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Kushwah S, Maurya NS, Kushwaha S, Scotti L, Chawade A, Mani A. Herbal Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: Ancient Indian Medicine System from the Modern Viewpoint. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:764-776. [PMID: 36797613 PMCID: PMC10227917 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216094353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a chronic neurodegenerative disease where amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are formed inside the brain. It is also characterized by progressive memory loss, depression, neuroinflammation, and derangement of other neurotransmitters. Due to its complex etiopathology, current drugs have failed to completely cure the disease. Natural compounds have been investigated as an alternative therapy for their ability to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditional herbs and formulations which are used in the Indian ayurvedic system are rich sources of antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory compounds. They promote quality of life by improving cognitive memory and rejuvenating brain functioning through neurogenesis. A rich knowledge base of traditional herbal plants (Turmeric, Gingko, Ashwagandha, Shankhpushpi, Giloy, Gotu kola, Garlic, Tulsi, Ginger, and Cinnamon) combined with modern science could suggest new functional leads for Alzheimer's drug discovery. In this article Ayurveda, the ancient Indian herbal medicine system based on multiple clinical and experimental, evidence have been reviewed for treating AD and improving brain functioning. This article presents a modern perspective on the herbs available in the ancient Indian medicine system as well as their possible mechanisms of action for AD treatment. The main objective of this research is to provide a systematic review of herbal drugs that are easily accessible and effective for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kushwah
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Neha Shree Maurya
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, 211004, India
| | | | - Luciana Scotti
- Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universittária, Joao Pessoa, BR 58102100, Brazil
| | - Aakash Chawade
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, 211004, India
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Kustiati U, Dewi Ratih TS, Dwi Aris Agung N, Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H. In silico molecular docking and in vitro analysis of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn.: Inhibitory and apoptotic effects against non-small cell lung cancer. Vet World 2021; 14:3175-3187. [PMID: 35153410 PMCID: PMC8829409 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3175-3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has been identified as the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The mortality rate from lung cancer has been estimated to be 18.4%. Until now, conventional treatments have not yielded optimal results, thus necessitating an investigation into the use of traditional herbal plants as potential candidates for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory and apoptotic activity of the ethanolic extract from Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) by in silico molecular docking and through in vitro studies using NSCLC cells (A549 cell line). Materials and Methods: Dried simplicia of Ocimum sanctum was converted into EEOS using the maceration method. Spectrophotometry was then employed to analyze the EEOS compound. The known main active compounds were further analyzed for inhibitory and apoptotic effects on gene signaling using in silico molecular docking involving the downloading of active compounds from PubChem and target proteins from the Protein Data Bank; the active compounds and proteins were then prepared using the Discovery Studio software v. 19.0.0 and the PyRX 0.8 program, interacted with the HEX 8.0.0 program, and visualized with the Discovery Studio Visualizer v. 19.0. Finally, an in vitro analysis was performed using an antiproliferative-cytotoxic test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in the NSCLC A549 cell line). Results: The analysis revealed that the active compounds in the ethanolic extract were dominated by quercetin (flavonoids) (47.23% b/b) and eugenol (phenolic) (12.14% b/b). These active compounds interacted with the active sites (residual amino acids) of the αvβ3 integrin, a5b1 integrin, caspase-3, caspase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Hydrogen bonds and Pi-cation and Pi-alkyl interactions were involved in the relationships between the active compounds and the active sites and thus may reveal an antioxidant property of the extract. Furthermore, in vitro analysis showed the inhibitory and antiproliferative effects of the EEOS against non-small cell cancer (A549). Conclusion: Taken together, our data showed the ability of EEOS as an inhibitor and apoptotic agent for lung cancer; however, further research is needed to determine the exact mechanism of EEOS as an herbal medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulayatul Kustiati
- Post Graduate Student of Sain Veteriner, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - T. S. Dewi Ratih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Research center of Smart Molecule of Natural Genetics Resources, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - N. Dwi Aris Agung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Yuniarti WM, Krismaharani N, Ciptaningsih P, Celia K, Veteriananta KD, Ma’ruf A, Lukiswanto BS. The protective effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice ( Mus musculus). Vet World 2021; 14:250-258. [PMID: 33642811 PMCID: PMC7896914 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.250-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The liver and kidneys are the most sensitive organs to lead exposure. Drugs that inhibit the actions of lead in the liver and kidneys are required to protect them from such an exposure. This study investigates the protective effect of the leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum (OS) against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 male mice were divided into five equal groups for the 24-day testing period. The negative control group was administered Tween-80 1% orally for 24 days. The positive control group was administered Tween-80 1% orally for 24 days and, starting on day 4, 20 mg/kg BW lead acetate orally once a day for 21 days 1 h after the administration of Tween-80 1%. The other three treatment groups were administered BW OS leaf extract orally in the amount of 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg once a day for 24 days and, starting on day 4, 20 mg/kg BW lead acetate orally for 21 days 1 h after the administration of OS leaf extract. On day 25, the mice were sacrificed to assess the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) as well as the histopathological changes. RESULTS The OS leaf extract caused a decrease in the scores for hepatocyte degeneration and portal inflammation (p<0.05) but not for hepatic necrosis (p>0.05) in mice exposed to lead. Similar patterns were observed in the effect of OS leaf extract on the renal morphofunction. The OS leaf extract decreased the scores for hydropic degeneration, tubular necrosis, and glomerular necrosis. The levels of MDA, SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and creatinine decreased in the lead-exposed mice treated with OS leaf extract (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The administration of OS leaf extract has a protective effect against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Nina Krismaharani
- Student of Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Priska Ciptaningsih
- Student of Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kristania Celia
- Student of Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kharisma Dwi Veteriananta
- Student of Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Anwar Ma’ruf
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sektiari Lukiswanto
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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Mataram MBA, Hening P, Harjanti FN, Karnati S, Wasityastuti W, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H. The neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. in the regulation of neuronal density in hippocampus areas as a central autobiography memory on the rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101885. [PMID: 33188864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the effects of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract (OSE) on the neurons of the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas with the use of in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's diseases (AD). Twenty-one two-month-old male rats were divided into three groups: untreated (Group A, n = 3), AD rats model pretreated with OSE followed by induction for Trimethyltin (TMT) on day 7 (group B, n = 9), and AD rats model treated with OSE both as pre-TMT introduction for 7 days and post-TMT induction for 21 days (group C, n = 9). AD rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21, and brain samples were collected and analyzed for neuronal density and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity. To corroborate the in vivo observations, HEK-293 cells were treated with TMT and used as an in vitro model of AD. The results were then analyzed using FITC Annexin V and flow cytometry. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in cells stained with Hoechst 33342 by confocal microscopy. The results showed a significant increase in the number of neurons and NPY expression in the AD rats that were pre- and post-treated with OSE (p < 0.05). Indeed, OSE was able to retain and promote neuronal density in the rat model of AD. Further studies of an in vitro model of neurodegeneration with Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract inhibited apoptosis in TMT-induced HEK-293 cells. Moreover, OSE prevented nuclear fragmentation, which was confirmed by staining the nuclei of HEK-293 cells. Taken together, there findings suggest that OSE has the potential as a neuroprotective agent (retaining the autobiographical memory),and the neuroproliferation of neurons in the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas in the rats¡ model of neurodegeneration was mediated by activation of NPY expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Puspa Hening
- Integrated Laboratory for Research and Testing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fitria N Harjanti
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maxilimilian University Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Widya Wasityastuti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Data of The Expression of Serotonin in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Rat Model Under Treatment of Ethanolic Extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. Data Brief 2020; 30:105654. [PMID: 32395598 PMCID: PMC7206209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The article offers dataset on the expression of serotonergic nerve in the hippocampal area of Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. Since decreasing expression of serotonin linked to dementia, this data will help the neuroscientist, who work on neurodegeneration. This dataset demonstrates the potential of Ocimum sanctum Extract (OSE) as a neuroprotective and neurodegenerative agent against AD. The OSE mechanism focusing on the expression of serotonin as a therapeutic target. To acquire the dataset, we approached using two models, in vitro and in vivo. On the In vivo model, used two months old 27 male rats and divided into three groups, non-treated (Group A, n=9), AD rats model pre-treated with OSE followed induction for TMT on the days of seventh (group B, n=9) and AD rats model treated with OSE both on pre-TMT introduction for seven days and post-TMT induction for 21 days (group C, n=9). AD rats euthanised on day seventh; 14th; and 21st. The brain samples were analysed for neuronal density and serotonin immunoreactivity qualitatively. Besides, In Vitro's data were collected from HEK-293 cells which induce by TMT as of AD model. The data expression of serotonin on the in-vitro model analysed using ELISA method.
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Wihadmadyatami H, Karnati S, Hening P, Tjahjono Y, Rizal, Maharjanti F, Kusindarta DL, Triyono T, Supriatno. Ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. induces an apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02772. [PMID: 31844708 PMCID: PMC6895684 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocimum sanctum (OS) is tropical herbal plant which is easy to find and widely used as a vegetable food in Indonesia. In last decade, lung adenocarcinoma was in top position as male cancer disease in Indonesia. Recently, emerging data showing the extracts of different species of Ocimum exhibiting the anti-tumor properties. Further studies on lung lewis carcinoma demonstrated pro-apoptosis effects after the treatment with Ocimum extracts. However, the effect of OS of Indonesian origin in human alveolar pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 cells remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate effects of ethanolic extract OS (EEOS) in A549 cell culture systems. Cell adhesion and viability assays revealed that EEOS significantly decreased the attachment into extracellular matrix of A549 cells. Morphological examination AO/EB and DAPI staining indicated that EEOS induced the cells shrinkage, DNA fragmentation and condensation of A549 cells. Further, EEOS treatment induced the apoptosis rate followed by up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 expression and decreased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. This condition also suppressed the expression of SOD2 as well as the GPx. In conclusion, our findings indicate that EEOS suppressed the viability of A549 cells, which may result from the activation of ROS promoting the apoptosis signaling via mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Taken together, EEOS might be a good therapeutic potential to further understand its properties in the treatment of lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maxilimilian University Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Puspa Hening
- Integrated Laboratory for Research and Testing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Yudy Tjahjono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia, 60265
| | - Rizal
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Fitriana Maharjanti
- Integrated Laboratory for Research and Testing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Teguh Triyono
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Supriatno
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
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Hening P, Mataram Auriva MB, Wijayanti N, Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H. The neuroprotective effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract on human embryonic kidney-293 cells as in vitro model of neurodegenerative disease. Vet World 2018; 11:1237-1243. [PMID: 30410227 PMCID: PMC6200556 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1237-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to analyze the neuroprotective effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract (OSE) on human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells as the in vitro model of neurodegenerative diseases. Materials and Methods: In this research, HEK-293 cells divided into five groups consisting of normal and healthy cells (NT), cells treated with Camptothecin 500 µM as the negative control, cells treated with trimethyltin 10 µM (TMT), cells treated with OSE 75 µg/ml, and cells pre-treated with OSE 75 µg/ml then induced by TMT 10 µM (OSE+TMT). MTT assay and phase contrast microscopy were applied to observe the cell viability quantitatively and morphological after Ocimum sanctum Linn extract treatment. Finally, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was employed to study the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Results: The MTT assay and phase contrast microscopy showed that OSE pre-treatment significantly increased the viability of TMT-induced apoptotic cells and maintained cell viability of the normal HEK-293 cells. Expression of ChAT markedly reduced on TMT treatment group, but OSE administration stabilized ChAT expression in TMT-induced HEK-293 cells. Conclusion: This present study proved that OSE administration has neuroprotective effect by increased HEK-293 cells viability and maintain ChAT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Hening
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Made Bagus Mataram Auriva
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nastiti Wijayanti
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum. Enhances cognitive ability from young adulthood to middle aged mediated by increasing choline acetyl transferase activity in rat model. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:431-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H, Haryanto A. The analysis of hippocampus neuronal density (CA1 and CA3) after Ocimum sanctum ethanolic extract treatment on the young adulthood and middle age rat model. Vet World 2018; 11:135-140. [PMID: 29657393 PMCID: PMC5891864 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.135-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess the changes in neuronal density in CA1 and CA3 regions in the hippocampus of young adulthood and middle age rat model after feeding by Ocimum sanctum ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: In this research, 30 male Wistar rats consist of young to middle-aged rats were divided into three groups (3, 6, and 9 months old) and treated with a different dosage of O. sanctum ethanolic extract (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.w.) for 45 days. Furthermore, cresyl violet staining was performed to analyze hippocampus formation mainly in CA1 and CA3 area. The concentrations of acetylcholine (Ach) in brain tissues were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: In our in vivo models using rat model, we found that the administration of O. sanctum ethanolic extract with a dosage of 100 mg/kg b.w. for 45 days induced the density of pyramidal cells significantly in CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. These results were supported by an increase of Ach concentrations on the brain tissue. Conclusions: The administration of O. sanctum ethanolic extract may promote the density of the pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 mediated by the up-regulated concentration of Ach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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