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Thanasuwan S, Piratae S, Thaowandee K, Amporn C. Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites on pig farms in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Vet World 2024; 17:273-281. [PMID: 38595646 PMCID: PMC11000488 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.273-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infections are the foremost and prevalent diseases that affect pigs in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GI parasites among pigs in Kalasin Province. This study is the first attempt to understand the occurrence of GI parasites in pigs within Kalasin province using fecal samples as the methodology. Materials and Methods We collected 324 fecal samples directly from the rectums of pigs from May to July 2023. The formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and floatation methods were used to examine these samples. The eggs or oocysts were identified by observing their morphology and size under a light microscope. Results Of the 324 fecal samples examined, 276 tested positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infections, resulting in a prevalence rate of 85.19%. Nematodes were the most prevalent, with Strongyle-type infections being the highest in 267 cases (82.41%), followed by Ascaris suum in 222 cases (68.52%), and Trichuris spp. in 152 cases (46.91%). Strongyloides spp. infections were also observed in 92 cases (28.40%). However, trematode infection was relatively rare, with only Fasciola spp. found in 15 cases (4.63%). We identified Eimeria spp. in 87 cases (26.85%), Iodamoeba spp. in 70 cases (21.60%), Balantidium coli in 67 cases (20.68%), and Isospora spp. in 52 cases (16.05%). Notably, most of the positive fecal samples showed double infections with a prevalence rate of approximately 38.27%. Single infections were the next most common, accounting for 25.31% of the cases, followed by 3 parasites (14.81%) and 4-5 parasites (6.79%). Conclusion This study underscores the high endemicity of GI parasites among pigs in Kalasin province. To improve prevention and control measures, it is recommended to establish a health monitoring program that includes deworming and emphasizes good hygiene practices. The insights gained from this study will contribute to the enhancement of pig farming practices in Kalasin province, ultimately leading to improved production and profitability. In addition, future research should focus on detecting these parasites in Kalasin and exploring their relationship with human transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikanda Thanasuwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Keattipong Thaowandee
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Chalothon Amporn
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
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Addy F, Adu-Bonsu G, Akurigo CA, Abukari I, Suleman H, Quaye L. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pigs: A Preliminary Study in Tolon and Kumbungu Districts, Ghana. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:1308329. [PMID: 38058409 PMCID: PMC10696473 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1308329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are important livestock that contribute to the economy and food security of Ghana, but the productivity of the sector is hindered by factors such as parasitic disease infections. Here, we detected the prevalence and polyparasitism of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs from selected farms in the Tolon and Kumbungu districts. Faeces of the animals were screened for parasite eggs using the sedimentation and flotation methods. From 56 pigs screened, 91.1% (CI = 95%; χ2 = 0.212) of them had parasitic infections, and affected pigs harboured 1-5 distinct parasites with the most occurring being Strongyloides ransomi (46.43%). Other parasites identified included Hyostrongylusrubidus, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Physocephalus sexalatus, and Coccidia, among others. Parasitism was more frequent in pigs under 2 years (94%) than older ones (66.67%). The high prevalence of GI parasites was attributed to poor husbandry practices and inadequate of veterinary care for the animals. The situation can be improved by farmer education on good husbandry practices and regular deworming of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Addy
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Gideon Adu-Bonsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Comfort A. Akurigo
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Iddrisu Abukari
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Hamidatu Suleman
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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Agustina KK, Wirawan IMA, Sudarmaja IM, Subrata IM, Dharmawan NS. Ascaris suum - A zoonosis in Bali, Indonesia. Trop Parasitol 2023; 13:100-106. [PMID: 37860613 PMCID: PMC10583779 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_24_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ascariasis is a common disease in humans and pigs. In previous reports, it has been known that ascariasis in humans is not only caused by Ascaris lumbricoides but also by Ascaris suum which is known to originate from pigs. Aims and Objectives This research aims to identify the species of Ascaris that infect traditional pig farmers in Bali, Indonesia. Materials and Methods To achieve this, an observational study was conducted, in which 239 feces samples were collected from traditional pig farmers. The collected samples were then divided into two parts, with one part stored in a pot containing 10% formalin for microscopic testing, and the other part stored in 70% ethanol for molecular testing. In cases where Ascaris infection was observed during the microscopic examination, a further test was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for molecular examination. The DNA derived from the PCR was then subjected to DNA sequencing. Results The result was compared to A. suum gene data previously published in the Gene Bank. The results of the microscopic examination showed that 22 farmers were infected with Ascaris. However, PCR testing and DNA sequencing indicated that three infections were caused by A. suum. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that A. suum is a zoonosis in Bali. Thus, efforts to control ascariasis must pay attention to the presence of pigs around it. Handling of ascariasis is not only carried out in humans but also in pigs and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
- Department of Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Ady Wirawan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Pinto Jimenez CE, Keestra S, Tandon P, Cumming O, Pickering AJ, Moodley A, Chandler CIR. Biosecurity and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in animal agricultural settings for reducing infection burden, antibiotic use, and antibiotic resistance: a One Health systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e418-e434. [PMID: 37164518 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prevention and control of infections across the One Health spectrum is essential for improving antibiotic use and addressing the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Evidence for how best to manage these risks in agricultural communities-45% of households globally-has not been systematically assembled. This systematic review identifies and summarises evidence from on-farm biosecurity and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions with the potential to directly or indirectly reduce infections and antibiotic resistance in animal agricultural settings. We searched 17 scientific databases (including Web of Science, PubMed, and regional databases) and grey literature from database inception to Dec 31, 2019 for articles that assessed biosecurity or WASH interventions measuring our outcomes of interest; namely, infection burden, microbial loads, antibiotic use, and antibiotic resistance in animals, humans, or the environment. Risk of bias was assessed with the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool, Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions, and the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies, although no studies were excluded as a result. Due to the heterogeneity of interventions found, we conducted a narrative synthesis. The protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020162345). Of the 20 672 publications screened, 104 were included in this systematic review. 64 studies were conducted in high-income countries, 24 studies in upper-middle-income countries, 13 studies in lower-middle-income countries, two in low-income countries, and one included both upper-middle-income countries and lower-middle-income countries. 48 interventions focused on livestock (mainly pigs), 43 poultry (mainly chickens), one on livestock and poultry, and 12 on aquaculture farms. 68 of 104 interventions took place on intensive farms, 22 in experimental settings, and ten in smallholder or subsistence farms. Positive outcomes were reported for ten of 23 water studies, 17 of 35 hygiene studies, 15 of 24 sanitation studies, all three air-quality studies, and 11 of 17 other biosecurity-related interventions. In total, 18 of 26 studies reported reduced infection or diseases, 37 of 71 studies reported reduced microbial loads, four of five studies reported reduced antibiotic use, and seven of 20 studies reported reduced antibiotic resistance. Overall, risk of bias was high in 28 of 57 studies with positive interventions and 17 of 30 studies with negative or neutral interventions. Farm-management interventions successfully reduced antibiotic use by up to 57%. Manure-oriented interventions reduced antibiotic resistance genes or antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal waste by up to 99%. This systematic review highlights the challenges of preventing and controlling infections and antimicrobial resistance, even in well resourced agricultural settings. Most of the evidence emerges from studies that focus on the farm itself, rather than targeting agricultural communities or the broader social, economic, and policy environment that could affect their outcomes. WASH and biosecurity interventions could complement each other when addressing antimicrobial resistance in the human, animal, and environmental interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Pinto Jimenez
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Agriculture and Infectious Disease Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Sarai Keestra
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Agriculture and Infectious Disease Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pranav Tandon
- Global Health Office, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Clare I R Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Agustina KK, Wirawan IMA, Sudarmaja IM, Subrata M, Dharmawan NS. The first report on the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections and associated risk factors among traditional pig farmers in Bali Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1154-1162. [PMID: 35765496 PMCID: PMC9210853 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1154-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pigs are the main livestock commodity in Bali Province, Indonesia, where traditional farming practices are widely used. Traditional pig farmers are often closely associated with poverty and a perceived lack of knowledge regarding health and hygiene. Data on soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and risk factors associated with STH worm infection among traditional pig farmers in Bali were previously unavailable. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and risk factors for STH infections among traditional pig farmers in Bali Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This study involved the fecal examination of 238 traditional pig farmers from all areas of Bali Province in Indonesia. In addition, several pig feces samples were combined into one pooled sample belonging to each farm. All fresh fecal samples were stored in a 5% formaldehyde solution before being analyzed using concentration flotation techniques. Subsequently, risk factors were determined through an interview and a questionnaire. The odds ratio (OR) and Chi-square tests were used to determine the risk factors associated with STH infections. Results: The result showed that there was a high prevalence of STH infections among traditional pig farmers and pig farms in Bali, with rates of 21.8% and 76.5%, respectively. This could be due to risk factors, such as personal hygiene (OR: 5.756; confidence interval [CI]: 2.96-11.193; p=0.00), sanitation (OR: 1.914; CI: 1.024-3.576; p=0.042), education level (OR: 7.579; CI: 2.621-21.915; p=0.00), household income (OR: 2.447; CI: 1.122-5.338; p=0.025), and occupation (OR: 2.95; CI: 1.356-6.415; p=0.006). Conclusion: The infections seen in farmers were distributed among hookworm, Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp., at 15.1%, 9.2%, and 4.2%, respectively. The risk factors associated with infections of STH and Ascaris spp. were personal hygiene, home sanitation, education level, household income, and having a primary occupation as a traditional pig farmer. In contrast, personal hygiene, education level, and primary occupation were the only risk factors for hookworm infection, while personal hygiene and home sanitation were the risk factors associated with Trichuris spp. infection. The limitation of this study was that the number of samples was relatively small due to the difficulty of obtaining stool samples from traditional pig farmers, with many individuals refusing to provide their stool for inspection. We suggest that future research focus on identifying the species of worms that infect traditional pig farmers and to better identify the zoonotic link of STH transmission from pigs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia; Post-Graduation Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I. Made Ady Wirawan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I. Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
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Le TTH, Vu-Thi N, Dang-Xuan S, Nguyen-Viet H, Pham-Duc P, Nguyen-Thanh L, Pham-Thi N, Noh J, Mayer-Scholl A, Baumann M, Meemken D, Unger F. Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Trichinellosis and T. Solium Cysticercosis in Indigenous Pigs in Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040057. [PMID: 35448832 PMCID: PMC9026120 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis and cysticercosis remain challenges to human health and animal productivity worldwide, especially in developing countries. While information on the occurrence of both diseases is infrequent, they are endemic in parts of Vietnam and mainly related to indigenous pigs kept by ethnic minorities. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of both diseases in indigenous pigs and explore the perception and awareness of both human and pig trichinellosis and cysticercosis of pig farmers. A total of 352 pig sera samples from 131 holdings were collected and analyzed using ELISA antibody tests in six communes in the Da Bac districts of Hoa Binh province, Vietnam. A survey was conducted with representatives from these households to understand the knowledge and perspective on food-borne parasitic diseases. Overall, the seroprevalence of trichinellosis and T. solium cysticercosis was 13.6% (95% CI 10.2–17.7) and 1.7% (95% CI 0.6–3.7), respectively. The seroprevalence of trichinellosis was significantly higher in female and older pigs. Risk perception and knowledge of interviewed people on both human and pig trichinellosis and cysticercosis of pig farmers was poor. Risky practices, including free roaming of pigs and eating undercooked or fermented pork, were observed. Educational and awareness campaigns aligned with further research on feasible practice changes are critical to addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi-Huyen Le
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.-H.L.); (H.N.-V.); (F.U.)
| | - Nga Vu-Thi
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.-T.); (N.P.-T.)
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.-H.L.); (H.N.-V.); (F.U.)
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.P.-D.); (L.N.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-09-6981-3048
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.-H.L.); (H.N.-V.); (F.U.)
| | - Phuc Pham-Duc
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.P.-D.); (L.N.-T.)
| | - Luong Nguyen-Thanh
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.P.-D.); (L.N.-T.)
| | - Ngoc Pham-Thi
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.-T.); (N.P.-T.)
| | - John Noh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA;
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Laboratory for Trichinella, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Baumann
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Diana Meemken
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.-H.L.); (H.N.-V.); (F.U.)
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Nugroho W, Klemen M, Reichel MP, Efendi A. Factors affecting enduring participation in a pig farming program in Southern Papua, Indonesia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:46. [PMID: 35015157 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In mid-2016, the local government of Papua, Indonesia, launched a subsidised program to improve pig farming in the area, with 250 participants. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with enduring participation in pig farming among the program participants. Two years after the commencement of the program, one hundred of the 250 participants were recruited into the study and divided into two groups: participants who continued to engage in pig farming ("remain") and those who had quit pig farming ("quit"). Data were collected from interviews, including personal data and events on the farms between April 2017 and March 2018. Multiple correspondence analysis, followed by a two-step cluster analysis and multivariate regression, was used to explore factors associated with the durability of pig farmings. Results indicated that associated factors included feed and water security, the use of concrete material for the pig house floor, the avoidance of swill feeding, reduced pig mortality, and continued pig husbandry training. This study highlights that a good feeding regimen and effective control of pig diseases should be priority pig husbandry techniques to be extended through training and assistance to improve traditional pig farming in Papua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widi Nugroho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Martinus Klemen
- Regional Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Michael Philipp Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Achmad Efendi
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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Agustina KK, Anthara MS, Sibang NAAN, Wiguna WAR, Apramada JK, Gunawan WNF, Oka IBM, Subrata M, Besung NK. Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:446-451. [PMID: 33776310 PMCID: PMC7994117 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.446-451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Several free-roaming dogs can be easily found in the public areas of Bali. They go out in search of foods and friends and defecate everywhere. In general, these groups of dogs do not receive good healthcare from their owners and are generally threatened by some disease-causing organisms, especially helminths. This study was conducted to identify and measure the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) that cause infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1611 fresh dog fecal samples were collected from all areas of Bali Province and subjected to qualitative fecal examination using flotation techniques to obtain STH eggs. RESULTS The incidence of STHs in free-roaming dogs was 38.36%. However, three types of STHs were identified, including Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp. Ancylostoma spp. had the highest prevalence of 37.8%, followed by Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 6.02% and 0.87%, respectively. Multiple infections of these worms were also recorded. The polyparasitism prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and Ascaris spp. was 3.85%, followed by that of Ancylostoma spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.5% and that of Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.06%. There were no altitude-wise differences in the prevalence of STH infection. CONCLUSION The prevalence of STHs was high in free-roaming dogs. This finding necessitates more serious attention as it affects both animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Made Suma Anthara
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Nengah Anom Adi Nugraha Sibang
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Wayan Adi Rinta Wiguna
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Jendra Krisna Apramada
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Wayan Nico Fajar Gunawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Department of Parasitology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Made Subrata
- Department of Epidemiology, The Public Health Study Program, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
| | - Nengah Kerta Besung
- Department of Microbiology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80225, Indonesia
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Prevalence of Swine Gastrointestinal Parasites in Nyagatare District, Rwanda. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8814136. [PMID: 33343933 PMCID: PMC7725576 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While pig farming has been growing rapidly in Rwanda, its potential contribution to the prevalence of zoonotic infections is not well known. Pig production is usually affected by gastrointestinal parasites, some of which are zoonotic and can threaten human health. The knowledge about the status of such infections is essential for policy decisions and interventions. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of swine gastrointestinal parasites in Nyagatare district, Rwanda. A cross-sectional study involved collecting 104 faecal samples from apparently healthy pigs. The floatation technique was used to identify the parasites and frequency distribution analysis, and Pearson chi-square tests of association were conducted for this study data. Overall, the prevalence of swine gastrointestinal parasites was 84.6%, and the predominant species were Strongyle-type helminths representing 70.2%, followed by coccidia (55.8%), Strongyloides ransomi (39.4%), and Ascaris suum (10.6%). Of all parasitized pigs (n = 88), 84.1% developed coinfections involving 2, 3, or 4 different parasite species. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between the location of pigs and parasitic infections and that some prevalent parasites are zoonotic. Interventions among pig farmers in Nyagatare should aim to improve awareness and to provide information on the negative impacts of swine gastrointestinal parasites on pig production and human health.
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Ajibo FE, Njoga EO, Azor N, Idika IK, Nwanta JA. Epidemiology of infections with zoonotic pig parasites in Enugu State, Nigeria. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100397. [PMID: 32448531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pig production is an important component of animal agriculture in Nigeria but zoonotic parasites constrain the production and make pork unsafe for human consumption. This epidemiological study was therefore conducted, to ascertain the prevalence and determinants of Taenia solium cysticerci and Ascaris spp infections in pigs in Enugu State. Presence of cysticerci was determined by post-mortem examination of pig carcasses while pig faeces were coprologically examined for presence of Ascaris spp egg, according to standard parasitological protocol. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on pig farmers' involvement in practices predisposing to parasitic infections and deworming progammes in 107 piggeries surveyed. Cysticerci were detected in 3.51% (12/342) of pig carcasses inspected. Overall prevalence of Ascaris spp. infections were 38.3% (41/107) and 14.3% (63/441) at farm and individual pig levels respectively. Major determinants of the infection and the percentage of farmers involved were: eating on duty (66.4%), open defecation (35.5%) and semi-extensive husbandry system (62.3%). Others are non-availability of deworming programme (54.4%), rearing pigs of different ages together (41.9%), non-disinfection of feeding or water troughs (41.2%) and early weaning (54.3%). Cognizant of the zoonotic potentials of Ascaris spp and Taenia solium cysticerci, the prevalence found for the parasites are significant from public health and food safety points of view. This underscores the need for cost-effect control measures against the parasites, using a coordinated One Health approach; in order to boost pig production, limit spread of the zoonoses and hence, the public health consequences thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festus Ejike Ajibo
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Nichodemus Azor
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Idika Kalu Idika
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State,Nigeria
| | - John Anaelom Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Maganga GD, Kombila LB, Boundenga L, Kinga ICM, Obame-Nkoghe J, Tchoffo H, Gbati OB, Awah-Ndukum J. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs in Southeast Gabon, Central Africa. Vet World 2019; 12:1888-1896. [PMID: 32095037 PMCID: PMC6989316 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1888-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastrointestinal infestations caused by intestinal parasites are the most important diseases and the most common in pigs in the tropics. These parasites are often associated with a huge economic loss. This study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs from Haut-Ogooue Province, in South East Gabon. Materials and Methods From March 2018 to July 2018, 156 samples of pig feces collected from nine different farms were analyzed under light microscopy. The identification of eggs, cysts, and oocysts in fecal samples was done using two qualitative techniques: Flotation and sedimentation. Results After examination, the results obtained revealed an overall infestation level of 98.7% (154/156). We found ten parasite types with infestation levels that varied from species: Balantidium coli (120/156), Oesophagostomum spp. (100/156), Isospora suis (102/156), Ancylostoma spp. (17/156), Trichostrongylus spp. (28/156), Hyostrongylus spp. (13/156), Strongyloides spp. (7/156), Ascaris suum (8/156), Globocephalus spp. (1/156), and spirurida (1/156). The study of risk factors revealed that factors such as sex, age, and physiological condition may influence the diversity and level of infestation of animals by gastrointestinal parasites. Conclusion For better prevention of parasitism in these farms, it would be interesting to implement health monitoring and to ensure good hygiene. Finally, further studies would be needed to better evaluate the distribution of these parasites in Gabon and the involvement of these animals in the transmission cycle of parasitic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Judicael Obame-Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Herve Tchoffo
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oubri Bassa Gbati
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie de l'EISMV, BP 5077, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ecole des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroun
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Abonyi FO, Njoga EO. Prevalence and determinants of gastrointestinal parasite infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka agricultural zone, Southeast, Nigeria. J Parasit Dis 2019; 44:31-39. [PMID: 32174703 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infection in pigs constrains swine production and enhances dissemination of zoonotic parasites, especially in the tropics. Therefore, an epidemiological study to determine prevalence and risk factors of GIP infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka, was conducted. Faecal samples from 1400 pigs, randomly collected from 40 farms, were examined for GIP eggs following standard protocol. Data on involvement of pig farmers in risk practices that enhance endoparasitic infection in piggeries were obtained using structured questionnaire. Overall prevalence of 80% (32/40) and 28.6% (400/1400) were recorded at farm and individual pig levels, respectively. Prevalence of 25.3% (138/546), 30.7% (262/854), 30.4% (310/1020) and 23.7% (90/380) were obtained for male, female, young (< 1 year) and adult (≥ 1 year) pigs, respectively. Epidemiological factors (sex, age, season, farm location and flock size) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with worm infestations. Worm eggs identified and their prevalence were: Strongyles 25.7% (360/1400), Trichuris 11.4% (160/1400), Ascaris 0.7% (10/1400) and mixed infections (Strongyles and Trichuris) 9.3% (130/1400). Major risk factors found were feeding of self-compounded on-farm feed, non-disinfection of pen and equipment, rearing pigs of different ages together, infrequent removal of dungs, early weaning at less than 6 weeks and non-availability of routine deworming programme. The overall prevalence at farm and individual pig levels were high; and involvement of farmers in the risk practices was massive. Therefore, cost-effective control of GIP infestations in pig in the study area is imperative; to boost pig production and minimize risk of transmission of zoonotic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festus Otaka Abonyi
- 1Department of Veterinary Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- 2Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State Nigeria
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Beltrán-Alcrudo D, Kukielka EA, de Groot N, Dietze K, Sokhadze M, Martínez-López B. Descriptive and multivariate analysis of the pig sector in Georgia and its implications for disease transmission. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202800. [PMID: 30142224 PMCID: PMC6108502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region with a traditional backyard and highly variable pig farming system. The practices of such sectors have seldom been described and analyzed to better understand their implication in the introduction and spread of infectious pig diseases. Moreover, the Georgian pig sector was badly hit by an epidemic of African swine fever in 2007 that quickly spread throughout the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS We interviewed 487 pig farmers and 116 butchers using closed questionnaires on socioeconomic issues related to pig production, husbandry practices, biosecurity, marketing and movements, and disease awareness. Surveys were conducted in four regions of Georgia and descriptive statistics were computed. Factorial analyses of mixed data and hierarchical clustering on principal components were applied to study the relationship among collected variables for both farmers and butchers. RESULTS Results show that pig farming in Georgia is a non-professional sector, highly heterogeneous by region, characterized by smallholdings of few animals, with low inputs, outdated technologies, and poor biosecurity, which all translates into low outputs and productivity. The hierarchical clustering on principal components confirmed that there are five major production and husbandry strategies, which match the four regions where the study was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first step to quantify biosecurity gaps and risky behaviours, develop risk profiles, and identify critical control points across the market chain where to implement mitigation measures. This study provides the baseline information needed to design realistic and sustainable prevention, surveillance and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Esther A. Kukielka
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Klaas Dietze
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mikheil Sokhadze
- National Food Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
- FAO Representation in Georgia, Food and Agriculture Organization, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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