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Alvi MA, Khalid A, Ali RMA, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Ahmad B, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Genetic variation and population structure of Fasciola hepatica: an in silico analysis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2155-2173. [PMID: 37458821 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode leading to heavy economic setbacks to the livestock sector globally. The population's genetic information and intimate kinship level are frequently assessed using analysis of mitochondrial DNA. In this analysis, we retrieved cox1 (n = 247) and nad1 (n = 357) sequences of F. hepatica from the NCBI GenBank database and aligned the sequences with the respective reference sequences using MEGA software. The median joining network was drawn using PopArt software while neutrality and diversity indices were estimated with the help of DnaSp software. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA software package. A total of 46 and 98 distinctive haplotypes were observed for cox1 and nad1 genes, respectively. Diversity indices indicated high haplotype and nucleotide diversities in both genes. Positive Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values were found for the entire population of both the genes under study. The cox1 and nad1 gene segments in this study showed high Tajima's D values, suggesting a low likelihood of future population growth. The Tajima's D value of the nad1 gene sequence is lower (2.14910) than that of the cox1 gene sequence (3.40314), which suggests that the former is growing at a slower rate. However, the region-wise analysis revealed that both the cox1 and nad1 genes showed deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion as a result of an excess of low-frequency polymorphism. Furthermore, the overall host-wise analysis showed positive and significant Tajima's D values for the cox1 and nad1 gene sequences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide insights into genetic variations and population structure of F. hepatica at a global scale using cox1 and nad1 genes. Our findings suggest the existence of specific variants of F. hepatica in different parts of the world and provide information on the molecular ecology of F. hepatica. The results of this study also mark a critical development in upcoming epidemiological investigations on F. hepatica and will also contribute to understanding the global molecular epidemiology and population structure of F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Khalid
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Hajialilo E, Hosseini-Safa A, Spotin A, Saraei M, Ghanbari Johkool M, Piri H, Heydarian P. Rapid Detection and Identification of Fasciola spp. and Dicrocoelium spp. Isolated from the Ruminant Livestock of Northwest Iran Using High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRM). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:818-828. [PMID: 37551192 PMCID: PMC10404325 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i4.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The liver flukes of the Fasciola species and Dicrocoelium spp. are recognised as parasites of domestic and wild herbivores. Both species of F. hepatica and F. gigantica as well as D. dendriticum are distributed in Iran. The present study aimed to identify Fasciola spp. and Dicrocoelium spp. using mitochondrial Cox1 (cytochrome c oxidase I) gene by HRM method. Methods Totally, thirty infected liver specimens were collected from the sheep (n:23) and cattle (n:7) at the abattoirs of Qazvin Province, northwest Iran in 2022. DNA extraction and PCR amplification of Cox1 gene were conducted by HRM technique. DnaSP v.5.0 was used for compression of diversity indices of ribosomal 28S rDNA and mitochondrial Cox1 markers of Dicrocoelium spp. The taxonomic status of Dicrocoelium spp. was performed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results Overall, 26 and 4 isolates were identified as F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. D. dendriticum was the sole infecting species of Dicrocoelium revealed by HRM analysis. Genomic analysis showed a moderate (28S rDNA genes: 0.600±0.215) to high (Cox1: 0.733±0.155) haplotype diversity for D. dendriticum. Conclusion The parasite-dependent mitochondrial gene (Cox1) could identify a higher genetic diversity of D. dendriticum compared to nuclear 28S rDNA gene. HRM technique in the present study found to be a reliable technique for identification and genetic diversity of liver flukes but more comprehensive and in-depth studies in different parts of the country are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hajialilo
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini-Safa
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Saraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Piri
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Tawfeeq HM, Ali SA. Highly sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction to improve the detection of Leishmania species in clinical specimens. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:754-763. [PMID: 36091274 PMCID: PMC9458810 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases and an important health problem in many countries. It is an endemic disease in most regions of Iraq, while being non-endemic in the Kurdistan Region. The techniques frequently used for detection of CL are not very sensitive. Therefore, this study aimed to identify a sensitive method for diagnosis of CL in clinical samples. The present study was performed in December 2019 to December 2020 in Kalar General Hospital. Clinical samples were collected from 85 suspected CL cases. Sixty-four (75.29%), 71 (83.53%) and 84 (98.82%) cases were detected as positive for CL by microscopy, PCR, and nested PCR, respectively. Of the 84 nested PCR-confirmed CL patients, 46 (54.8%) were female and 38 (45.2%) were male. The most predominate rate of infection was in the 30-39-year age group (29.76%) and the lowest was in the ≥ 60-year group (3.57%). Forty (47.62%) patients had a single lesion. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between age groups and between the number of lesions. The sensitivities of microscopy, conventional PCR, and nested PCR were 80.77%, 86.6% and 100%, respectively, while all three methods showed 100% specificity. Furthermore, PCR-ITS1 followed by a simple restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using HaeIII endonuclease indicated that Leishmania major was responsible for all CL infections in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohammad Tawfeeq
- Nursing Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kalar, Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Shahnaz AbdulKader Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region Iraq
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Heydarian P, Jajarmi V, Spotin A, Ashrafi K, Mohebali M, Aryaeipour M, Bozorgomid A, Hajialilo E, Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar M, Fadaei Tehrani M, Bagher Rokni M. Molecular Characterization of Animal Fasciola Spp. Isolates from Lorestan Province, Western Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 51:1847-1856. [PMID: 36249111 PMCID: PMC9546809 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i8.10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to detect the genetic diversity of samples identified morphologically as Fasciola spp. from sheep, cattle and goat from Lorestan Province, western Iran using PCR-RFLP method. Besides, we evaluated the genetic diversity indices, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial gene (ND1 and CO1). Methods PCR-RFLP analysis of ribosomal ITS1 fragment by RsaI restriction enzyme to investigate the genetic characteristics of Fasciola species obtained from different hosts (18 sheep, 21 cattle, and 17goats) was conducted. The samples were sequenced. Sequences were evaluated using BLAST software and the parasite species were identified with similarity percentage and overlap with the species registered in the gene bank. Then similarity and diversity of intra-species and intra-species diversity of Fasciola species were calculated. Results In Lorestan, based on RFLP pattern, 93% (52) of the Fasciola spp. isolates had a RFLP pattern related to F. hepatica and 7% (4) were F. gigantica. No hybrid forms were detected. The CO1 gene could clarify 19 haplotypes against ND1 gene that found 22 haplotypes among livestock. Sequencing results of the mtDNA showed intra-species identity 98. 5%-100% and Intra-species-diversity: 0-1.5% compared to the GenBank sequences. Conclusion Using PCR-RFLP method, two species of F. hepatica and F. gigantica, were present in Lorestan Province, but F. hepatica was more prevalent. Mitochondrial genes could better test variability indices in different hosts than ribosomal genes, consequently among mitochondrial genes, the ND1 gene could better examine differences and similarities than CO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Keyhan Ashrafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Aryaeipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Fadaei Tehrani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Rokni
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Iyiola OA, Shaibu RD, Shittu O, Alayande MO, Rabiu M, Sulaiman MK, Obarombi GT. DNA barcode identification of a tropical liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica) in cattle from Ilorin, Northcentral Nigeria. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nazarbeigy M, Halajian A, Amadi A. Checklist of digenean trematodes of Iran. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100571. [PMID: 34024387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Digeneans are an important class of trematodes which infect variety of animals ranging from vertebrates (mainly final hosts) to invertebrates (mainly as intermediate hosts). Additionally, some of these parasites are zoonotic and one health importance. Diversity of digeneans in Iran and reports of several zoonotic cases show the importance of these parasites in this country. This is the checklist of digenean parasites reported from Iran representing a total of 118 species, from 105 genera, 43 families, 21 subfamilies, and 3 orders that are reported from 139 species of different hosts including humans. Some of the most important final number of families, genera, and species reported in Iran fauna include: Fasciolidae, Genus: Fasciola, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola hepatica, Family: Dicrocoeliidae, Genus: Dicrocoelium, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Family: Diplostomidae, Genus: Diplostomum, Diplostomum spathaceum, Family: Heterophyidae, Genus: Haplorchis, Haplorchis taichui, Family: Notocotylidae, Genus: Notocotylu, Notocotylus aegyptiacus, Family: Bucephalidae, Genus: Rhipidocotyle, Rhipidocotyle illense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazarbeigy
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Ali Halajian
- Research and Administration, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Amin Amadi
- Department of Veterinary School of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Yazd, Iran
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Asadpour M, Sharifiyazdi H, Moazeni M, Malekpour SH. Molecular Characterization of Fasciola spp. from a Donkey ( Equus asinus) Using Partial Sequencing of cox1 and nad1. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:549-558. [PMID: 33884012 PMCID: PMC8039476 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i4.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica as an important parasite affects health of humans and animals in some tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Iran. Little is known about the molecular diversity of Fasciola in Equidae. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the genetic polymorphisms among parasites. Methods Eight adult Fasciola spp. isolates were collected from a working donkey after necropsy in Shiraz, southwestern Iran, in 2018. Primarily, various parameters were measured morphologically. Subsequently, DNA was extracted from each fluke and molecular markers of cytochrome C oxidase (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1(nad1) from individual Fasciola isolates were amplified using PCR assay and sequence data were employed for molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Genetic diversity between isolates was evaluated by comparing the sequences of these two mitochondrial regions. Results Based on the morphological and analyzed mitochondrial sequences, all of eight donkey isolates (100%) were identified as F. hepatica. Moreover, nine and five nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the cox1and nad1 region sequences, respectively. Conclusion Accordingly, phylogenetic data revealed five and four haplotypes among donkey isolates based on the cox1and nad1 markers. Similarly, some of these haplotypes have been previously reported from different host species in Iran as well as all around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadpour
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moazeni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Multigene typing and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola from endemic foci in Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104202. [PMID: 31978563 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a public health problem originally transmitted from livestock. Although molecular analysis of the nuclear and mitochondrial genes allow discrimination between the two known species of Fasciola, F. hepatica and F. gigantica, these markers do not permit the detection of hybrid forms. On the other hand, molecular analysis of the pepck and pold genes from Fasciola do permit the detection of hybrid isolates and this study has not yet been performed on specimens from human and domesticated animals in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to molecularly analyze Fasciola isolates using both conventional and the two new genetic markers mentioned above. Fifty-three adult Fasciola worms were isolated from the livers of 28 domesticated animals, including sheep, cattle and goat. Moreover, an adult worm was obtained from the bile duct of an infected woman during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancratography (ERCP). Targeted fragments from the ITS-1, NDI and COX1 genes were amplified using specific primers. PCR products were sequenced and genetically analyzed using MEGA v.7 and DnaSP software. Additionally, the pepck and pold regions were amplified and analyzed using multiplex PCR and RLFP-PCR, respectively. Multiple alignment of sequenced fragments showed highest similarity among the ITS-1 sequences isolated from all four hosts in comparison to the other genes. Furthermore, sequence diversity across the COX1 was higher than the NDI and ITS-1. Diversity among sequences isolated from cattle was higher than those from sheep and goat in all three genes. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs were negative and statistically significant for all the genes except ITS-1. Phylogenetic trees showed that the human F. hepatica isolate was closer to sheep isolates. The results of the pepck and pold analyses showed that all isolates were F. hepatica and there were no hybrid forms among samples. The molecular analyses corroborated this finding.
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HASANPOUR H, FALAK R, NADDAF SR, MAS-COMA S, ROKNI MB, BADIRZADEH A, MOKHTARIAN K, MOHEBALI M, JAFARPOUR AZAMI S, FADAVI A, GHARAGOZLOU MJ, MOHAMMAD K, MOWLAVI G. Molecular Characterization of Fasciola spp. from Some Parts of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:157-166. [PMID: 32309234 PMCID: PMC7152647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica by morphometric parameters is not always reliable due to the overlapping measurements. This study aimed to characterize the liver flukes of animals from different parts of Iran by the genetic markers, ITS1, and COXI. METHODS We collected flukes from infected livestock in six provinces of Iran from Sep to Nov 2016. The flukes were identified by amplification of a 680 bp sequence of ITS1 locus followed by a restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) assay. The genetic diversity among isolates was evaluated by amplification and sequencing of a 493 bp fragment of the COXI gene. RESULTS We obtained 38 specimens from Khuzestan, 22 from Tehran, 10 from Isfahan, 10 from Mazandaran, 4 from Kurdistan, and 3 from Ardabil provinces. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed two patterns, representing F. hepatica, and F. gigantica. Fifty specimens from cattle and sheep exhibited F. hepatica pattern and 37 from the cattle, sheep, buffalo, and goat that of F. gigantica. The phylogeny based on COXI revealed two distinct clades separating F. hepatica from F. gigantica. In our phylogeny, the Iranian F. gigantica isolates showed a distinct separation from the African flukes, while grouped with the East Asia specimens demonstrating a common ancestor. The F. hepatica isolates clustered with the flukes from different parts of the world, including East Asia, Europe, and South America. CONCLUSION The present study revealed a substantial genetic difference between F. gigantica populations of Asia and Africa, while F. hepatica isolates from different parts of the world shared high similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid HASANPOUR
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza FALAK
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Reza NADDAF
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Santiago MAS-COMA
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mohammad Bagher ROKNI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza BADIRZADEH
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra MOKHTARIAN
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz JAFARPOUR AZAMI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo FADAVI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kazem MOHAMMAD
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza MOWLAVI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Bozorgomid A, Rouhani S, Harandi MF, Ichikawa-Seki M, Raeghi S. Genetic diversity and distribution of Fasciola hepatica haplotypes in Iran: Molecular and phylogenetic studies. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 19:100359. [PMID: 32057386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Over the last decade, diagnostic tools to detect and differentiate Fasciola species have improved, but our knowledge of the distribution of haplotypes and gene flow of this parasite is not comprehensive yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate this gap in the epidemiology of F. hepatica in different provinces of Iran between 2015 and 2017. Isolated Fasciola were collected from abattoirs in 9 provinces. The partial sequence of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene was used for the identification and molecular analysis of F. hepatica isolates. The amplified PCR products were purified and subjected to direct sequencing for subsequent construction of phylogenetic tree and network analysis. In the 130 subjects analyzed, 37 ND1 haplotypes were detected. This is the first study in Iran which investigates F. hepatica population and its genetic structure, based on mitochondrial ND1 marker in different geographical regions of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Rouhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran
| | - Madoka Ichikawa-Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
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Khademvatan S, Majidiani H, Khalkhali H, Taghipour A, Asadi N, Yousefi E. Prevalence of fasciolosis in livestock and humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:116-123. [PMID: 31300099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a re-emerging disease of livestock and rarely human, being endemic in Iran. Herein, we aimed to quantitatively assess the human seropositivity and prevalence of animal fasciolosis in our country. English and Persian databases were searched for online literature. In total, 10 human seroprevalence studies and 49 animal investigations were obtained from January 1999 to March 2019. Only animal studies were included in meta-analysis. The highest human seroprevalence was detected in Guilan province (326/452; 50%). The pooled prevalence of the animal infections was calculated as 6.2% (95% CI = 5.8%-6.5%). In detail, the prevalence ranges in three hosts included as 4.2% (95% CI = 3.8%-4.5%) in sheep, 9% (95% CI = 8.0%-9.9%) in cattle and 3.1% (95% CI = 2.4%-3.7%) in goat. The highest prevalence rate was observed in the north, 11.8% (95% CI = 8.4%-15.1%), while the lowest prevalence was detected in the central Iran with 1.8% (95% CI = 1.3%-2.3%). Egger's regression test revealed no significant publication bias (P = 0.307). Also, there was no remarkable correlation between weighted prevalence and sample size (P = 0.249) as well as year of study (P = 0.172). These findings would be necessary for better preventive strategies in case of human and animal Fasciola infections as well as snail intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Khalkhali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Inpatient's Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Asadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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RAEGHI S, ROUHANI S, FASIHI HARANDI M, SPOTIN A, GHODSIAN S. Molecular Phylogenetic Variability of Fasciola gigantica in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 48:740-747. [PMID: 31110985 PMCID: PMC6500528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is one of important zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. The final hosts of this parasite are ruminants and humans. Iran is one of the endemic areas in the world, about six million people at risk of infection. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the genetic diversity of Fasciola species in cattle after distinguish of their species. METHODS One hundred and seventeen liver specimens collected from naturally infected cattle in 5 geographical regions in 2014-2017. Flukes stained with Hematoxylin-Carmine dye to examine for the existence of sperm within seminal vesicles. DNA was extracted from each individual, and ITS1, ND1and CO1 genes were amplified using specific primers. For discrimination of Fasciola species, ITS1 PCR-RFLP was used based on digestion pattern of RsaI enzyme. Genetic analyses and diversity and neutrality indices estimated by Dnasp5 based on NDI. RESULTS Six nonspermic and 111 spermic flukes were diagnosed. All of nonspermic specimens were F. gigantica and collected from South East, South West and North West of Iran. Genetic haplotype diversity has been observed in F. gigantica based on ND1. Fst value analysis showed that minimum and maximum genetic difference between Iranian F. gigantica with Bangladesh (F st = 0.01414) and Egypt (F st = 0.36653) respectively. CONCLUSION It is the first report of existing of nonspermic Fasciola. High haplotype and nucleotide diversity could be due to ecological factors in life cycle, animal migration and coexisting of the final host of this parasite. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity of spermic F. gigantica in Iran and other countries in the world led to creating a variety of haplogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber RAEGHI
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Soheila ROUHANI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Majid FASIHI HARANDI
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Adel SPOTIN
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar GHODSIAN
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aghayan S, Gevorgian H, Ebi D, Atoyan HA, Addy F, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Wassermann M. Fasciola spp. in Armenia: Genetic diversity in a global context. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:21-31. [PMID: 30981302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis, a food- and waterborne infection caused by the trematodes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, is recognized by WHO as a neglected zoonotic disease. Whereas F. hepatica is distributed worldwide in cooler climates, F. gigantica occurs mainly in the tropics of Africa and Asia. The southern Caucasus, with Armenia, is one of the most northern regions where both species occur and may produce hybrids. In this study, livestock in central Armenia was surveyed for fasciolosis, the causative species were determined and the genetic diversity of both species was estimated. Total prevalence in sheep (1794), cattle (324) and goats (9) was 21.2%, 15.7% and 44.4%, respectively. After morphological identification and sequencing of a mitochondrial (nad1) and a nuclear marker gene (28S rRNA), 62 collected specimens were allocated to F. hepatica (n = 55) and F. gigantica (n = 7). Intraspecific diversity was evaluated for the complete nad1 gene, resulting in 29 haplotypes of F. hepatica and six haplotypes of F. gigantica. Diversity was higher among F. gigantica than F. hepatica in the Armenian sample set, a difference that was confirmed analyzing available sequences for both species worldwide. Maximum genetic distance between haplotypes in global networks was 49 nucleotide steps for F. gigantica compared to 15 for F. hepatica. In the available sample sets, F. hepatica showed higher diversity in western Asia and the Middle East compared to Europe and eastern Asia, while for F. gigantica loosely structured clusters comprising mainly western/southern Asian and African haplotypes could be identified. A distinct clade comprising haplotypes from Zambia was basal in the phylogenetic tree. Biogeographical implications of these data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargis Aghayan
- Chair of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hasmik Gevorgian
- Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia; National Institute of Health, Moh Ra, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Dennis Ebi
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Francis Addy
- Department of Biotechnology, University for Development Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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GHODSIAN S, ROUHANI S, FALLAHI S, SEYYEDTABAEI SJ, TAGHIPOUR N. Detection of Spiked Fasciola hepatica Eggs in Stool Specimens Using LAMP Technique. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:387-393. [PMID: 31673256 PMCID: PMC6815858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is one of the most important food-borne worm disease caused by Fasciola sp. Parasitological diagnosis is more difficult due to the low parasite burden and a few eggs shedding of helminths. Therefore, it will be valuable to development of simple, fast and reliable diagnostic tests for detection of human and animal fascioliasis. METHODS Infected liver collected from abattoir in Tehran, Iran in 2017. F. hepatica eggs were detached from the uterus of worms under a stereo microscope. Various numbers of eggs were spiked to 200 mgr. of negative feces samples. DNA was extracted and then target regions (nuclear IGS) were amplified by LAMP assay using six primers. Fecal specimens without egg and DNA of other helminths were used as negative controls. F. hepatica sample which confirmed by morphologic criteria and PCR-RFLP was used as positive control. RESULTS LAMP products by using SYBR Green I could detect even a single egg in fecal samples which was visible by change of color from orange to green. There was no cross amplification by other helminths including; Taenia saginata, Dicrosolium dendriticum and F. gigantica. CONCLUSION LAMP seems a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective technique for detection of human fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar GHODSIAN
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila ROUHANI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Shirzad FALLAHI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad SEYYEDTABAEI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar TAGHIPOUR
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mirahmadi H, Rezaee N, Mehravaran A, Heydarian P, Raeghi S. Detection of species and molecular typing of Leishmania in suspected patients by targeting cytochrome b gene in Zahedan, southeast of Iran. Vet World 2018; 11:700-705. [PMID: 29915511 PMCID: PMC5993770 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.700-705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important health problems that are capable of involving both tropical and subtropical areas, especially in Iran. This cross-sectional study aimed to differentiate the species that are able to cause CL in Zahedan city by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Materials and Methods: It was conducted on 145 suspected CL patients in Zahedan city between 2014 and 2016. The smears were initially prepared, air-dried, fixed with absolute methanol, and stained with 10% Giemsa. Then, we examined the stained samples by a light microscope under 1000× magnifications. PCR assay targeted cytochrome b(cyt b) gene using LCBF1 and LCBR2 primers and the products digested by Ssp1 enzymes. Results: From 145 suspected CL patients, 76 (52.4%) were positive in microscopic examination. In addition, we detected gene of interest (cyt b) in 98 (67.5%). The results of PCR-RFLP indicated that 53/98 (54%) cases were Leishmania major and 45/98 (46%) were Leishmania tropica, and the main species in these areas was L. major. Conclusion: We concluded that the microscopic examination is not sensitive enough and is not able to distinguish between different Leishmania species. Instead, molecular methods like PCR-RFLP can be appropriately used with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mirahmadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Rezaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehravaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Carnevale S, Malandrini JB, Pantano ML, Soria CC, Rodrigues-Silva R, Machado-Silva JR, Velásquez JN, Kamenetzky L. First genetic characterization of Fasciola hepatica in Argentina by nuclear and mitochondrial gene markers. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:34-38. [PMID: 28969834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode showing genetic variation among isolates from different regions of the world. The objective of this work was to characterize for the first time F. hepatica isolates circulating in different regions of Argentina. Twenty-two adult flukes were collected from naturally infected bovine livers in different areas from Argentina and used for DNA extraction. We carried out PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunits 4 and 5 (nad4 and nad5) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) genes as genetic markers. Phylogenies were reconstructed using maximum parsimony algorithm. A total of 6 haplotypes were found for cox1, 4 haplotypes for nad4 and 3 haplotypes for nad5. The sequenced ITS1 fragment was identical in all samples. The analyzed cox1 gene fragment is the most variable marker and is recommended for future analyses. No geographic association was found in the Argentinean samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Carnevale
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 563, CP 1281 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Bruno Malandrini
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Maestro Quiroga 1ra, Cuadra, CP 4700 San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - María Laura Pantano
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 563, CP 1281 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Cecilia Soria
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Maestro Quiroga 1ra, Cuadra, CP 4700 San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Machado-Silva
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu, 444, Edifício Piquet Carneiro, quinto andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550170, Brazil
| | - Jorge Néstor Velásquez
- Hospital Municipal de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz", Uspallata 2272, CP 1282 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, CP 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Identification of Fasciola spp. in the East of Iran, Based on the Spermatogenesis and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA (ITS1) and Mitochondrial (ND1) Genes. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.57283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rouhani S, Raeghi S, Spotin A. Spermatogenic and Phylo-molecular Characterizations of Isolated Fasciola Spp. From Cattle, North West Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:204-209. [PMID: 29023077 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.204.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fascioliasis is economically important to the livestock industry that caused with Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The objective of this study was to identify these two species F. hepatica and F. gigantica by using nuclear and mitochondrial markers (ITS1, ND1 and CO1) and have been employed to analyze intraspecific phylogenetic relations of Fasciola spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS Approximately 150 Fasciola specimens were collected, then stained with haematoxylin-carmine dye and observed under an optical microscope to examine for the existence of sperm. The ITS1 marker was used to identify different Fasciola and phylogenetic analysis based on ND1 and CO1 sequence data were conducted by maximum likelihood algorithm. RESULTS Fasciola samples were separated into 2 groups. Almost all specimens had many sperms in the seminal vesicle (spermic fluke) and one fluke did not contain any sperm in the seminal vesicle. The aspermic sample had F. gigantica RFLP pattern with ITS1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on NDI and COI sequence data were conducted by maximum likelihood showed a similar topology of the trees obtained particularly for F. hepatica and F. gigantica. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that aspermic Fasciola found in this region of Iran has same genetic structures through the spermic F. gigantica populations in accordance to phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rouhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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