (ChLTTA) in conjunction with a by-product elimination system within a one-pot reaction. Notably, a novel visual stepwise high-throughput screening method was developed for the directed evolution of ChLTTA, leveraging its characteristic color. The engineered mutant F70D/F59A (Mu6 variant) emerged as a star performer, exhibiting a remarkable 2.6-fold increase in catalytic efficiency over the wild-type ChLTTA, coupled with an outstanding 91.5 % diastereoisomer excess (de). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations unraveled the mechanism responsible for the enhanced catalytic performance observed in the Mu6 variant. Meanwhile, the Mu6 variant was coupled with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ethanol dehydrogenase (ScADH) and Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase (CbFDH) to create a high-efficiency cascade system (E.coli/pRSF-Mu6-ScADH-CbFDH). Under optimized conditions, this cascade system demonstrated unparalleled performance, yielding 201.5 mM of 2 with an impressive conversion of 95.9 % and a de value of 94.5 %. This achievement represents the highest reported yield to date. This study offers a novel insight into the sustainable and efficient production of chloramphenicol intermediate.